{"id":212276,"date":"2023-01-25T19:51:53","date_gmt":"2023-01-25T18:51:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=212276"},"modified":"2023-01-25T19:51:53","modified_gmt":"2023-01-25T18:51:53","slug":"stara-sumava-o-truhlarich-a-umrlcich-prknech","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=212276","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: O truhl\u00e1\u0159\u00edch a umrl\u010d\u00edch prknech"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Prvotn\u00edm obrobitelem d\u0159eva byl tesa\u0159. Pozd\u011bji vznikl stola\u0159 \u010dili truhl\u00e1\u0159. Dal\u0161\u00edm jejich odv\u011btv\u00edm byli posteln\u00edci, necka\u0159i, stoli\u010dn\u00edci, kolebe\u010dn\u00edci. Vz\u00e1cn\u00fdm byl stola\u0159, kter\u00fd um\u011bl d\u011blat varhany, tedy varhan\u00edk. K samostatn\u00e9mu \u017eivobyt\u00ed dosp\u011bli \u0161indel\u00e1\u0159i a kol\u00e1\u0159i neb kolod\u011bji, luka\u0159i a ku\u0161a\u0159i, jen\u017ee ti v 16. stolet\u00ed ustupuj\u00ed, proto\u017ee st\u0159eln\u00e9 zbran\u011b zatla\u010dily luky a ku\u0161e.<\/h6>\n

Od truhl\u00e1\u0159\u016f se pak od\u0161t\u011bpili li\u0161ta\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed prvn\u00ed vykl\u00e1dali pokoje a stropy, \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou um\u011blci v plastice, \u0161t\u00edta\u0159i, soustru\u017en\u00edci, od nich\u017e oddrobili se kolovr\u00e1tn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed d\u011blali pan\u00edm a pann\u00e1m kolovraty, l\u016f\u017eka\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed d\u011blali l\u016f\u017eka \u010dili pa\u017eby k pu\u0161k\u00e1m, a tak\u00e9 housla\u0159i, a\u010dkoliv i truhl\u00e1\u0159i d\u011bl\u00e1vali po venkov\u011b housle a loutny. S rozvojem m\u011bst ve 12. a hlavn\u011b ve 13. stolet\u00ed se zdokonaluj\u00ed i \u0159emesla a doch\u00e1z\u00ed i k prvn\u00edm n\u00e1znak\u016fm organizace \u0159emesln\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce. Za\u010d\u00ednaly se prosazovat cechovn\u00ed korporace, kter\u00e9 prod\u00e1valy sv\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky na m\u011bstsk\u00e9m trhu.<\/p>\n

