{"id":210710,"date":"2022-12-06T14:43:20","date_gmt":"2022-12-06T13:43:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=210710"},"modified":"2022-12-06T14:49:59","modified_gmt":"2022-12-06T13:49:59","slug":"stara-sumava-o-betlemech","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=210710","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: O betl\u00e9mech"},"content":{"rendered":"

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V\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed<\/h6>\n

Po sn\u011bhu p\u016fjdu \u010dist\u00e9m, b\u00edl\u00e9m,<\/em>
\nhru v srdci zvonkovou.<\/em>
\nV\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed zem\u011b je m\u00fdm c\u00edlem.<\/em>
\nA\u017e hv\u011bzdy vyplovou,<\/em>
\ntu budu bl\u00edzko ji\u017e. A budu je\u0161t\u011b bl\u00ed\u017e,<\/em>
\na\u017e no\u010dn\u00ed p\u016fjdu tmou.<\/em>
\nTu ztichnu tak, jak housle sp\u00edc\u00ed,<\/em>
\na mal\u00fd, n\u00e1hle, d\u011btinn\u00fd,<\/em>
\na v rukou \u017emole beranici,<\/em>
\nv\u010darov\u00e1n v ticho m\u00fdtiny,<\/em>
\ntu budu bl\u00edzko ji\u017e. A budu je\u0161t\u011b bl\u00ed\u017e,<\/em>
\nsv\u00fdch slz a\u017e p\u0159ejdu byst\u0159iny.<\/em>
\nM\u00edr ovane mne, jak by z chl\u00e9va,<\/em>
\nv n\u011bm\u017e v\u016fl a osl\u00edk kl\u00edmaj\u00ed,<\/em>
\nsv\u011bt\u00e9lka st\u0159\u00edknou zprava, leva,<\/em>
\nnoc modr\u00e1 vzlykne \u0161almaj\u00ed,<\/em>
\ntu budu bl\u00edzko ji\u017e. Ach, jsem tak bl\u00edzko ji\u017e,<\/em>
\nsnad past\u00fd\u0159i mne poznaj\u00ed\u2026<\/em>\u201c (Fr\u00e1\u0148a \u0160r\u00e1mek)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201e\u2026 Kone\u010dn\u011b byly jesle upraveny. Vykle\u010del jsem hodiny na sesli p\u0159ed nimi, op\u0159en o pr\u00e1deln\u00edk, na n\u011bm\u017e st\u00e1ly, a ml\u010dky jsem se d\u00edval. Mech von\u011bl. Z \u201evody\u201c zrovna jakoby vanul letn\u00ed chl\u00e1dek. Pastuchov\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bli. Ove\u010dky se nechaly hladit. A ze svat\u00e9 rodiny \u0161la na mne takov\u00e1 n\u011bjak\u00e1 posv\u00e1tn\u00e1 hr\u016fza\u2026\u201c<\/em>(Jan Nerud Feuilleton v N\u00e1rodn\u00edch listech, 21. XII. 1890.)<\/h6>\n

Obdob\u00ed spojen\u00e9 s oslavou V\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch sv\u00e1tk\u016f je doslova nabito lidov\u00fdmi tradicemi. P\u0159ehl\u00eddka zvyklost\u00ed, je\u017e doprov\u00e1z\u00ed \u010das V\u00e1noc, ale tak\u00e9 p\u0159ed i pov\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed dobu, je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nekone\u010dn\u00e1. Mezi sv\u011btov\u011b proslul\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed zejm\u00e9na na\u0161e lidov\u00e9 betlem\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Jesli\u010dky n\u00e1m d\u00e1vaj\u00ed jedno ponau\u010den\u00ed do \u017eivota. Uprost\u0159ed rychl\u00fdch rytm\u016f na\u0161\u00ed doby jsou pozv\u00e1n\u00edm ke zpomalen\u00ed. P\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed n\u00e1m okam\u017eik zastaven\u00ed, abychom se soust\u0159edili a p\u0159ijali to, co je v \u017eivot\u011b opravdu podstatn\u00e9. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, abychom opustili hluk sv\u011bta kolem n\u00e1s a otev\u0159eli se pro naslouch\u00e1n\u00ed ostatn\u00edm, kter\u00fd mluv\u00ed v tichosti. Jesli\u010dky jsou opravdu aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm znamen\u00edm uprost\u0159ed \u017eivota spole\u010dnosti a rodin.<\/p>\n

