{"id":241940,"date":"2024-12-04T23:25:20","date_gmt":"2024-12-04T22:25:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=241940"},"modified":"2024-12-04T23:25:20","modified_gmt":"2024-12-04T22:25:20","slug":"stara-sumava-mikulasska-obchuzka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=241940","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Mikul\u00e1\u0161sk\u00e1 obch\u016fzka"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u010cas adventn\u00ed se sice odjak\u017eiva pojil sp\u00ed\u0161 s p\u016fstem a tich\u00fdm rozj\u00edm\u00e1n\u00edm, oslavy Mikul\u00e1\u0161e m\u011bly sp\u00ed\u0161e masopustn\u00ed r\u00e1z. Po vsi chodil pr\u016fvod, ve kter\u00e9m bylo hned n\u011bkolik Mikul\u00e1\u0161\u016f, \u010dert\u016f i and\u011bl\u016f a doprov\u00e1zelo je mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch masek. Podoba oslav se tak\u00e9 li\u0161ila kraj od kraje \u2013 v chud\u00fdch oblastech d\u00e1valy d\u011bti pun\u010dochu za okno, v bohat\u0161\u00edch Mikul\u00e1\u0161 nav\u0161t\u011bvoval staven\u00ed a d\u011bti obdaroval s\u00e1m. Nejen\u017ee se mal\u00fdch nezbedn\u00edk\u016f ptal, jak byli hodn\u00ed, ale zkou\u0161el je i z modliteb. Hodn\u00e9 d\u011bti dost\u00e1valy jabl\u00ed\u010dka, o\u0159echy a cukrovinky. Naopak zlobiv\u00e9 d\u011bti m\u011bly v pun\u010do\u0161e syrov\u00e9 brambory nebo n\u011bkolik kousk\u016f uhl\u00ed.<\/h6>\n

Mikul\u00e1\u0161! \u0160kol\u00e1ci sp\u011b\u0161n\u011b cupitali v bl\u00e1tiv\u00e9m sn\u011bhu, jen aby u\u017e n\u011bkde doma v koutku mohli od\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vat slova prosebn\u00fdch modlitbi\u010dek a ti\u0161e p\u0159em\u00edtat o v\u011bcech, kter\u00e9 pr\u00e1v\u011b co nevid\u011bt nadejdou, \u010di posl\u00e9ze s nevinn\u00fdm pokrytectv\u00edm, d\u011btem z\u00e1libn\u011b vlastn\u00edm, p\u0159ed rodi\u010di sehr\u00e1t na posledn\u00ed chv\u00edli hodn\u00e9 stvo\u0159en\u00ed, pln\u00e9 pokory a bezpodm\u00edne\u010dn\u00e9 poslu\u0161nosti. Ve\u010der m\u011bl p\u0159ece p\u0159ij\u00edt svat\u00fd Mikul\u00e1\u0161 a nad\u011blovat podle chov\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho ka\u017ed\u00e9ho a zpr\u00e1vy mat\u010diny bu\u010fto \u010derve\u0148ou\u010dk\u00e1 jablka a o\u0159echy nebo – hr\u016fzn\u00e9 to pomy\u0161len\u00ed! – rukou \u010derta chrast\u00edc\u00edho \u0159et\u011bzy p\u011bknou v\u00fdplatu metlou leckomu, jemu\u017e se bylo d\u016fvodn\u011b j\u00ed co ob\u00e1vat…<\/p>\n

Svat\u00fd Mikul\u00e1\u0161 pat\u0159\u00ed mezi v\u016fbec nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btce. Na obrazech,ikon\u00e1ch a soch\u00e1ch je zobrazen jako biskup, sta\u0159ec, z jeho\u017e tv\u00e1\u0159e vyza\u0159uje dobrota,starostlivost o druh\u00e9 a Bo\u017e\u00ed l\u00e1ska k \u010dlov\u011bku, kter\u00e9 napl\u0148ovaly \u017eivot tohoto sv\u011btce.O sv. Mikul\u00e1\u0161i se n\u00e1m dochovala cel\u00e1 \u0159ada legend, ze kter\u00fdch m\u016f\u017eeme \u010derpat pou\u010den\u00ed a pravdy i pro dne\u0161n\u00ed dobu.<\/p>\n

