{"id":234250,"date":"2024-09-19T16:44:02","date_gmt":"2024-09-19T15:44:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=234250"},"modified":"2024-09-19T16:44:02","modified_gmt":"2024-09-19T15:44:02","slug":"stara-sumava-odlet-vlastovek-za-teplem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=234250","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Odlet vla\u0161tovek za teplem"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"Vla\u0161tovky t\u00e1hnou<\/h6>\n

Vla\u0161tovi\u010dko, le\u0165,<\/em>
\nu\u017e je na t\u011b \u010das \u2013<\/em>
\nlist\u00ed \u017eloutne, poletuje,<\/em>
\npo strni\u0161ti v\u00edtr duje,<\/em>
\nbude brzo mr\u00e1z.<\/em>
\nVla\u0161tovi\u010dko, le\u0165<\/em>
\nna slune\u010dn\u00fd jih \u2013<\/em>
\npavouk bab\u00ed l\u00e9to sp\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1,<\/em>
\nmu\u0161ka t\u00e9\u017e si posp\u00ed r\u00e1da,<\/em>
\na\u017e p\u0159ilet\u00ed sn\u00edh.<\/em>
\nA\u017e ho napadne<\/em>
\nkolem na\u0161ich vrat,<\/em>
\ni a\u017e bude Meluzina<\/em>
\nkv\u00edleti n\u00e1m do kom\u00edna,<\/em>
\nbudem vzpom\u00ednat. \u2013<\/em>
\nNa tv\u016fj letn\u00ed zp\u011bv,<\/em>
\nkde ho zp\u00edv\u00e1\u0161, kde?<\/em>
\nbudem na sv\u00fdch map\u00e1ch zv\u00eddat<\/em>
\na tv\u00e9 hn\u00edzdo budem hl\u00eddat,<\/em>
\njak bys byla zde!<\/em>
\nP\u0159ijde jaro zas,<\/em>
\nty se vr\u00e1t\u00ed\u0161 sem \u2013<\/em>
\nPotk\u00e1\u0161-li kde kousek \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed,<\/em>
\nm\u016f\u017ee\u0161 n\u00e1m ho t\u00e9\u017e p\u0159in\u00e9sti<\/em>
\nv na\u0161i \u010deskou zem!…<\/em>.(Josef V\u00e1clav Sl\u00e1dek)<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Podzim je u\u017e za dve\u0159mi! L\u00e9to pozvolna p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed v podzim a na dr\u00e1tech se ji\u017e houfuj\u00ed des\u00edtky a n\u011bkde i stovky ji\u0159i\u010dek a vla\u0161tovek. Za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a to je doba jejich odletu do tropick\u00e9 Afriky, kdy na\u0161i krajinu opust\u00ed jeden z posl\u016f jara \u2013 vla\u0161tovka obecn\u00e1. Kam vesel\u00e9 \u0161vito\u0159ilky odl\u00e9taj\u00ed? Tito ta\u017en\u00ed pt\u00e1ci se za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed lou\u010dit s \u010deskou p\u0159\u00edrodou. Instinktivn\u011b se sl\u00e9t\u00e1vaj\u00ed a houfuj\u00ed na dr\u00e1tech elektrick\u00e9ho veden\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e d\u00e1vaj\u00ed tu\u0161it, \u017ee se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed den jejich odletu do dalek\u00e9 Afriky.<\/h6>\n

