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\u00a0V alpsk\u00fdch oblastech existuje u\u017e od pohansk\u00fdch dob tradice, kdy se lid\u00e9 maskuj\u00ed za stra\u0161ideln\u00e9 postavy, navle\u010den\u00e9 do zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edch ko\u017ee\u0161in. Naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed se r\u016fzn\u011b: v Rakousku je to zmi\u0148ovan\u00fd Krampus nebo Klaubauf, na jihu pak Bartl nebo Bartel, Niglobartl a Wubartl, v N\u011bmecku Pelzebock nebo Pelznickel, ve Slezsku Gumphinckel, v Ma\u010farsku Krampusz, ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku Schmutzli. A pro\u010d tu vlastn\u011b \u010derti tak \u0159\u00e1d\u00ed? Podle legendy v adventn\u00edm \u010dase k lidsk\u00fdm obydl\u00edm sch\u00e1zeli z hor a les\u016f stra\u0161liv\u00ed pekeln\u00edci, aby ztrestali h\u0159\u00ed\u0161n\u00e9 smrteln\u00edky.<\/p>\n
Na tento zvyk nav\u00e1\u017ee tradice pochod\u016f Krampus\u016f, kter\u00e1 se v\u0161ak dodnes v mnoha oblastech m\u00eds\u00ed s p\u016fvodn\u00edm zvykem. Tato p\u0159\u00ed\u0161era, kter\u00e1 sv\u00e9 jm\u00e9no z\u00edskala od staron\u011bmeck\u00e9ho slova \u201ekrampen\u201c neboli \u201edr\u00e1p\u201c, je b\u011bhem doby inkvizice, za kter\u00e9 bylo pod trestem smrti zak\u00e1z\u00e1no p\u0159evl\u00e9kat se za \u010f\u00e1belsk\u00e9 postavy. Tento prad\u00e1vn\u00fd zimn\u00ed zvyk byl v Rakousku i p\u0159es z\u00e1kaz nad\u00e1le praktikov\u00e1n v odlehl\u00fdch a t\u011b\u017eko dostupn\u00fdch oblastech. Nov\u00fd n\u00e1vrat nastane v 17. stolet\u00ed, kdy je Krampus spojen\u00edm se svat\u00fdm Mikul\u00e1\u0161em za\u010dlen\u011bn jako temn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prvek do tradi\u010dn\u00edch zimn\u00edch oslav p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v oblasti Alp.<\/p>\n
Krampus m\u00e1 za \u00fakol potrestat zlobiv\u00e9 d\u011bti kolem 22. prosince se p\u0159em\u011bn\u00ed v norm\u00e1ln\u00ed lidskou bytost a nic si nepamatuje. Kdy\u017e dojde Krampus v hlubok\u00e9m lese k nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu stromu, svou ob\u011b\u0165 str\u010d\u00ed do prout\u011bn\u00e9ho ko\u0161e (v d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch dob\u00e1ch ji nech\u00e1 v pytli), p\u0159iklop\u00ed v\u00edko a pov\u011bs\u00ed ho jako velkou ozdobu ve v\u00fd\u0161ce na strom\u011b. Aby mohl dokonat sv\u00e9 d\u00edlo, mus\u00ed po\u010dkat a\u017e na noc, kdy je zimn\u00ed slunovrat a pak m\u016f\u017ee sv\u00e9 \u201e\u00falovky\u201c zhltnout. Rohy m\u00e1 Krampus proto, \u017ee je nap\u016fl kozlem, nap\u016fl d\u00e9monem, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e rohat\u00ed d\u00e9moni maj\u00ed sv\u016fj p\u016fvod u\u017e v p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch a k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 si p\u0159edstavu pekla a \u010derta monopolizovali pro sv\u00e9 v\u00fdhr\u016f\u017eky.<\/p>\n
Kdy\u017e se objev\u00ed Mikul\u00e1\u0161 v doprovodu \u010derta, odvaha \u010dasto p\u0159ejde i ty d\u011bti, kter\u00e9 nezlobily. \u010ce\u0161t\u00ed chlup\u00e1\u010di jsou p\u0159itom v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed se sv\u00fdmi kolegy z Rakouska a N\u011bmecka vlastn\u011b jenom t\u011b\u017ekop\u00e1dn\u00ed, blekotaj\u00edc\u00ed and\u00edlci a kli\u010fasov\u00e9. \u010cesk\u00e1 trojice Mikul\u00e1\u0161, \u010dert a and\u011bl je skv\u011ble vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e1: na obranu proti strachu nastupuje moudrost a laskavost. Kde\u017eto krampus je element\u00e1rn\u00ed silou koncentrovan\u00e9ho zla. Jakmile p\u0159ijdou na sc\u00e9nu p\u0159\u00ed\u0161ern\u00ed Krampusov\u00e9, za\u010dne teprve po\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e1 divo\u010dina! Brzy se stm\u00edv\u00e1 a za tmy vych\u00e1zej\u00ed duchov\u00e9 mrtv\u00fdch a d\u00e9moni. V\u017edy\u0165 u\u017e v Kosmov\u011b kronice se p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee kdy\u017e u n\u00e1s kn\u00ed\u017ee B\u0159etislav zakazoval pohansk\u00e9 zvyky, to, proti \u010demu hlavn\u011b brojil, byly hry se \u0161krabo\u0161kami a maskami na k\u0159i\u017eovatk\u00e1ch nebo na hrobech. Nemaj\u00ed pol\u00ed\u010deno jenom na d\u011bti, ter\u010dem jejich \u0159\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed i dosp\u011bl\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed nemaj\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b \u010dist\u00e9 sv\u011bdom\u00ed.<\/p>\n