Pro vznik tradice jesli\u010dek, betl\u00e9mu, m\u011bla v\u00fdznam ud\u00e1lost, kter\u00e1 se stala v roce 1223. Tehdy pozval italsk\u00fd \u0161lechtic Giovanni di Velita Franti\u0161ka z Assisi, aby str\u00e1vil V\u00e1noce na jeho panstv\u00ed. Budouc\u00ed sv\u011btec si pr\u00fd p\u0159\u00e1l vid\u011bt, jak pr\u00e1v\u011b narozen\u00fd Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ek le\u017e\u00ed v nuzn\u00e9m chl\u00e9v\u011b na sen\u011b v jesli\u010dk\u00e1ch, a rozhodl se, \u017ee tento v\u00fdjev zobraz\u00ed. Vybral si pro ni jeskyni na vrcholu skalnat\u00e9ho kopce u vesni\u010dky Greccio, kterou upravil jako kapli a uspo\u0159\u00e1dal v n\u00ed v\u00fdjev narozen\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b. Sem pozval v noci 24. prosince vesni\u010dany z \u0161ir\u00e9ho okol\u00ed. Kdy\u017e nastala p\u016flnoc, rozezn\u011bly se v\u0161ude zvony a kopec se m\u00edhal mnoha sv\u011btly, jak si p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed sv\u00edtili na cestu pochodn\u011bmi. Kdy\u017e vystoupali k jeskyni, uvid\u011bli jesli\u010dky, osl\u00edka a tel\u00e1tko. P\u0159i nich slou\u017eil kn\u011bz m\u0161i a Franti\u0161ek \u010detl \u00faryvky z Luk\u00e1\u0161ova evangelia, kter\u00e9 jedin\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u00ed podrobn\u011bji o Kristov\u011b narozen\u00ed. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 betl\u00e9my byly zav\u00e1d\u011bny po Tridentsk\u00e9m koncilu, zejm\u00e9na od 17. stolet\u00ed do 1. poloviny 18. stolet\u00ed, \u0159eholn\u00edky z \u0159\u00e1d\u016f franti\u0161k\u00e1n\u016f, kapuc\u00edn\u016f a servit\u016f.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdznam betl\u00e9m\u016f v kostel\u00edch trefn\u011b popisuje katolick\u00fd far\u00e1\u0159 Jind\u0159ich Ond\u0159ej Hoffman ve sv\u00e9m mravou\u010dn\u00e9m pojedn\u00e1n\u00ed Zrcadlo n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed z roku 1642: \u201eStroj\u00ed se pro lid prost\u00fd, kter\u00fd\u017eto zevnit\u0159n\u00ed zp\u016fsob a ceremonyj\u00ed nem\u016f\u017ee toto Narozen\u00ed pochopiti. Prost\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk, kdy\u017e to v obrazech spat\u0159\u00ed, dlouho na to (ml\u00e1de\u017e obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b) pamatuje, jako by to \u017eiv\u00e9 vid\u011bl, a tudy se k vroucnosti a pobo\u017enosti vzbuzuje.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Josef\u00ednsk\u00e9 reformy, to byla doba, kdy Josef II. vypov\u011bd\u011bl betl\u00e9my z kostel\u016f a chr\u00e1m\u016f. Bylo to po roce 1780, kdy on nastoupil svoji vl\u00e1du po smrti Marie Terezie. Nen\u00ed to tak, \u017ee by Josef nem\u011bl betl\u00e9my r\u00e1d, nebo, \u017ee by nem\u011bl r\u00e1d V\u00e1noce, to v\u016fbec ne. Byl to hluboce zbo\u017en\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk. Ale stejn\u011b jako vysoce postaven\u00ed prel\u00e1ti a ostatn\u00ed c\u00edrkevn\u00ed hodnost\u00e1\u0159i velmi intenzivn\u011b vn\u00edmal skute\u010dnost, \u017ee kdy\u017e se na za\u010d\u00e1tku adventu ty velik\u00e9 p\u0159ekr\u00e1sn\u00e9 barokn\u00ed kosteln\u00ed betl\u00e9my postav\u00ed, tak lid\u00e9 maj\u00ed o\u010di jenom pro ty betl\u00e9my. A v\u016fbec se nesoust\u0159ed\u00ed na to, co se p\u0159i t\u00e9 bohoslu\u017eb\u011b d\u011bje. Proto Josef II. velmi p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b a striktn\u011b betl\u00e9my z kostela vypov\u011bd\u011bl. Jeho z\u00e1kaz byl v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech obch\u00e1zen tak, \u017ee se deskov\u00e9 betl\u00e9my zasazovaly do r\u00e1m\u016f a \u0159\u00edkalo se jim obrazy.<\/p>\n

