{"id":207858,"date":"2023-11-07T15:39:06","date_gmt":"2023-11-07T14:39:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=207858"},"modified":"2023-11-07T19:18:27","modified_gmt":"2023-11-07T18:18:27","slug":"stara-sumava-o-svatku-svateho-martina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=207858","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: O sv\u00e1tku svat\u00e9ho Martina"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Kdo by neznal pranostiku o svat\u00e9m Martinovi, jak p\u0159ijel na b\u00edl\u00e9m koni. Sv\u00e1tek svat\u00e9ho Martina b\u00fdval jedn\u00edm z nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sv\u00e1tk\u016f roku, v dom\u00e1cnostech staro\u010desk\u00fdch, selsk\u00fdch, m\u011b\u0161\u0165ansk\u00fdch i pansk\u00fdm bylo veselo.<\/h6>\n

D\u011bti \u010dekaly na prvn\u00ed sn\u00edh, hospodyn\u011b pekly svatomartinskou posv\u00edcenskou husu, martinsk\u00e9 rohl\u00edky, kol\u00e1\u010de, zkr\u00e1tka posv\u00edcen\u00ed jak se pat\u0159\u00ed. Svat\u00fd Martin bezesporu pat\u0159\u00ed k v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm podzimn\u00edm dn\u016fm. Nejen\u017ee zpest\u0159\u00ed podzimn\u00ed pochmurn\u00fd \u010das d\u00edky p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm ritu\u00e1l\u016fm, ale tak\u00e9 pot\u011b\u0161\u00ed d\u011bti, kter\u00e9 se za\u010dnou t\u011b\u0161it na zimu. Historie svatomartinsk\u00fdch tradic zapo\u010dala ji\u017e b\u011bhem ran\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bku, kdy uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed svat\u00e9ho Martina z\u00edskalo postupem doby evropsk\u00fd rozm\u011br.<\/p>\n

Tradice martinsk\u00e9 husy (\u010di martinsk\u00e9ho vep\u0159e), kter\u00e1 byla na mnoha m\u00edstech konzumov\u00e1na v den sv\u011btcova sv\u00e1tku, souvisela s ukon\u010den\u00edm zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho roku, s odvodem \u00farok\u016f vrchnosti, s adventn\u00edm \u0161estit\u00fddenn\u00edm p\u016fstem (za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edm 12. listopadu) a ve vina\u0159sk\u00fdch oblastech s ochutn\u00e1vkou prvn\u00edho v\u00edna. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech se zapalovaly martinsk\u00e9 ohn\u011b, kter\u00e9 nahradily lampiony, sv\u011btil se chl\u00e9b a peklo ob\u0159adn\u00ed pe\u010divo.<\/p>\n

Den 11. listopadu se vyzna\u010doval lidov\u00fdm veselen\u00edm, za\u010d\u00ednaly fungovat tribun\u00e1ly, parlamenty, \u0161koly, slavily se volby do m\u00edstn\u00edch zastupitelstev, plat\u00edvaly se dan\u011b a obnovovaly se kontrakty. Mnoh\u00e9 z t\u011bchto oby\u010dej\u016f p\u0159e\u017eily i sv\u011btc\u016fv kult. P\u016fvod nev\u00e1zan\u00e9ho vesel\u00ed a hodov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e1 snad ko\u0159eny ve Francii, kde ji\u017e 150 let po smrti sv. Martina v Toursu ukazovali z\u00e1zra\u010dnou vinnou r\u00e9vu, \u201eje\u017e pr\u00fd Martin zasadil\u201d. Tak se stal sv. Martin v t\u00e9to sv\u00e9 vlasti patronem v\u00edna, vina\u0159\u016f (Burgundsko) a pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00fdch hostinsk\u00fdch, kte\u0159\u00ed pojmenov\u00e1vali hostince jeho jm\u00e9nem \u201eAu grand St. Martin\u201d. \u201eBakchick\u00fd kult\u201d se brzy roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il do N\u011bmecka a ostatn\u00edch zem\u00ed (Portugalsko, \u0160pan\u011blsko).<\/p>\n