Proto se tak\u00e9 v roce 1992 stala i \u00fapln\u011b prvn\u00edm Pt\u00e1kem roku. S podzimem se s vla\u0161tovkami lou\u010d\u00edme, proto\u017ee o svat\u00e9m Matou\u0161i vla\u0161tovka n\u00e1s opou\u0161t\u00ed, co\u017e je 21. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, kdy u\u017e se vla\u0161tovky i ji\u0159i\u010dky pomalu srocuj\u00ed a chystaj\u00ed se na cestu do sv\u00e9ho zimovi\u0161t\u011b. Krom\u011b vla\u0161tovky obecn\u00e9 a ji\u0159i\u010dky obecn\u00e9 u n\u00e1s z rodu vla\u0161tovkovit\u00fdch \u017eije tak\u00e9 b\u0159ehule \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed a vz\u00e1cn\u011b sem zal\u00e9tne vla\u0161tovka skaln\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Vla\u0161tovka \u2013 Nen\u00ed kr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho pt\u00e1ka, ne\u017e je vla\u0161tovka, zv\u011bstovatel jara a nov\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Pozdn\u00ed l\u00e9to je dobou houfov\u00e1n\u00ed a odletu ta\u017en\u00fdch pt\u00e1k\u016f do tepl\u00fdch zimovi\u0161\u0165. Asi nejv\u00edce se do pov\u011bdom\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka dostala vla\u0161tovka obecn\u00e1. K v\u0161edn\u00edm jev\u016fm v \u010desk\u00e9 krajin\u011b pat\u0159ily tis\u00edce vla\u0161tovek posed\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch na dr\u00e1tech elektrick\u00e9ho veden\u00ed jako na notov\u00fdch link\u00e1ch a v podve\u010der za hlu\u010dn\u00e9ho \u0161vito\u0159en\u00ed odl\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edch nocovat do r\u00e1kosin. Jedn\u00e9 noci pak r\u00e1zem v\u0161echny zmizely. Lid\u00e9 si toho samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v\u0161\u00edmali a zaj\u00edmalo je, kam a pro\u010d. Sez\u00f3nn\u00ed mizen\u00ed a jarn\u00ed n\u00e1vrat mnoha druh\u016f pt\u00e1k\u016f vyvol\u00e1val v lidsk\u00fdch mysl\u00edch mno\u017estv\u00ed po\u0161etil\u00fdch teori\u00ed a hypot\u00e9z.<\/p>\n

Pta\u010d\u00ed tah fascinoval lidi od prad\u00e1vna, ale dlouhou dobu si jej neum\u011bli vysv\u011btlit a svoje domn\u011bnky o migraci pt\u00e1k\u016f konstruovali z mnoha m\u00fdt\u016f a n\u011bkolika m\u00e1lo poznatk\u016f tehdej\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdc\u016f. Lid\u00e9 se t\u0159eba domn\u00edvali, \u017ee pt\u00e1ci odl\u00e9taj\u00ed na podzim na M\u011bs\u00edc, odkud se na ja\u0159e op\u011bt navracej\u00ed. \u0158eck\u00fd filozof Aristoteles napsal, \u017ee rehek zahradn\u00ed (kter\u00fd migruje z \u0158ecka do subsaharsk\u00e9 Afriky) se v l\u00e9t\u011b prom\u011bn\u00ed v \u010dervenku, a \u017ee p\u011bnice slav\u00edkov\u00e1 se na zimu m\u011bn\u00ed v p\u011bnici \u010dernohlavou. Ji\u017e Aristoteles, prvn\u00ed zoolog se nad touto ot\u00e1zkou zam\u00fd\u0161lel. Odpov\u011b\u010f samoz\u0159ejm\u011b neznal a tak se ve sv\u00fdch d\u00edlech p\u0159ikl\u00e1n\u011bl k obecn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdm f\u00e1m\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

Dlouho se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo, \u017ee vla\u0161tovky zimuj\u00ed v bahn\u011b rybn\u00edk\u016f. K t\u00e9to domn\u011bnce vedla skute\u010dnost, \u017ee vla\u0161tovky p\u0159ed odletem hromadn\u011b nocuj\u00ed v r\u00e1kosin\u00e1ch. Na podzim roku 1740 chytil n\u011bkolik vla\u0161tovek, omotal jim kolem no\u017eky barevnou nitku a pustil je. Na ja\u0159e se tyto vla\u0161tovky vr\u00e1tily do hn\u00edzd a Frish podrobil nitky z jejich nohou zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed, ale d\u016fkaz, \u017ee byli n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f pod vodou nena\u0161el.
\nVra\u0165me se k Aristotelovi. N\u011bkter\u00e1 jeho pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed ji\u017e ale zav\u00e1n\u011bla pravdou. Po uplynut\u00ed podzimn\u00ed rovnodennosti p\u0159il\u00e9taj\u00ed pt\u00e1ci z chladn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, aby se vyhnuli zim\u011b. A to nejen do soused\u00edc\u00edch zem\u00ed, ale i d\u00e1le. Po jarn\u00ed rovnodennosti se op\u011bt vracej\u00ed, aby se vyhnuli vedr\u016fm. Aristoteles popsal i p\u0159esn\u00e1 m\u00edsta, kam kte\u0159\u00ed pt\u00e1ci l\u00e9taj\u00ed. Je\u0159\u00e1bi ze step\u00ed do ba\u017ein Nilu, pelik\u00e1ni od \u0159eky Strumy k Dunaji, kde zakl\u00e1daj\u00ed hn\u00edzdi\u0161t\u011b.<\/p>\n