Odstran\u011bn\u00ed betl\u00e9m\u016f v cel\u00e9m c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed zarmoutilo prost\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed i duchovenstvo. Hromadn\u00e9 odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed kosteln\u00edch betl\u00e9m\u016f m\u011blo za n\u00e1sledek po\u0161kozen\u00ed a ztr\u00e1ty mnoha cenn\u00fdch d\u011bl. Josef\u00ednsk\u00fdmi reformami kon\u010d\u00ed prvn\u00ed etapa tvorby betl\u00e9m\u016f pro kostely. Za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 velk\u00fd rozkv\u011bt dom\u00e1c\u00edch betl\u00e9m\u016f a \u0161irok\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 tvo\u0159ivosti. Josef\u00ednsk\u00e9 reformy m\u011bly dopad nejen na betl\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 byly na \u010das vypuzeny z kostel\u016f, ale m\u011bly i nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd dopad soci\u00e1ln\u00ed. Mnoho \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se do t\u00e9 doby \u017eivili prac\u00ed pro kostely i kl\u00e1\u0161tery, znenad\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161lo o pr\u00e1ci a museli hledat nov\u00e9 zdroje p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f. A nach\u00e1zeli je ve v\u00fdrob\u011b betl\u00e9m\u016f pro sv\u011btsk\u00e9 kruhy. Zvyk stav\u011bt jesli\u010dky ve v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edm \u010dase byl v t\u00e9 dob\u011b ji\u017e pevn\u011b zako\u0159en\u011bn\u00fd. Do\u0161lo k zesv\u011bt\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edho oby\u010deje a k jeho p\u0159enesen\u00ed z c\u00edrkevn\u00ed p\u016fdy do \u0161lechtick\u00fdch a m\u011b\u0161\u0165ansk\u00fdch dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed a odtud do lidov\u00fdch vrstev.<\/p>\n

Prost\u00fd lid, v t\u00e9 dob\u011b hluboce v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed, vlo\u017eil do betl\u00e9m\u016f v\u0161echnu svou zbo\u017enost a p\u0159irozen\u00fd smysl pro kr\u00e1su. Tvo\u0159il pro svoji radost a z \u00facty k Bohu a pr\u00e1v\u011b takov\u00e1 d\u00edla se stala mal\u00fdmi klenoty lidov\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed. Zejm\u00e9na II. polovina 19. stolet\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje doslova \u201ezlat\u00fd v\u011bk\u201c \u010desk\u00e9ho betlem\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Je to obdob\u00ed, kdy se do kostel\u016f po\u0159izuj\u00ed nov\u00e9 betl\u00e9my, v dom\u00e1cnostech se stav\u011bj\u00ed jesli\u010dky \u010dasto velmi rozm\u011brn\u00e9. Je to doba, kdy se kostely nov\u011b za\u0159izuj\u00ed betl\u00e9my z profesion\u00e1ln\u00edch d\u00edlen \u010di \u201eum\u011bleck\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f\u201c od n\u00e1s i z ciziny. Jako v\u0161echno, tak i betl\u00e9my a z\u00e1jem o n\u011b proch\u00e1z\u00ed vlnami z\u00e1jmu a \u00fatlumu. \u201eZlat\u00fd v\u011bk\u201c \u010desk\u00e9ho betlem\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed dozn\u00edval