V zem\u00edch s vina\u0159sk\u00fdmi oblastmi bylo na sv. Martina zvykem ochutn\u00e1vat nov\u00e9 v\u00edno. St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 \u00farokov\u00e9 knihy z n\u011bmeck\u00fdch a \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fdch vina\u0159sk\u00fdch oblast\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee vina\u0159i odv\u00e1d\u011bli vrchnosti, kl\u00e1\u0161ter\u016fm, kostel\u016fm a kn\u011b\u017e\u00edm \u00faroky z v\u00edna. Sebastian Frank ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u201eWeltbuch\u201d (rok 1542) uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee Frankov\u00e9: \u201eP\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm holduj\u00ed sv\u00e1t\u00e9mu Martinu dobr\u00fdm v\u00ednem, chlastaj\u00ed do plna; ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00fd d\u016fm, kde by nem\u011bli na tu noc husu na stole; tu na\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed nov\u00e9 v\u00edno, kter\u00e9 dosud uchov\u00e1vali.\u201d Ve w\u00fcrttembersk\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161terech prel\u00e1ti pod\u011blovali martinsk\u00fdm v\u00ednem ve\u0161ker\u00e9 obyvatelstvo: nap\u0159\u00edklad v probo\u0161tstv\u00ed Nellingen obdr\u017eel ka\u017ed\u00fd len\u00edk jeden \u017eejdl\u00edk, ka\u017ed\u00fd sta\u0159ec a ka\u017ed\u00e1 \u017eena p\u016fl \u017eejdl\u00edku a ka\u017ed\u00fd pacholek, d\u011bve\u010dka a d\u00edt\u011b (dokonce i novorozen\u011b v kol\u00e9bce) \u010dtvrt \u017eejdl\u00edku.<\/p>\n

Obdobn\u011b se tak d\u011blo v 18. stolet\u00ed ve m\u011bst\u011b Hanau, kde m\u011b\u0161\u0165an\u00e9 Star\u00e9ho m\u011bsta ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b obdr\u017eeli (na pam\u00e1tku vyhnan\u00fdch mohu\u010dsk\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f a \u017eold\u00e1k\u016f o martinsk\u00e9 noci v roce 1419) \u017eejdl\u00edk martinsk\u00e9ho v\u00edna ze z\u00e1meck\u00fdch sklep\u016f nebo ve m\u011bst\u011b \u0160malkaldy (Schmalkalden), kde se rozd\u011bloval vinn\u00fd mo\u0161t v\u0161em \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016fm, pastevc\u016fm, om\u00fdva\u010dce mrtvol a na obou chlapeck\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch. Jinde zase v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee sv. Martin prom\u011b\u0148uje mo\u0161t na v\u00edno. V Halle an der Saale stav\u011bly d\u011bti o martinsk\u00e9 noci d\u017eb\u00e1n s vodou do saliny, kter\u00fd pak rodi\u010de tajn\u011b naplnili mo\u0161tem a k n\u011bmu p\u0159ikl\u00e1dali martinsk\u00fd rohl\u00edk.<\/p>\n

V n\u011bmeck\u00e9m pohrani\u010d\u00ed \u0160umavy zase obyvatelstvo v\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee kdo se svatomartinsk\u00e9ho v\u00edna napije, bude siln\u00fd a kr\u00e1sn\u00fd, proto se tak\u00e9 chlapci a d\u011bv\u010data o sv. Martinu sch\u00e1zeli v hostinc\u00edch ke spole\u010dn\u00e9mu pit\u00ed v\u00edna. V \u010cech\u00e1ch se tradovalo: \u201eRadosti Martina jsou hus a d\u017eb\u00e1n v\u00edna.\u201d \u010di \u201ePost Martinum, bonum vinum.\u201d (Po Martin\u011b v\u00edno dobr\u00e9.) Ve starobyl\u00fdch kalend\u00e1\u0159\u00edch byl u jm\u00e9na sv. Martina vyobrazov\u00e1n \u00bbroh\u00ab (k pit\u00ed). Od 6. do 7. stolet\u00ed za\u010d\u00ednala v k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e t\u0159et\u00ed velk\u00e1 postn\u00ed doba, trvaj\u00edc\u00ed od sv. Martina do v\u00e1noc, p\u0159ed kterou se poj\u00eddalo maso a jin\u00e9 v p\u016fstu zapov\u011bzen\u00e9 pokrmy. Postupem \u010dasu byl tento 40 denn\u00ed p\u0159edv\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed p\u016fst zm\u00edrn\u011bn a z\u016fstal jen p\u016fst adventn\u00ed. I p\u0159es zru\u0161en\u00ed postn\u00ed doby po sv. Martinu se martinsk\u00e9 hodov\u00e1n\u00ed udr\u017eelo.<\/p>\n

