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Lid\u00e9 na stromech obdivovali to, co si p\u0159\u00e1li sami z\u00edskat: \u017eivotn\u00ed s\u00edlu. Tou\u017eili po n\u00ed p\u0159i pohledu na v\u011btve jehli\u010dnan\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly zelen\u00e9 po cel\u00fd rok, nebo kdy\u017e byli sv\u011bdky jarn\u00edho vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed listnat\u00fdch strom\u016f. Je pochopiteln\u00e9, \u017ee za\u010d\u00e1tkem osmn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed nastala nutnost v lese z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b hospoda\u0159it a p\u011bstovat jej, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b se starat o obnovu vyt\u011b\u017een\u00fdch porost\u016f. Georg Ludwig Hartig (1764-1837), nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed lesn\u00edk sv\u00e9 doby prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee nen\u00ed z\u00e1slu\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edho a d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edho \u00fakolu lesn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159e, ne\u017e zakl\u00e1dat a p\u011bstovat mlad\u00e9 lesn\u00ed porosty, aby byla nahrazov\u00e1na t\u011b\u017eba a les\u016fm bylo zaji\u0161t\u011bno v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 trv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Slune\u010dn\u00ed lu\u0161t\u00edrny – semena jehli\u010dnat\u00fdch strom\u016f jsou ukryta v \u0161i\u0161k\u00e1ch. N\u011bkter\u00e9 \u0161i\u0161ky se rozpadaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo na stromech, nap\u0159. jedle, jin\u00e9 spadnou na zem v celku. Zp\u016fsobu, kter\u00fdm z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1me sem\u00ednka ze \u0161i\u0161ky, se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 lu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. V p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b prob\u00edh\u00e1 tento proces postupn\u011b vlivem teplot a vlhka s\u00e1m. \u0160i\u0161ky se teplem otv\u00edraj\u00ed a semena vypadnou. Z jednoho kilogramu smrkov\u00fdch semen pak vyroste v pr\u016fm\u011bru 40 tis\u00edc sazenic, kter\u00e9 se daj\u00ed vys\u00e1zet na 10 hektar\u016f lesa. Semena d\u0159evin se sb\u00edrala ji\u017e v 16. stolet\u00ed, ale nebyla ur\u010dena pro lesnick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, sp\u00ed\u0161e pro p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed okrasn\u00fdch d\u0159evin do park\u016f a sad\u016f. Koncem 18. stolet\u00ed v\u0161ak za\u010dalo systematick\u00e9 a pl\u00e1novit\u00e9 m\u00fdcen\u00ed \u0161umavsk\u00fdch les\u016f holose\u010dn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem hospoda\u0159en\u00ed a vyt\u011b\u017een\u00e9 plochy bylo t\u0159eba zalesnit.<\/p>\n
V 1. polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed za\u010daly prvn\u00ed pokusy os\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pasek sebran\u00fdm semenem smrk\u016f, vznikaly lu\u0161t\u00edrny semen na pr\u00e1\u0161ilsk\u00e9m panstv\u00ed. \u0160i\u0161ky tehdy sb\u00edral z pok\u00e1cen\u00fdch strom\u016f jednak h\u00e1jensk\u00fd person\u00e1l, jednak d\u0159evorubci, nebo d\u011bti. Za ka\u017edou h\u00e1jovnou byla v t\u00e9 dob\u011b slune\u010dn\u00ed lu\u0161t\u00edrna. B\u00fdvalo dobr\u00fdm zvykem, \u017ee lesn\u00ed person\u00e1l nosil p\u0159i poch\u016fzk\u00e1ch po kaps\u00e1ch semena, kter\u00e1 \u0161petkovit\u011b rozs\u00e9val do ochrany pa\u0159ez\u016f, nebo jimi \u201ena potk\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c dopl\u0148oval \u0159\u00eddk\u00e9 n\u00e1lety. Stromy neplod\u00ed ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b, semenn\u00e9 roky se opakuj\u00ed v del\u0161\u00edch \u010dasov\u00fdch odstupech: smrk nap\u0159. plod\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b jednou za deset let, buk, borovice a mod\u0159\u00edn jednou za t\u0159i a\u017e p\u011bt let. Semeno se sb\u00edralo z m\u00edstn\u00edch zdroj\u016f. Proto\u017ee ale st\u00e1le p\u0159etrv\u00e1vala slu\u017eebnost pastvy v lese, stromky se nevysazovaly \u2013 dobytek by je zlikvidoval.<\/p>\n
