{"id":211486,"date":"2024-12-17T16:32:30","date_gmt":"2024-12-17T15:32:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=211486"},"modified":"2024-12-17T16:54:02","modified_gmt":"2024-12-17T15:54:02","slug":"z-archivu-a-kronik-o-tradici-vanocni-koledy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=211486","title":{"rendered":"Z ARCHIV\u016e A KRONIK: O tradici v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed koledy"},"content":{"rendered":"

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V\u0161ichni dok\u00e1\u017eeme zanotovat minim\u00e1ln\u011b jednu v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed koledu, ale v\u00edme, odkud se koledy vzaly a pro\u010d je zp\u00edv\u00e1me? Kdo si dneska nech\u00e1 uj\u00edt v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tky za doprovodu koled? \u010cesk\u00e9 v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed p\u00edsn\u011b a koledy velmi dob\u0159e zn\u00e1me, r\u00e1di je zp\u00edv\u00e1me a mnoh\u00e9 z n\u00e1s je u\u010dily u\u017e maminky, kdy\u017e jsme za\u010dali rozum br\u00e1t. Tyto p\u00edsn\u011b u v\u011bt\u0161iny z n\u00e1s nesm\u00ed v tento sv\u00e1tek chyb\u011bt, proto\u017ee k tomuto kr\u00e1sn\u00e9mu obdob\u00ed nezam\u011bniteln\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161inou jsou zp\u00edv\u00e1ny v rodinn\u00e9m kruhu, kdy rozproud\u00ed harmonickou atmosf\u00e9ru a tak\u00e9 na v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch m\u0161\u00edch, kde kr\u00e1sn\u011b zn\u00ed v chladn\u00e9m a akustick\u00e9m kostele.<\/h6>\n

K v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edm sv\u00e1tk\u016fm neodmysliteln\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed zp\u011bv koled. V\u00edte, odkud pramen\u00ed historie v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch koled a jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed p\u00edsn\u00ed, ror\u00e1tem a koledou? Pro v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed koledy bylo charakteristick\u00e9, \u017ee se zp\u00edvaly pouze v dob\u011b v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed. Tedy na V\u00e1noce a v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tky. P\u0159ed V\u00e1nocemi, v dob\u011b adventu se, zp\u00edvaly adventn\u00ed p\u00edsn\u011b a ror\u00e1ty. Dnes je ji\u017e tenk\u00e1 hranice mezi v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edmi koledami a adventn\u00edmi p\u00edsn\u011bmi t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zbo\u0159ena, nebo\u0165 v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed koledy sl\u00fdch\u00e1me i v adventn\u00ed dob\u011b. V\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed koledy jsou dnes ozna\u010dov\u00e1ny jako v\u0161echny p\u00edsn\u011b, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed motiv.<\/p>\n