Ale a\u017e ve 13. stolet\u00ed se stejn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem za\u010dal v\u00edce zab\u00fdvat c\u00edsa\u0159-p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdec Bed\u0159ich II a dosp\u011bl k n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee naprosto v\u0161echno jinde zimuj\u00edc\u00ed ptactvo odl\u00e9t\u00e1 a t\u00edm zcela vyvrac\u00ed my\u0161lenku o zimov\u00e1n\u00ed ve vod\u011b. Bed\u0159ich II pozoruje vliv po\u010das\u00ed na odlet, pta\u010d\u00ed pelich\u00e1n\u00ed a houfov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed odletem. Ji\u017e v t\u00e9to dob\u011b si mnoz\u00ed evrop\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdci v\u0161\u00edmali velk\u00fdch hejn evropsk\u00fdch pt\u00e1k\u016f p\u0159i sv\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch po Asii a Africe. Na zimu p\u0159ilet\u011bli a na ja\u0159e odl\u00e9tli. Ov\u0161em a\u017e roku 1822 byl chycen v N\u011bmecku \u010d\u00e1p, kter\u00fd m\u011bl krk probodnut\u00fd prokazateln\u011b africk\u00fdm \u0161\u00edpem. Jeho zran\u011bn\u00ed ale nebylo v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9, proto \u010d\u00e1p mohl absolvovat cestu a zd\u00e1rn\u011b d\u00e1le \u017e\u00edt. V roce 1710 byla v N\u011bmecku tak\u00e9 chycena volavka s krou\u017ekem navle\u010den\u00fdm v Turecku. Tyto \u0159\u00eddk\u00e9 objevy se stali impulsy pro hled\u00e1n\u00ed pravdy.<\/p>\n

Trvalo v\u0161ak je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek let, ne\u017e se v\u011bdci za\u010dali pta\u010d\u00edm st\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00edm zab\u00fdvat podrobn\u011bji. Dnes obecn\u011b p\u0159ijat\u00fd postup v\u0161ak nebyl v za\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1m s nad\u0161en\u00edm. Existovalo mnoho spolk\u016f protestuj\u00edc\u00edch proti t\u00e9to metod\u011b. Pr\u00fd pt\u00e1k\u016fm \u0161kod\u00ed. V roce 1899 d\u00e1nsk\u00fd profesor Ch. Mortensen zna\u010dkoval pt\u00e1ky lehk\u00fdmi krou\u017eky s vyrytou adresou a navl\u00e9kal jim je na nohy. Ozna\u010dil takto asi sto pt\u00e1k\u016f. V roce 1901 se za\u010dal zab\u00fdvat ozna\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm n\u011bmeck\u00fd pastor a ornitolog Johann Tinemann v oblasti Baltsk\u00e9ho mo\u0159e. Tedy v m\u00edst\u011b, kde je podle dne\u0161n\u00edch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed nejhust\u0161\u00ed p\u0159elet pt\u00e1k\u016f.D\u00edky jeho propagaci krou\u017ekov\u00e1n\u00ed a osobn\u00ed usilovn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci se tento zp\u016fsob stal nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed metodou v\u00fdzkumu ta\u017en\u00fdch pt\u00e1k\u016f. Dnes je okrou\u017ekov\u00e1no na n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek milion\u016f ptactva. V \u010cesku se za\u010dalo s krou\u017ekov\u00e1n\u00edm v roce 1914.<\/p>\n