V dob\u011b kolem sv\u00e1tku sv. Martina ukon\u010dili sv\u016fj \u00fakol i past\u00fd\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed dost\u00e1vali odm\u011bnou obil\u00ed, jeho\u017e bylo u sedl\u00e1k\u016f po vyml\u00e1cen\u00ed dostatek a je\u017e sedl\u00e1ci odm\u011b\u0159ovali v ur\u010dit\u00fd den, oby\u010dejn\u011b v den svatomartinsk\u00fd, v\u0161em obecn\u00edm slu\u017eebn\u00edk\u016fm (ponocn\u00e9mu, hajn\u00e9mu, u\u010diteli). Oby\u010dejn\u011b se tak d\u011blo za \u00fa\u010dasti obecn\u00ed hromady, kdy obec skl\u00e1dala \u00fa\u010dty a kdy sedl\u00e1ci oslavovali konec sklizn\u011b, z\u00fa\u010dtov\u00e1n\u00ed i nov\u00e9 volby. Za obil\u00ed, kter\u00e9 po v\u00fdplat\u011b slu\u017eebn\u00edk\u016fm zbylo, sedl\u00e1ci hodovali a pili a v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech p\u0159isp\u00edvali k hod\u016fm i past\u00fd\u0159 a ostatn\u00ed slu\u017eebn\u00edci a n\u011bkdy i chalupn\u00edci s domk\u00e1\u0159i. V \u010cech\u00e1ch (zejm\u00e9na v ji\u017en\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch) naz\u00fdvali tuto slavnost \u201eb\u00fdkova svatba\u201c, na Morav\u011b \u201es\u00e9pka\u201c a v n\u011bmeck\u00e9m pohrani\u010d\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00edch \u010cech \u201eHirtensch\u00fcttung” (past\u00fd\u0159sk\u00e1 s\u00fdpka).<\/p>\n

V druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed sest\u00e1valo martinsk\u00e9 posv\u00edcen\u00ed (hody), kter\u00e9 se po redukci st\u00e1tn\u00edch c\u00edrkevn\u00edch sv\u00e1tk\u016f odehr\u00e1valo v\u011bt\u0161inou o prvn\u00ed ned\u011bli po sv. Martinovi (z\u00e1kon \u010d. 21\/1895 \u0159. z, upravoval ned\u011bln\u00ed a sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed klid), hlavn\u011b z dom\u00e1c\u00edho hodov\u00e1n\u00ed a spolkov\u00fdch \u201emartinsk\u00fdch tancova\u010dek\u201d. Po\u0159adatel\u00e9 tane\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1bav (n\u011bkdy i kost\u00fdmovan\u00fdch) \u010dasto do programu zahrnovaly \u201elicitace martinsk\u00e9ho rohl\u00edku\u201d. Podle profesora \u010ce\u0148ka Z\u00edbrta si v \u010cech\u00e1ch ve 14. stolet\u00ed martinskou koledou p\u0159ilep\u0161ovali nejen chud\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ci a kanovn\u00edci, ale tak\u00e9 katov\u00e9 (r. 1390 \u00fa\u010dast zak\u00e1z\u00e1na). Koledovali po domech z\u00e1mo\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch m\u011b\u0161\u0165an\u016f a ve sv\u00fdch koled\u00e1ch, z nich\u017e se n\u011bkter\u00e9 z 15. stolet\u00ed zachovaly, se dovol\u00e1vali \u0161t\u011bdrosti sv\u00fdch spoluob\u010dan\u016f podle sv. biskupa Martina, kter\u00fd se s pros\u00edc\u00edm \u017eebr\u00e1kem rozd\u011blil o sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165. Postupem doby martinsk\u00e1 koleda v \u010cech\u00e1ch a na Morav\u011b vymizela.<\/p>\n