D\u0159\u00edve, kdy u n\u00e1s byla doba k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed, tradovaly se tyto p\u00edsn\u011b p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm s motivem zrozen\u00ed Spasitele. V dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b se zp\u00edvaj\u00ed i takov\u00e9 koledy, kter\u00e9 se s n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm v\u016fbec nespojuj\u00ed. P\u0159esto nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edmu lidov\u00e9mu zp\u011bvu up\u0159eno do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed v p\u0159ehojn\u00e9 plnosti p\u00edsn\u00ed, za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00fdch do ro\u010dn\u00edho kolob\u011bhu. K \u010demu to odkazuje? P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti sam\u00e9. V\u00e1noce. To je sv\u00e1tek znovuzrozen\u00ed, sv\u00e1tek \u017eivota a radosti, sv\u00e1tek v\u00edry v nov\u00fd a n\u00e1dhern\u00fd den. Tu se otev\u00edraj\u00ed srdce a za\u017e\u00edh\u00e1 se sv\u011btlo v nitru a \u010dlov\u011bk je bl\u00ed\u017e \u010dlov\u011bku, du\u0161e du\u0161i. Nen\u00ed nijakou n\u00e1hodou, \u017ee je n\u00e1m v tomto okam\u017eiku nejhlub\u0161\u00edho pohnut\u00ed nejbl\u00ed\u017ee lidov\u00e1 p\u00edse\u0148.<\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed to v\u0161ak lidov\u00fd zp\u011bv z minula, ten prost\u00fd a v\u0161edn\u00ed, nikoli, je to star\u00e9 n\u011bmeck\u00e9 vol\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 tu z tis\u00edc\u016f hrdel zn\u00ed k nebi, p\u0159izn\u00e1n\u00ed k sob\u011b sam\u00e9mu a k na\u0161emu n\u00e1rodn\u00edmu charakteru. Ironi\u00ed osudu je, \u017ee nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed koledy a p\u00edsn\u011b poch\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou z doby \u201etemna\u201c. Tehdy vznikly dodnes hran\u00e9 koledy jako P\u016fjdem spolu do Betl\u00e9ma nebo Nesem v\u00e1m noviny. U v\u011bt\u0161iny star\u00fdch koled nezn\u00e1me jejich autory. V\u00edme ale, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 napsali vesni\u010dt\u00ed u\u010ditel\u00e9. Pr\u00fd jeden v\u00fdchodo\u010desk\u00fd kantor, kter\u00fd vypom\u00e1hal v kosteln\u00edm sboru a p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u011b skl\u00e1dal – z\u016fstala po n\u011bm koleda J\u00e1 bych r\u00e1d k Betl\u00e9mu. V 17. stolet\u00ed zase severn\u00ed Moravu zas\u00e1hla invaze italsk\u00fdch a rumunsk\u00fdch past\u00fd\u0159\u016f. \u0158\u00edkalo se jim vala\u0161i a kraji potom Vala\u0161sko. Od t\u00e9 doby si tak\u00e9 notujeme P\u00e1sli ovce vala\u0161i.<\/p>\n

Koledy, latinsky “calendale” vznikly je\u0161t\u011b d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e p\u0159i\u0161lo k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed. Lid\u00e9 je zp\u00edvali p\u0159i oslav\u00e1ch zimn\u00edho slunovratu, aby p\u0159inesly blahobyt a \u0161\u0165astn\u00e9 dny v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edm roce. Zp\u011bv koled m\u011bl nahradit ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed zp\u011bvy na po\u010dest boha Saturna, tzv. Saturn\u00e1lie. Prvn\u00ed koleda pr\u00fd vznikla ve 13. stolet\u00ed a za jej\u00edho autora je pova\u017eov\u00e1n svat\u00fd Franti\u0161ek z Asisi. K\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 zp\u00edvali koledy nejen na V\u00e1noce, ale tak\u00e9 o Velikono\u010dn\u00edch sv\u00e1tc\u00edch, na Hromnice, na T\u0159i kr\u00e1le, na Svat\u00e9ho \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1na i na Nov\u00fd rok. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku za doprovodu koled obch\u00e1zeli mal\u00ed koledn\u00edci d\u016fm od domu, aby si vyprosili v\u00fdslu\u017eku. Lidov\u00e1 v\u00edra p\u0159ipisovala v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edm koledn\u00edm obch\u016fzk\u00e1m magickou moc. M\u011bly p\u0159in\u00e9st \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed a blahobyt do ka\u017ed\u00e9ho staven\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nejstar\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1znamy o v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed hudb\u011b, v takzvan\u00fdch Mari\u00e1nsk\u00fdch chv\u00e1l\u00e1ch, poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z 11. a\u017e 12. stolet\u00ed a najdeme je v rukopisu z knihovny Metropolitn\u00ed kapituly pra\u017esk\u00e9. V\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed koledy m\u016f\u017eeme v historii za\u0159adit do 13. stolet\u00ed. Tehdy je\u0161t\u011b ne\u0161lo o \u010dist\u011b v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed koledy, ale zp\u00edvaly se p\u00edsn\u011b s k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdmi n\u00e1m\u011bty. Ve 14. stolet\u00ed, v dob\u011b gotiky a st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho d\u016frazu na k\u0159es\u0165anskou \u010distotu du\u0161e se za\u010daly v dob\u011b adventu zp\u00edvat p\u00edsn\u011b s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi motivy. V \u010cech\u00e1ch je starod\u00e1vn\u00fd oby\u010dej koled dolo\u017een je\u0161t\u011b z p\u0159edhusitsk\u00e9 doby ve spisu \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd ve\u010der mnicha Jana z Hole\u0161ova. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku ji\u017e v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed p\u00edsn\u011b a koledy \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed Evropou potuln\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ci, tovary\u0161i, kraj\u00e1nkov\u00e9 a dal\u0161\u00ed poutn\u00edci. Potuln\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ci si jejich p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm vyd\u011bl\u00e1vaj\u00ed na \u017eivobyt\u00ed b\u011bhem adventu, v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch sv\u00e1tk\u016f i o Nov\u00e9m roku.<\/p>\n