Tehdej\u0161\u00ed \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 ornitologick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost vznikla v roce 1934 p\u0159i N\u00e1rodn\u00edm muzeu v Praze a je dodnes s\u00eddlem krou\u017ekovac\u00ed stanice. Zimovi\u0161t\u011b se mohou m\u011bnit, ale domovina se nem\u011bn\u00ed. Na ja\u0159e se pt\u00e1ci op\u011bt vrac\u00ed do sv\u00fdch p\u016fvodn\u00edch hn\u00edzd. A vracet se nemus\u00ed po stejn\u00e9 trase, po kter\u00e9 odl\u00e9tali. \u010casto se trasa zm\u011bn\u00ed, nebo\u0165 podzimn\u00ed a jarn\u00ed podm\u00ednky mohou b\u00fdt rozd\u00edln\u00e9 a to, co jim vyhovuje na podzim, nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt vhodn\u00e9 na ja\u0159e. Vla\u0161tovky ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b podnikaj\u00ed cestu ze sv\u00fdch hn\u00edzdi\u0161\u0165 na severu na jih, na zimovi\u0161t\u011b. Severoamerick\u00e9 vla\u0161tovky odl\u00e9taj\u00ed do Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky, asijsk\u00e9 do jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie, na Filip\u00edny, do Indon\u00e9sie a Malajsie. Evropsk\u00e9 vla\u0161tovky tr\u00e1v\u00ed zimu v ji\u017en\u00ed Africe.<\/p>\n

St\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00ed ptactva v\u0161ak dodnes skr\u00fdv\u00e1 mnoho tajemna a z\u00e1had. Ob\u010das jsou v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b k vid\u011bn\u00ed mezirodov\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017eenci ji\u0159i\u010dek obecn\u00fdch a vla\u0161tovek obecn\u00fdch, kte\u0159\u00ed ornitologov\u00e9 pojmenovali \u201eji\u0159ivka\u201c nebo \u201evlasti\u010dka\u201c. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zimovi\u0161t\u011b vla\u0161tovek obecn\u00fdch na sv\u011bt\u011b se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v jihoafrick\u00e9 provincii KwaZulu-Natal, asi 30 kilometr\u016f severn\u011b od Durbanu, jednoho z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch m\u011bst Jihoafrick\u00e9 republiky. V obdob\u00ed, kdy se v na\u0161ich kon\u010din\u00e1ch tetel\u00edme chladem, se lidem v ji\u017en\u00ed Africe nask\u00fdt\u00e1 neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fd pohled \u2013 ve ve\u010dern\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch po obloze kouzeln\u011b obarven\u00e9 paprsky zapadaj\u00edc\u00edho slunce krou\u017e\u00ed miliony vla\u0161tovek. M\u00edsto se pro tuto \u00fachvatnou pod\u00edvanou dokonce stalo turisticky vyhled\u00e1vanou lokalitou.<\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee a\u017e uvid\u00edte houfy vla\u0161tovek, pop\u0159ejte jim \u0161\u0165astnou cestu do Afriky. \u0160\u0165astnou cestu a dob\u0159e dole\u0165te! A\u0165 v\u00e1s na va\u0161\u00ed pouti nepotk\u00e1 nic zl\u00e9ho, a\u0165 se dok\u00e1\u017eete vyhnout v\u0161em nebezpe\u010d\u00edm a n\u00e1strah\u00e1m! M\u011bjte se dob\u0159e a na ja\u0159e se n\u00e1m v po\u0159\u00e1dku vra\u0165te, proto\u017ee tady jste doma, jste zde v\u00edt\u00e1ny a my v\u00edme, jak t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 to m\u00e1te a t\u011b\u0161\u00edme se na den, kdy n\u00e1m p\u0159inesete jaro. Jedna vla\u0161tovka jaro ned\u011bl\u00e1, ale dv\u011b u\u017e ano….<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zdroj<\/strong>: Jurij Dimitrij, Pt\u00e1ci Obecn\u00e1 ornitologie – Veselovsk\u00fd, Academia 2001<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vla\u0161tovky t\u00e1hnou <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":287756,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/25\/ram-vlastovky.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/234250"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=234250"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/234250\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":322533,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/234250\/revisions\/322533"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/287756"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=234250"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=234250"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=234250"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}