\u010certi v jednotliv\u00fdch obc\u00edch d\u0159\u00edve \u010dasto p\u016fsobili tak\u00e9 jako jak\u00fdsi druh spole\u010densk\u00e9 kontroly \u2013 k\u00e1rali obyvatele za nevhodn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed, trestali lakom\u00e9 selky a hrozili p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdm hospod\u00e1\u0159\u016fm. Za b\u00e1jnou p\u0159\u00ed\u0161eru, doprov\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed svat\u00e9ho Mikul\u00e1\u0161e, se dnes p\u0159evl\u00e9kaj\u00ed nad\u0161enci v \u0159ad\u011b evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed a dokonce i v z\u00e1mo\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 akce, kde se Krampusov\u00e9 vyskytuj\u00ed samostatn\u011b. Jde o takzvan\u00e9 \u201ekrampuslaufy\u201c, dob\u0159e organizovan\u00e9 pr\u016fvody, pln\u00e9 vizu\u00e1ln\u00edch i zvukov\u00fdch efekt\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou tak popul\u00e1rn\u00ed, \u017ee jsou na mnoha m\u00edstech po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny \u0159adu t\u00fddn\u016f p\u0159ed i po mikul\u00e1\u0161sk\u00e9m sv\u00e1tku a\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 do V\u00e1noc. P\u0159esto\u017ee se alpsk\u00e1 stra\u0161idla objevuj\u00ed v mnoha variant\u00e1ch, spojuje je \u0159ada charakteristick\u00fdch prvk\u016f. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b jsou chlupat\u00ed, jejich barva je nej\u010dast\u011bji \u010dern\u00e1, hn\u011bd\u00e1 nebo \u0161ediv\u00e1, maj\u00ed kopyta, ocas a rohy r\u016fzn\u00fdch tvar\u016f. Na okol\u00ed vyplazuj\u00ed dlouh\u00fd \u0161pi\u010dat\u00fd jazyk a d\u011bs\u00ed sv\u00fdmi ostr\u00fdmi tes\u00e1ky. Nos\u00ed s sebou \u0159et\u011bzy, kter\u00fdmi \u0159in\u010d\u00ed pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed stra\u0161ideln\u00e9ho efektu a k nim \u010dasto p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed kravsk\u00e9 zvonce. M\u00edvaj\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e svazky b\u0159ezov\u00fdch v\u011btv\u00ed, kter\u00fdmi s chut\u00ed u\u0161t\u011bd\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdprask d\u011btem i dosp\u011bl\u00fdm.<\/p>\n
N\u011bkdy se Krampusov\u00e9 objev\u00ed s pytlem nebo n\u016f\u0161\u00ed na z\u00e1dech. Mal\u00ed uli\u010dn\u00edci v\u00ed, co znamen\u00e1 ocitnout se v podobn\u00e9m transportn\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Jejich osud je zpe\u010det\u011bn a je u\u017e pak jenom na libov\u016fli samotn\u00fdch d\u00e9mon\u016f, zda h\u0159\u00ed\u0161n\u00edky utop\u00ed, sn\u00ed anebo odnesou do pekla. Postupem \u010dasu se st\u00e1v\u00e1 natolik popul\u00e1rn\u00ed, \u017ee se v 19. stolet\u00ed a na po\u010d\u00e1tku stolet\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho objevuje i na sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edch pohlednic\u00edch v n\u011bmecky mluv\u00edc\u00edch zem\u00edch, n\u011bkdy dokonce p\u0159\u00edmo s textem Pozdrav od Krampuse. Ty obvykle obsahuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vtipn\u00e9 r\u00fdmova\u010dky. Ve 30. letech 20. stolet\u00ed je dokonce Krampus v Rakousku konzervativn\u00edmi katol\u00edky pova\u017eov\u00e1n za symbol protik\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch ide\u00e1l\u016f a ofici\u00e1ln\u011b po\u017eaduj\u00ed bojkot t\u011bchto stvo\u0159en\u00ed. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u011bstech skute\u010dn\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed k z\u00e1kazu obl\u00edben\u00fdch pr\u016fvod\u016f.<\/p>\n