je\u0161t\u011b v 1. polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed. St\u00e1le vznikala skv\u011bl\u00e1 betl\u00e9m\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 d\u00edla, st\u00e1le se vybavovaly kostely i dom\u00e1cnosti nov\u00fdmi betl\u00e9my, jen u\u017e ne v takov\u00e9m intenzit\u011b. A\u017e II. sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka p\u0159inesla zlom ve v\u00fdrob\u011b betl\u00e9m\u016f i jejich vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jedn\u00edm z d\u016fvod\u016f ochladnut\u00ed z\u00e1jmu o betl\u00e9my byl odsun n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho obyvatelstva, kter\u00e9 v pohrani\u010d\u00ed vytvo\u0159ilo sv\u00e9bytnou kulturu, kter\u00e1 s jejich odchodem bu\u010f zanikla, nebo byla n\u00e1siln\u011b utlumena. Dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fvod souvisel s nastupuj\u00edc\u00ed ideologi\u00ed v zem\u00edch sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho bloku. Po roce 1948 se u n\u00e1s betl\u00e9my svezly na vln\u011b proti c\u00edrkevn\u00edho a proti \u017eivnostensk\u00e9ho ta\u017een\u00ed. Byly uzav\u0159eny firmy, kter\u00e9 se jejich v\u00fdrobou \u017eivily, byla zni\u010dena poutn\u00ed m\u00edsta \u010di obchody, kde se betl\u00e9my prod\u00e1valy. Opadnut\u00ed z\u00e1jmu o betl\u00e9my vyplynulo tak\u00e9 z jin\u00e9ho vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta po II. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, souviselo s nastupuj\u00edc\u00edm svi\u017en\u00fdm modern\u00edm \u017eivotn\u00edm stylem a posunem hodnot. Jako by se betl\u00e9my se svou starosv\u011btskou l\u00edbeznost\u00ed do \u201enov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta\u201c nehodily. Je pot\u011b\u0161iteln\u00e9, \u017ee od poloviny 60. let 20. stolet\u00ed do\u0161lo k betl\u00e9msk\u00e9 renesanci a jak se ukazuje, i v dne\u0161n\u00ed usp\u011bchan\u00e9 dob\u011b se pot\u0159ebujeme zastavit a obdivovat k\u0159ehkou kr\u00e1su a p\u016fvab betl\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> Z\u00cdBRT, \u010cen\u011bk. Hoj, ty \u0161t\u011bdr\u00fd ve\u010dere: Od v\u00e1noc koledou do Nov\u00e9ho roku. Praha: \u0160im\u00e1\u010dek, 1910. VACL\u00cdK, Vladim\u00edr, \u010cesk\u00e9 betl\u00e9my. Praha 1994, Jan DIVI\u0160: Pra\u017esk\u00e1 Loreta. Praha 1962. VAL\u0160\u00cdKOV\u00c1, M. K.: Na\u0161e betlemy. O betlemech a betlem\u00e1\u0159\u00edch z Poli\u010dky. Praha: Cyrilometod\u011bjsk\u00e9 knihkupectv\u00ed Gustava Francla, 1946.
\nP\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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  V\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":268875,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/06\/r\u00e1m-o-betl\u00e9mech-xx.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210710"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=210710"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210710\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":268874,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210710\/revisions\/268874"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/268875"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=210710"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=210710"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=210710"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}