Koled\u00e1m v\u0161ichni v\u0161ude rozum\u00ed, proto\u017ee jejich n\u00e1m\u011bt a v\u00fdznam je ve v\u0161ech jazyc\u00edch stejn\u00fd \u2013 oslava narozen\u00ed Spasitele. Koledy se zpravidla \u00fastn\u00edm pod\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159ed\u00e1valy z pokolen\u00ed na pokolen\u00ed, b\u00fdvaly upravov\u00e1ny a v\u0161elijak komoleny. \u010casem splynuly se sv\u011btsk\u00fdmi p\u00edsn\u011bmi a nechyb\u011bl v nich humor ani satira. Koledy byly vlastn\u011b prvn\u00edmi p\u00edsn\u011bmi v \u010desk\u00e9m jazyce. M\u011bly p\u0159ita\u017elivou a nen\u00e1ro\u010dnou melodii a prost\u00fd text. Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm motivem byla radostn\u00e1 novina narozen\u00ed Spasitele, buzen\u00ed past\u00fd\u0159\u016f, pou\u0165 T\u0159\u00ed kr\u00e1l\u016f do Betl\u00e9ma, prosba o d\u00e1rek i p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed dobr\u00e9 \u00farody hospod\u00e1\u0159i.<\/p>\n

T\u00e9matika v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch p\u00edsn\u00ed se v\u00fdhradn\u011b poj\u00ed k narozen\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista. P\u00edsn\u011b Narodil se Kristus P\u00e1n, Tich\u00e1 noc net\u0159eba nikomu p\u0159ipom\u00ednat. Hlavn\u00edmi p\u0159edstaviteli \u010desk\u00fdch v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch p\u00edsn\u00ed jsou Adam V\u00e1clav Michna z Otradovic (1600 \u2013 1676) a Jakub Jan Ryba (1765 \u2013 1815). Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed koledou Adama V\u00e1clava Michny je p\u00edse\u0148 Cht\u00edc aby spal. Hudebn\u00ed skladatel Jakub Jan Ryba je p\u0159edstavitelem \u010desk\u00e9 m\u0161e v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed. Jeho nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u00edlo je \u010cesk\u00e1 m\u0161e Hej mist\u0159e, vsta\u0148 byst\u0159e, kter\u00e1 se v t\u00e9to p\u0159edv\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed dob\u011b hraje v mnoha \u010desk\u00fdch i zahrani\u010dn\u00edch chr\u00e1mech. A\u017e budete zp\u00edvat v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed p\u00edsn\u011b, naslouchejte textu a vzpome\u0148te si na oslavy narozen\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ka, i na hlubokou historii v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch koled.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> Z\u00cdBRT, \u010cen\u011bk. Hoj, ty \u0161t\u011bdr\u00fd ve\u010dere : Od v\u00e1noc koledou do Nov\u00e9ho roku. Praha: \u0160im\u00e1\u010dek, 1910.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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