Legendy o svat\u00e9m Mikul\u00e1\u0161i jsou neust\u00e1le opakovan\u00fdm poselstv\u00edm o bezpodm\u00edne\u010dn\u00e9 Bo\u017e\u00ed l\u00e1sce, kter\u00e1 na\u0161la svou podobu v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm jedn\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka. Mikul\u00e1\u0161 vych\u00e1z\u00ed do sv\u011bta, ulic, m\u011bsta, aby se setk\u00e1val s lidmi. Vstupuje do jejich \u017eivota, t\u011b\u017ekost\u00ed a tr\u00e1pen\u00ed, aby jim nezi\u0161tn\u011b pomohl. Nez\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 na jednom m\u00edst\u011b, ale jeho cesta vede k dal\u0161\u00edm, kdo pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed pomoc. V postav\u011b svat\u00e9ho Mikul\u00e1\u0161e se prom\u00edtaj\u00ed v\u0161echny k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 vlastnosti. Hlavn\u011b jeto \u0161t\u011bdrost a dobrota, o kter\u00fdch se mluv\u00ed ve v\u0161ech dochovan\u00fdch legend\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Legendy o sv. Mikul\u00e1\u0161i jsou p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy o \u010dlov\u011bku, kter\u00fd se vzd\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u00e9ho majetku a rozd\u00e1v\u00e1 jej chud\u00fdm a pot\u0159ebn\u00fdm, aby je zachr\u00e1nil a ob\u0161\u0165astnil. Mikul\u00e1\u0161ova nezi\u0161tn\u00e1 pomoc v\u0161em pot\u0159ebn\u00fdm pramenila z jeho hlubok\u00e9 v\u00edry. Mikul\u00e1\u0161sk\u00e9 pr\u016fvody jsou v na\u0161ich zem\u00edch zn\u00e1my u\u017e od 14. stolet\u00ed. Z t\u00e9 doby existuj\u00ed prvn\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy o t\u011bchto ud\u00e1lostech.<\/p>\n

Pr\u016fvody vypadaly jinak ne\u017e ty dne\u0161n\u00ed. Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed postavou mikul\u00e1\u0161sk\u00e9ho pr\u016fvodu byl Mikul\u00e1\u0161, kter\u00e9ho p\u0159edstavoval mu\u017e s atributy biskupa. M\u011bl na sob\u011b biskupsk\u00e9 oble\u010den\u00ed a nosil biskupskou berlu. Mikul\u00e1\u0161e n\u011bkdy doprov\u00e1zely \u017eeny oble\u010den\u00e9 v b\u00edl\u00fdch \u0161atech s biskupskou \u010depic\u00ed. \u0158\u00edkalo se jim\u201eMikul\u00e1\u0161ovy mati\u010dky\u201c. V pr\u016fvodu byly dal\u0161\u00ed postavy, nap\u0159\u00edklad \u010dert oble\u010den\u00fd do ko\u017eichu, na hlav\u011b m\u011bl rohy a jeho masku dopl\u0148oval ocas ze \u017e\u00edn\u00ed a \u0159et\u011bz zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed symbol zla. Opakem \u010derta byl and\u011bl, kter\u00fd m\u011bl b\u00edl\u00e9 oble\u010den\u00ed, hv\u011bzdu a k\u0159\u00eddla. Mezi dal\u0161\u00ed postavy pat\u0159il \u017eid oble\u010den\u00fd do star\u00fdch \u0161at\u016f s uzlem na z\u00e1dech; komin\u00edk, pohodn\u00fd, ten m\u011bl b\u00edl\u00e9 kalhoty, tmav\u00e9 sako, \u010dern\u00fd klobouk a pytel.Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pr\u016fvodu byli voj\u00e1ci, turci, luf\u0159i (b\u011b\u017eci), smrt, cik\u00e1ni, p\u00e1n, pan\u00ed, sedl\u00e1k, selka,pachole, t\u00e1ta, m\u00e1ma, b\u00e1ba s ko\u0161t\u011btem. Byly zde postavy zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e1 povol\u00e1n\u00ed:myslivci, dr\u00e1ten\u00edci, masti\u010dk\u00e1\u0159i, op\u00e1lk\u00e1\u0159i, roho\u017ek\u00e1\u0159i, brusi\u010di, hodin\u00e1\u0159i, vl\u00e1senk\u00e1\u0159i,\u0159ezn\u00edci, tovary\u0161i. Byly zde stra\u0161ideln\u00e9, paroduj\u00edc\u00ed a jin\u00e9 masky. Vedle Mikul\u00e1\u0161e \u0161la n\u011bkdy maska, kter\u00e1 se jmenovala Br\u016fna. \u0158\u00edkalo se j\u00ed b\u00edl\u00fd mikul\u00e1\u0161sk\u00fd k\u016f\u0148, ale koni se postava se moc nepodobala. Asi nen\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd by neznal postavu sv\u011btce Mikul\u00e1\u0161e, a\u0165 u\u017e je v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed,\u010di nev\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd rok 6. prosince si p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed Mikul\u00e1\u0161ovy smrti. Lid\u00e9 podle dochovan\u00e9 legendy o t\u0159ech jablk\u00e1ch pokra\u010duj\u00ed v tradici Mikul\u00e1\u0161ovy \u0161t\u011bdrosti a d\u011blaj\u00ed radost d\u011btem. Tato tradice se zachovala i za totalitn\u00edho re\u017eimu, p\u0159esto\u017ee bylo snahou odstranit v\u0161echny n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 zvyky.<\/p>\n