V 2. polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed definitivn\u011b skon\u010dila lesn\u00ed pastva. Po velk\u00e9 vich\u0159ici v roce 1870 vznikly obrovsk\u00e9 paseky, kter\u00e9 bylo nutno rychle zalesnit. V roce 1852 ve\u0161el v platnost lesn\u00ed z\u00e1kon, kter\u00fd c\u00edlen\u00e9 zales\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed holin p\u0159\u00edmo na\u0159izoval, co\u017e vedlo k rozmachu lesn\u00edho \u0161kolka\u0159stv\u00ed. Semena z m\u00edstn\u00edch lu\u0161t\u00edren nesta\u010dila, bylo tedy zales\u0148ov\u00e1no semenem smrk\u016f z jin\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed ne\u017e ze \u0160umavy. Schwarzenbergov\u00e9 se sna\u017eili na Pr\u00e1\u0161ilsk\u00e9m panstv\u00ed tu kalamitu zvl\u00e1dnout a z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159istoupili k obnov\u011b \u0161umavsk\u00fdch les\u016f, jen\u017ee p\u0159i tom obrovsk\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed jim zakr\u00e1tko do\u0161ly sazenice a sem\u00ednka \u0161umavsk\u00fdch smrk\u016f. Nev\u011bd\u011bli, co d\u00e1l, a\u017e potom n\u011bkdo p\u0159i\u0161el s n\u00e1padem, \u017ee v oblasti ji\u017en\u011b od Alp je podobn\u00fd smrk a \u017ee podle tam panuj\u00ed i podobn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky jako u n\u00e1s na \u0160umav\u011b. Tak p\u0159ivezli na zkou\u0161ku n\u011bkolik vagon\u016f sazeni\u010dek a sem\u00ednek a za\u010dali zde tyto smrky vysazovat. Stromky se chytly, rostly, prosperovaly, ale p\u0159ece jenom to bylo n\u011bco nep\u0159irozen\u00e9ho, n\u011bco co sem nepat\u0159\u00ed. Tak\u017ee to, co vid\u00edme okolo, nen\u00ed v\u016fbec p\u016fvodn\u00ed \u0161umavsk\u00fd smrk.<\/p>\n
P\u016fvodn\u00ed \u0161umavsk\u00fd smrk m\u011bl v\u011btve sv\u011b\u0161en\u00e9 dol\u016f, i jehli\u010d\u00ed m\u011bl trochu jinak kladen\u00e9, tak\u017ee jinovatka, sn\u00edh, d\u00e9\u0161\u0165 \u010di led po n\u011bm p\u011bkn\u011b sklouzly a neu\u0161kodily mu. Zat\u00edmco dnes se na n\u011bm sr\u00e1\u017eky usad\u00ed, zmrznou, a kdy\u017e zafouk\u00e1 v\u00edtr, u\u017e se v\u011btve l\u00e1mou. Vysazoval se smrk, a to nejen z d\u016fvod\u016f ekonomick\u00fdch (smrk roste rychle), ale i z d\u016fvod\u016f klimatick\u00fdch (chladn\u00e9, vlhk\u00e9 podneb\u00ed, i p\u0159ed vich\u0159ic\u00ed ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159eva\u017eovaly smrky). Lu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed se prov\u00e1d\u011blo v jednoduch\u00fdch slune\u010dn\u00edch lu\u0161t\u00edrn\u00e1ch na h\u00e1jovn\u00e1ch a\u017e do rozvinut\u00ed \u0161kolka\u0159sk\u00fdch provoz\u016f. Pod\u00edl sadby nar\u016fstal ze symbolick\u00fdch pod\u00edl\u016f koncem 18. stolet\u00ed do obdob\u00ed kolem roku 1850, kdy dle Johna ro\u010dn\u00ed produkce lesn\u00edch \u0161kolek \u0160umavy byla 2 miliony sazenic. Do t\u00e9to doby lze p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b uva\u017eovat, \u017ee s v\u00fdjimkou pokus\u016f s jin\u00fdmi d\u0159evinami (alpsk\u00fd mod\u0159\u00edn, limba) byl pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n materi\u00e1l m\u00edstn\u00edho p\u016fvodu.<\/p>\n
Obrat p\u0159inesla kalamitn\u00ed obdob\u00ed od 60.let 19. stolet\u00ed, kdy semeno bylo pro nedostatek dod\u00e1v\u00e1no i z doln\u00edch panstv\u00ed a nakupov\u00e1no od obchodn\u00edch firem v \u010cech\u00e1ch i v Rakousku. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 19. stolet\u00ed (1828) m\u011bla Modrava vlastn\u00ed lu\u0161t\u00edrnu semene a v polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed ji\u017e bylo v tomto \u00fazem\u00ed vytvo\u0159eno n\u011bkolik \u0161kolek na p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed sadby. S\u00e1zel se jen smrk, nebo\u0165 buk ani jedle kv\u016fli vymrz\u00e1n\u00ed nem\u011blo smysl do porost\u016f zav\u00e1d\u011bt. Z\u00e1jem o lesn\u00ed \u0161kolka\u0159stv\u00ed byl d\u00e1le podn\u00edcen snahami o likvidaci rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch holin a p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9ho v\u00fdsledku bylo na kalamitn\u00edch holin\u00e1ch dosahov\u00e1no p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed star\u0161\u00edch, vysp\u011bl\u00fdch sazenic, vyp\u011bstovan\u00fdch v p\u0159echodn\u00fdch \u0161kolk\u00e1ch, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch zpravidla pobl\u00ed\u017e kalamitn\u00edch holin. Tyto p\u0159echodn\u00e9 \u0161kolky byly vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny pro p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edce generac\u00ed sazenic, zpravidla a\u017e do \u00fapln\u00e9ho zalesn\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bchto holin.<\/p>\n