A pro\u010d bylo zavedeno posv\u00edcen\u00ed martinsk\u00e9, o tom se vypravuje tato pov\u011bst:<\/strong> Kdysi vyjel si \u010desk\u00fd kn\u00ed\u017ee Old\u0159ich lovit do les\u016f k\u0159ivokl\u00e1tsk\u00fdch, kde se v\u0161ak odlou\u010dil od sv\u00e9 dru\u017einy a zm\u00e1tl si cestu v hust\u00e9m lese. Trouben\u00ed jeho p\u0159ivolalo uhl\u00ed\u0159e z nedalek\u00e9 osady, kde pr\u00e1v\u011b slavili posv\u00edcen\u00ed. Uhl\u00ed\u0159 vyvedl kn\u00ed\u017eete, jeho\u017e neznal, z lesa, a pozval ho do sv\u00e9 chatr\u010de na husu. Kn\u00ed\u017ee, kter\u00fd se vyd\u00e1val za kn\u00ed\u017eec\u00edho komorn\u00edka Janka, p\u0159ijal pozv\u00e1n\u00ed uhl\u00ed\u0159ovo a po\u017eiv husy posv\u00edcensk\u00e9 a pobaviv se v chatr\u010di jeho, pozval ho, aby ho v Praze na hrad\u011b nav\u0161t\u00edvil. Uhl\u00ed\u0159 to sl\u00edbil za tou v\u00fdminkou, \u017ee mu tam pan Janek d\u00e1 t\u00e9\u017e up\u00e9ci husu. Potom vyvedl kn\u00ed\u017eete z les\u016f. Kn\u00ed\u017ee se\u0161el se brzy se svou dru\u017einou a vesele j\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bl, co se mu p\u0159ihodilo. V den sv. Martina dostavil se uhl\u00ed\u0159 skute\u010dn\u011b na hrad Pra\u017esk\u00fd a popt\u00e1val se po panu Jankovi. Dvo\u0159an\u00e9, jsouce ji\u017e na jeho p\u0159\u00edchod p\u0159ipraveni, uvedli ho ke kn\u00ed\u017eeti, s n\u00edm\u017e u\u017easl\u00fd uhl\u00ed\u0159 potom stoloval a na huse si pochutnal. Na pam\u00e1tku tohoto vysvobozen\u00ed sv\u00e9ho z lesa a srde\u010dn\u00e9 pohostinstv\u00ed \u010desk\u00fdch uhl\u00ed\u0159\u016f ustanovil kn\u00ed\u017ee Old\u0159ich, aby ka\u017ed\u00e9ho roku slavil se den sv. Martina pe\u010denou husou a z toho ustanoven\u00ed m\u011blo po\u010d\u00e1tek posv\u00edcen\u00ed martinsk\u00e9.<\/em>
\n\u2014V\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9 Noviny, 10. \u0159\u00edjen 1939, s. 6<\/strong><\/p>\n

Husy pro c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fd dv\u016fr. Na sv. Martina dostavila se do V\u00eddn\u011b deputace \u017eidovsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 obce z Pre\u0161purku, aby po star\u00e9m zvyku, datuj\u00edc\u00edm se ji\u017e z doby Marie Terezie, odvedla u dvora martinsk\u00e9 husy. \u0160est n\u00e1dhern\u00fdch exempl\u00e1\u0159\u016f, zdoben\u00fdch stu\u017ekami uhersk\u00fdch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch barev, odevzd\u00e1no dvorn\u00edmu d\u016fstojn\u00edku pro komoru c\u00edsa\u0159e a n\u00e1sledn\u00edka tr\u016fnu arciv\u00e9vodu Karla.<\/em>
\n\u2014\u010cech, politick\u00fd t\u00fdden\u00edk katolick\u00fd, 15.11.1915, s. 4<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> \u010cech, politick\u00fd t\u00fdden\u00edk katolick\u00fd, 22.11.1881, \u010d. 265, s. 3, \u010cen\u011bk Z\u00edbrt: Vesel\u00e9 chv\u00edle v \u017eivot\u011b lidu \u010desk\u00e9ho, Z\u00e1bavy na svat\u00e9ho Martina, Plze\u0148sk\u00fd obzor, svobodomysln\u00fd list pro Plze\u0148 a z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010cechy, 12. listopad 1910, Eduard Bass: O pt\u00e1ku svat\u00e9ho Martina, Lidov\u00e9 noviny, Moravsk\u00e1 zemsk\u00e1 knihovna v Brn\u011b, Signatura: Nov-20.730, Teplitz-Sch\u00f6nauer Anzeiger, Sa, 25. Oktober 1873, Franck, Sebastian: Weltbuch spiegel vnd bildtnis des gantzen Erdtbodens, Ulm, Verlag: Varnier, Erscheinungsjahr: 1542, Anzahl Seiten: 500, Signatur: Res\/2 Germ.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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