Jeliko\u017e se cechy postupem \u010dasu st\u00e1valy st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed samospr\u00e1vnou \u010dinnost\u00ed a zasahovaly velmi \u010dasto do m\u011bstsk\u00e9 politiky, jejich moc za\u010dala b\u00fdt omezov\u00e1na. Mnohem v\u00edce byla podporov\u00e1na malov\u00fdroba. Nav\u00edc dal\u0161\u00edmu rozvoji cechu br\u00e1nila cechovn\u00ed na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Roku 1731 vydal c\u00edsa\u0159 Karel VI. nov\u00e9 \u0159emesln\u00e9 artikule. Cechy mezi sebe m\u011bly p\u0159ijmout nejen sv\u00e9 u\u010dedn\u00edky, ale m\u011bly tam br\u00e1t i \u0159emesln\u00edky voln\u00e9. I p\u0159esto se ani tyto artikule nedodr\u017eovaly. V nov\u011b vznikaj\u00edc\u00edch m\u011bstech ve 13. stolet\u00ed se uplat\u0148ovali truhl\u00e1\u0159i p\u0159i stavb\u00e1ch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch dom\u016f, nebo kostel\u016f. V t\u00e9to dob\u011b v\u0161ak byli v\u00edce ozna\u010dov\u00e1ni jako stola\u0159i, a to z toho d\u016fvodu, \u017ee zhotoven\u00ed stol\u016f se pova\u017eovalo za jejich hlavn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci. V roce 1500 se tato organizace rozd\u011blila, truhl\u00e1\u0159i se osamostat\u0148uj\u00ed a jm\u00e9no stola\u0159\u016f miz\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tradi\u010dn\u00ed truhl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0159emeslo se v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b omezuje prakticky pouze na oblast ryze individu\u00e1ln\u00ed zak\u00e1zkov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby a d\u00e1le pak na oblast oprav a restaurov\u00e1n\u00ed historick\u00e9ho n\u00e1bytku. V b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 produkci ho nahradila velkos\u00e9riov\u00e1 produkce tov\u00e1rn\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9ho n\u00e1bytku, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z aglomerovan\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a za vysok\u00e9ho stupn\u011b automatizace v\u00fdrobn\u00edch postup\u016f. Truhl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm v\u00fdrobkem na \u0160umav\u011b v Bavorsk\u00e9m lese i v n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u010desk\u00fdch vs\u00edch v oblasti \u0160umavy, byla \u201eumrl\u010d\u00ed prkna\u201c. Truhl\u00e1\u0159i na ohoblovan\u00e9 prkno nej\u010dast\u011bji psali ver\u0161e, modlitby, n\u00e1pisy i datum \u00famrt\u00ed, \u010dasto zobrazovan\u00fdm symbolem byly t\u0159i k\u0159\u00ed\u017eky, zlomen\u00e1 sv\u00edce, Kristus na k\u0159\u00ed\u017ei, lebka s hn\u00e1ty. M\u00e9n\u011b \u010dast\u00e9 motivy byly and\u011bl\u00e9, Bo\u017e\u00ed oko, ratolest aj. Kolem n\u00e1pisu se p\u0159itloukal r\u00e1me\u010dek ze slab\u00fdch li\u0161t a okraje prkna se profilovaly do r\u016fzn\u00fdch jednoduch\u00fdch ornament\u016f.<\/p>\n

V drsn\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed, za krut\u00fdch zim, kdy velk\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bje a zmrzl\u00e1 zem neumo\u017e\u0148ovala vykopat hrob, nepoh\u0159b\u00edval se zem\u0159el\u00fd hned. Obyvatel\u00e9 \u0161umavsk\u00fdch vs\u00ed m\u011bli v k\u016fln\u00e1ch a stodol\u00e1ch v\u017edy p\u0159ipraven\u00e1 prkna pro truhl\u00e1\u0159e. Pokud n\u011bkdo v tomto obdob\u00ed zem\u0159el, prkno polo\u017eili na dv\u011b \u017eidle a nebo\u017et\u00edk byl na prkno ulo\u017een. Pot\u00e9 byl na prkn\u011b p\u0159est\u011bhov\u00e1n na p\u016fdu nebo do nejchladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u00edstnosti a na tomto umrl\u010d\u00edm prkn\u011b pak p\u0159e\u010dkal a\u017e do p\u0159\u00edchodu jara, kdy byl \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b poh\u0159ben. S prkny se pak v jednotliv\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech \u0160umavy nakl\u00e1dalo r\u016fzn\u011b.<\/p>\n

V oblasti Ka\u0161persk\u00fdch Hor pou\u017e\u00edvali prkna v\u00edcekr\u00e1t, na Vimpersku se prkno spolu se sl\u00e1mou, na kter\u00e9 le\u017eel nebo\u017et\u00edk, sp\u00e1lilo. V\u011bt\u0161inou bylo prkno pou\u017eito jako vzpom\u00ednka na zem\u0159el\u00e9ho. Prkno bylo vyzdobeno vy\u0159ez\u00e1n\u00edm t\u0159\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017ek\u016f. Umrl\u010d\u00ed prkna se posl\u00e9ze umis\u0165ovala u kapli\u010dek a k\u0159\u00ed\u017e\u016f pod\u00e9l cest, na kraji lesa, kde byla \u010dasto p\u0159ib\u00edjena p\u0159\u00edmo na kmeny strom\u016f. Pocestn\u00fd, kter\u00fd tato m\u00edsta m\u00edjel, v\u011bnoval zem\u0159el\u00e9mu v\u017edy tichou modlitbu. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch vs\u00edch p\u0159ib\u00edjeli prkna na \u0161t\u00edty dom\u016f. Chud\u00ed lid\u00e9 si prkna vyzdobovali sami, ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f se ale \u00faprava prkna sv\u011b\u0159ila truhl\u00e1\u0159i.<\/p>\n