K pln\u00e9 rehabilitaci obl\u00edben\u00e9ho monstra dojde zhruba v polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed. Vzhled Krampus\u016f i tradice s nimi spojen\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed podle region\u016f, n\u011bkdy jde o pom\u011brn\u011b zna\u010dn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly. M\u011bli v\u00e1\u017eit toho, co tu m\u00e1me a na\u0161ich zvyk\u016f. N\u011bco jin\u00e9ho je to pak v p\u0159\u00edhrani\u010d\u00ed ne\u017e vnit\u0159n\u00edho os\u00eddlen\u00ed. Zyky a zvyklosti v pohrani\u010d\u00ed jsou jina\u010d\u00ed, tam je p\u0159eliv tradic a prol\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed, to u\u017e tady bylo i v minulosti. Fa\u0161ist\u00e9 b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky shledali Krampus jako opovr\u017een\u00edhodn\u00fd, proto\u017ee byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za v\u00fdplod soci\u00e1ln\u00edch demokrat\u016f. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku hrozilo Krampus\u016fm up\u00e1len\u00ed stejn\u011b jako \u010darod\u011bjnic\u00edm. Nikdy ale nedo\u0161lo k \u00fapln\u00e9mu vym\u00fdcen\u00ed tradice.<\/p>\n
Za doby habsbursk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e se tradice \u0161\u00ed\u0159ila po cel\u00e9m jej\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed. St\u00e1ty b\u00fdval\u00e9 habsbursk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e si z Rakouska do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry vyp\u016fj\u010dily tradici Krampus doprov\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed sv. Mikul\u00e1\u0161e 5. prosince. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 maska je vlastn\u011b takov\u00e9 mal\u00e9 um\u011bleck\u00e9 d\u00edlo. Jsou ru\u010dn\u011b vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00e9 z lipov\u00e9ho nebo borov\u00e9ho d\u0159eva a ru\u010dn\u011b malovan\u00e9. Na ka\u017ed\u00e9 masce jsou p\u0159id\u011blan\u00e9 prav\u00e9 rohy kter\u00e9 jsou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z muflon\u016f, beran\u016f, kamz\u00edk\u016f a koz. Ko\u017eichy jsou \u0161ity z prav\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ee horsk\u00fdch koz nebo ovc\u00ed, jsou d\u011blan\u00e9 jako kombin\u00e9zy, dvoud\u00edln\u00e9 obleky a v posledn\u00edch letech je hodn\u011b obl\u00edben\u00e1 lisovan\u00e1 \u2013 tvarovan\u00e1 k\u016f\u017ee. Ka\u017ed\u00fd Krampus by m\u011bl m\u00edt kolem pasu p\u0159ipevn\u011bn\u00fd kravsk\u00fd zvon, kter\u00fd by m\u011bl viset skoro a\u017e ke kolen\u016fm, m\u011bl by m\u00edt kravsk\u00fd ocas, vrbov\u00e9 prout\u00ed na \u0161leh\u00e1n\u00ed, n\u011bkdy i \u0159et\u011bz. Na z\u00e1dech by m\u011bl m\u00edt n\u016f\u0161i do kter\u00e9 d\u00e1val podle pov\u011bsti zlobiv\u00e9 d\u011bti. Hlasit\u00e9 zvon\u011bn\u00ed kravsk\u00fdch zvon\u016f m\u011blo zah\u00e1n\u011bt zl\u00e9 lidi.<\/p>\n
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Zdroj:<\/strong>\u00a0Bruce, Maurice (1958). \u201eKrampus ve \u0160t\u00fdrsku\u201c. Honigmann, John J. (1977). \u201eMaskovan\u00fd obli\u010dej\u201c<\/p>\n P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n Foto: archiv autora\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Co <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":268668,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/04\/r\u00e1m-\u010derti.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210130"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=210130"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210130\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":268841,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210130\/revisions\/268841"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/268668"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=210130"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=210130"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=210130"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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