Napadlo v\u00e1s n\u011bkdy, pro\u010d vlastn\u011b Mikul\u00e1\u0161, and\u011bl a \u010dert chod\u00ed o den d\u0159\u00edv? M\u016f\u017ee za to takov\u00e1 mal\u00e1 vzpoura proti \u010dasu. Na prvn\u00ed pohled to nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dnou logiku – Mikul\u00e1\u0161 m\u00e1 sv\u00e1tek 6. prosince, ale trojice nadpozemsk\u00fdch bytost\u00ed nav\u0161t\u011bvuje d\u011bti u\u017e den p\u0159edem, kdy slav\u00ed Jitka. Dnes u\u017e se nad t\u00edm t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nikdo nepozastavuje, a proto o skute\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fvodu m\u00e1lokdo v\u00ed.<\/p>\n

D\u016fvod je p\u0159itom velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00fd a datuje se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 p\u011bt stolet\u00ed zp\u00e1tky. Za v\u0161\u00edm stoj\u00ed p\u0159echod na tzv. n\u011bmeck\u00fd mechanick\u00fd \u010das v roce 1547. Do t\u00e9 doby, ne\u017e lid\u00e9 za\u010dali pou\u017e\u00edvat hodinky, se toti\u017e denn\u00ed doba ur\u010dovala \u00fapln\u011b jinak, a to podle \u00fahlu st\u00ednu od slunce.<\/p>\n

Velmi zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, pro na\u0161e p\u0159edky za\u010d\u00ednal nov\u00fd den z\u00e1padem slunce, ne a\u017e po p\u016flnoci. R\u00e1no potom nastalo v okam\u017eiku, kdy slunce vy\u0161lo, nikomu p\u0159itom nevadilo, \u017ee v l\u00e9t\u011b to bylo o mnoho hodin d\u0159\u00edv ne\u017e v zim\u011b. V\u00fdchodem slunce ude\u0159ila nult\u00e1 hodina, v poledne pak bylo \u0161est hodin a ve\u010der p\u0159i z\u00e1padu slunce dvan\u00e1ct. Lidem trvalo pades\u00e1t let, ne\u017e si na nov\u00fd \u010das m\u011b\u0159en\u00fd hodinkami zvykli.<\/p>\n

Dne\u0161n\u00ed generace u\u017e si to jinak ani nedovede p\u0159edstavit, p\u0159esto si ale odkaz na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me alespo\u0148 na Mikul\u00e1\u0161e. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto chod\u00ed u\u017e ve\u010der p\u0159ed sv\u00fdm skute\u010dn\u00fdm sv\u00e1tkem – podle star\u00e9ho \u010dasu bylo toti\u017e u\u017e po z\u00e1padu slunce 6. prosince, nemuselo se \u010dekat a\u017e na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed den. V katolick\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy p\u0159etrvalo zejm\u00e9na vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed Mikul\u00e1\u0161e jako d\u00e1rce a p\u0159\u00edtele d\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u00fact\u011b se tento sv\u011btec t\u011b\u0161il u Karla IV., kter\u00fd vn\u00edmal jeho jm\u00e9no jako analogii ke jm\u00e9nu nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho \u010desk\u00e9ho sv\u011btce V\u00e1clava (Venceslava). S Mikul\u00e1\u0161em a Karlem IV. se poj\u00ed i jedna origin\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010desk\u00e1 legenda. Podle kronik\u00e1\u0159e Bene\u0161e Krabice z Weitmile cht\u011bl Karel v roce 1353 dokonce vlastnoru\u010dn\u011b u\u0159\u00edznout prst z ostatku ruky tohoto sv\u011btce, aby jej um\u00edstil do zdoben\u00e9ho relikvi\u00e1\u0159e (sb\u011brem ostatk\u016f po cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b byl proslul\u00fd). Jen\u017ee ve chv\u00edli, kdy c\u00edsa\u0159 prst na\u0159\u00edzl, se pr\u00fd objevila \u010derstv\u00e1 krev. \u201eZachv\u00e1cen zbo\u017en\u00fdm strachem\u201c se tedy vzd\u00e1lil, a kdy\u017e se pozd\u011bji vr\u00e1til v doprovodu arcibiskupa Arno\u0161ta z Pardubic, zjistil, \u017ee prst p\u0159irostl zp\u00e1tky k ruce.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> GR\u00c4SKE, Klaus. Svat\u00fd Mikul\u00e1\u0161 \u010dlov\u011bk pln\u00fd Bo\u017e\u00ed l\u00e1sky. Brno : Kartuzi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 nakladatelstv\u00ed, 2007.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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  \u010cas <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":330633,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/04\/ram-mikulas-obchuzka.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241940"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=241940"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241940\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":330632,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241940\/revisions\/330632"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/330633"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=241940"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=241940"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=241940"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}