Umrl\u010d\u00ed prkno se k truhl\u00e1\u0159i odn\u00e1\u0161elo ihned po poh\u0159bu. Ten prkno ohobloval a na prkno napsal ver\u0161e, modlitbu, datum \u00famrt\u00ed a kolem n\u00e1pisu p\u0159ibil r\u00e1me\u010dek z tenk\u00fdch li\u0161t. Okraje prkna vytvaroval \u0159ez\u00e1n\u00edm a r\u016fzn\u011b vyprofiloval. Do prkna tak\u00e9 vy\u0159ezal r\u016fzn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 motivy, nej\u010dast\u011bji k\u0159\u00ed\u017e. Lid\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee umrl\u010d\u00ed prkna jsou obda\u0159ena zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi vlastnostmi. Mohla zabra\u0148ovat zlu nebo naopak zlo p\u0159ivol\u00e1vat, v jejich bl\u00edzkosti doch\u00e1zelo ke zjevov\u00e1n\u00ed du\u0161\u00ed zem\u0159el\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed tedy divu, \u017ee o podivuhodn\u00fdch vlastnostech t\u011bchto prken kolovaly po \u0160umav\u011b r\u016fzn\u00e9 pov\u011bsti. Jeden truhl\u00e1\u0159 z Rej\u0161tejna zhotovil pr\u00fd z umrl\u010d\u00edho prkna nedopat\u0159en\u00edm v\u00e1l na nudle pro nev\u011bstu do jej\u00ed v\u00fdbavy. Kdy\u017e v\u0161ak cht\u011bla v\u00e1l poprv\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt, spadl na zem a nev\u011bsta ho nemohla zvednout a v\u0161echny nudle okolo n\u011bj za\u010daly sk\u00e1kat. Po t\u00e9to p\u0159\u00edhod\u011b byl truhl\u00e1\u0159 donucen vz\u00edt sv\u00e9 d\u00edlo zp\u011bt, v kraji ji\u017e nedostal \u017e\u00e1dnou pr\u00e1ci a musel se odst\u011bhovat. Dal\u0161\u00ed truhl\u00e1\u0159 zase ukradl prkna u cesty a vyrobil z nich postel. Ka\u017ed\u00e9mu, kdo do t\u00e9to postele ulehl, se pak zjevoval nebo\u017et\u00edk.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed hr\u016fzostra\u0161n\u00e1 historka se zase vypr\u00e1v\u011bla na \u0160umavsk\u00e9 Horsk\u00e9 Kvild\u011b. Jeden alkoholem pos\u00edlen\u00fd mlad\u00edk uzav\u0159el o Du\u0161i\u010dk\u00e1ch troufalou s\u00e1zku. O p\u016flnoci m\u011bl vyt\u00e1hnout jedno z umrl\u010d\u00edch prken ze zem\u011b, lehnout si na n\u011bj a p\u0159e\u010dkat tak noc. P\u0159es varov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1tel vyt\u00e1hl o p\u016flnoci prkno ze zem\u011b a nalo\u017eil si ho na z\u00e1da. Cht\u011bl prkno p\u0159en\u00e9st do sv\u00e9ho domu a p\u0159espat na n\u011bm v komo\u0159e aby venku nezmrzl. Prkno, kter\u00e9 nesl, bylo v\u0161ak st\u00e1le t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed. Ml\u00e1denec se nakonec rozhodl toho stra\u0161n\u00e9ho n\u00e1kladu zbavit, ale prkno bylo na jeho z\u00e1dech jako p\u0159ilepen\u00e9. Polomrtv\u00e9ho a k smrti vyd\u011b\u0161en\u00e9ho mlad\u00edka museli zachr\u00e1nit
\nsoused\u00e9, ten se ale z pro\u017eit\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti pom\u00e1tl.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zdroj:<\/strong> K. Havr\u00e1nek a kol. “Odborn\u00e1 nauka truhl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1”. Domov, Trutnov,1948, F. Jirout – D\u0159evo v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b a \u0159emeslech. Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 knihkupectv\u00ed Praha 1928<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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