Stalo se postupn\u011b nepsan\u00fdm z\u00e1konem, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd lesn\u00edk musel m\u00edt na sv\u00e9m \u00faseku semeni\u0161t\u011b, nebo \u0161kolku. Velmi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 byly takzvan\u00e9 kv\u011btnat\u00e9 bu\u010diny. Kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 lesy, v nich\u017e kralovaly buky a jedle, a jejich\u017e p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs\u00ed byly javory ml\u00e9\u010de, kleny a smrky. S p\u0159\u00edchodem jara za\u010d\u00ednaly postupn\u011b kv\u00e9st. Nejprve se rozv\u00edjely h\u00e1jov\u00e9 byliny, ty pak n\u00e1sledovaly ke\u0159e a jako posledn\u00ed rozkv\u00e9taly a olistily se koruny strom\u016f. Tyto p\u016fvodn\u00ed bu\u010diny se jen ojedin\u011ble uchovaly na jihu a jihov\u00fdchod\u011b \u0160umavy a z\u016fstaly tak\u00e9 v \u00fadol\u00edch horsk\u00fdch \u0159ek. Sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 lesy vystupovaly a\u017e na Pl\u00e1n\u011b, ale s p\u0159ib\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161kou se jejich skladba m\u011bnila \u2013 p\u0159ib\u00fdvalo smrk\u016f a nov\u011b se objevovaly je\u0159\u00e1by pta\u010d\u00ed, a tak postupn\u011b p\u0159ech\u00e1zely v horsk\u00e9 bu\u010diny.<\/p>\n
P\u016fvodn\u00ed horsk\u00e9 smr\u010diny obsadily nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed m\u00edsta poho\u0159\u00ed. St\u00e1le z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed z\u00e1kladem Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho hvozdu a Boub\u00ednsk\u00e9ho pralesa, por\u016fstaj\u00ed svahy Jezern\u00ed hory a dal\u0161\u00edch hor zvedaj\u00edc\u00edch se nad Pl\u00e1n\u011bmi. V\u017edy v nich vl\u00e1dl \u0161umavsk\u00fd smrk, kter\u00fd se po tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsoboval m\u00edstn\u00edm klimatick\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m. To, \u017ee kvetou tak\u00e9 jehli\u010dnany, si uv\u011bdom\u00edme oby\u010dejn\u011b jen po de\u0161ti, kdy\u017e jsou lou\u017ee \u017elut\u00e9 od jejich pylu. Pokud si budete p\u0159i proch\u00e1zce lesem bedliv\u011b v\u0161\u00edmat strom\u016f kolem sebe, zjist\u00edte, \u017ee stromy kvetou a odkv\u00e9taj\u00ed a mo\u017en\u00e1 u\u017e pozn\u00e1te tvar budouc\u00ed \u0161i\u0161ky na v\u011btvi\u010dk\u00e1ch jehli\u010dnan\u016f. D\u00edvejte se pozorn\u011b, proto\u017ee kv\u011bty jsou nen\u00e1padn\u00e9, ale o to zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n
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Zdroj:<\/strong> kniha “Die Grenze” – Ingeborg Ida Luise Sommerov\u00e1, autor p\u0159eklad\u016f a \u010desk\u00fdch text\u016f Jan Mare\u0161, elektronick\u00e1 verze Ivo Kare\u0161 – Jiho\u010desk\u00e1 v\u011bdeck\u00e1 knihovna v \u010cesk\u00fdch Bud\u011bjovic\u00edch<\/p>\n P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":365691,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/06\/ram-lustirna.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/213587"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=213587"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/213587\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":365692,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/213587\/revisions\/365692"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/365691"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=213587"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=213587"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=213587"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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