{"id":207797,"date":"2023-11-07T14:40:54","date_gmt":"2023-11-07T13:40:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=207797"},"modified":"2023-11-12T00:07:21","modified_gmt":"2023-11-11T23:07:21","slug":"stara-sumava-o-svatomartinske-huse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=207797","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: O svatomartinsk\u00e9 huse"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u017d\u00e1kovsk\u00e1 svatomartinsk\u00e1 koleda (staro\u010de\u0161tina)<\/em><\/h6>\n

Svat\u00e9ho Martina<\/em>
\n v\u0161elik\u00e1 rodina<\/em>
\n dnes \u0161\u010dedrost zpom\u00edn\u00e1<\/em>
\n beze v\u0161eho statku<\/em>
\n vesele s \u010del\u00e1dk\u00fa.<\/em>
\n Tu\u010dn\u00fa hus, hus, hus,<\/em>
\n tu\u010dn\u00fa hus, hus, hus,<\/em>
\n tu\u010dn\u00fa hus j\u00ed, v\u00edno pie,<\/em>
\n beze v\u0161eho smutku.<\/em>
\n\u2014\u010cen\u011bk Z\u00edbrt: Vesel\u00e9 chv\u00edle v \u017eivot\u011b lidu \u010desk\u00e9ho<\/strong><\/p>\n

Svatomartinsk\u00e9 slavnosti ohla\u0161uj\u00ed pomal\u00fd p\u0159\u00edchod zimy a z\u00e1rove\u0148 jsou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed k hodov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 u n\u00e1s m\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou podobu v\u00edna a pe\u010den\u00e9 husy.<\/h6>\n

Martinsk\u00e1 husa. Vyslovte tato slova n\u011bkolikr\u00e1te za sebou a neodol\u00e1te poku\u0161en\u00ed, abyste se svou drahou polovi\u010dkou se domluvil, jestli by nemohla se letos \u010dast\u011bji objevit na Va\u0161em stole oblo\u017een\u00e1 nad\u00fdchan\u00fdmi knedl\u00edky a \u0161\u0165avnat\u00fdm zel\u00edm k pot\u011b\u0161e a blahobytu v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f Va\u0161\u00ed rodiny. A takovou mo\u017enost, p\u0159ipraviti sv\u00fdm mil\u00fdm p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed p\u011bknou posv\u00edcenskou husi\u010dkou, ani\u017e by za ni hal\u00e9\u0159e vynalo\u017eili, bude m\u00edti \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 Rozkv\u011btu v m\u011bs\u00edci \u0159\u00edjnu a listopadu, v m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch posv\u00edcensk\u00fdch. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd trik, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 losov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 rozd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e9mi\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd bude m\u00edti mo\u017enost si ji opat\u0159ili, ani\u017e by sv\u016fj rozpo\u010det zat\u00ed\u017eil. Jsme na pln\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed p\u0159ipraveni pro 40. \u010d\u00edslo Rozkv\u011btu, je\u017e vyjde jako prvn\u00ed po 1. \u0159\u00edjnu, tedy po\u010d\u00e1tkem nov\u00e9ho kvart\u00e1lu. Hod\u00ed se n\u00e1m to pr\u00e1v\u011b, pon\u011bvad\u017e v tu dobu rozhoduj\u00ed se mnoz\u00ed, kter\u00fd \u010dasopis na nov\u00e9 \u010dtvrtlet\u00ed si p\u0159edplat\u00ed.<\/em>
\n\u2014Rozkv\u011bt, obr\u00e1zkov\u00fd \u010dtrn\u00e1ctiden\u00edk, 1927<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ko\u0159eny tradice martinsk\u00e9 husy lze dohledat v N\u011bmecku, kde ji\u017e za vl\u00e1dy c\u00edsa\u0159e Karla Velik\u00e9ho byl den sv. Martina podzimn\u00edm term\u00ednem k odv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed \u00farok\u016f (t\u00e9\u017e \u201eb\u00edl\u00e9 vykrmen\u00e9 husy\u201d) a robotn\u00edch d\u00e1vek vrchnosti. K poj\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed husy se traduj\u00ed dv\u011b apokryf\u00e1ln\u00ed legendy ze \u017eivota sv. Martina. Jedna prav\u00ed, \u017ee svat\u00fd Martin, kter\u00fd m\u011bl b\u00fdt jmenov\u00e1n biskupem, se z vrozen\u00e9 skromnosti p\u0159ed takovou poctou ukryl do husince. Husy sv\u00fdm kejh\u00e1n\u00edm Martinovu skr\u00fd\u0161 prozradily, co\u017e byl p\u00e1dn\u00fd d\u016fvod, aby skon\u010dily na pek\u00e1\u010di. Druh\u00e1 pro zm\u011bnu uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee husy sv\u00fdm hlu\u010dn\u00fdm kejh\u00e1n\u00edm ru\u0161ily Martinovo k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed a tak si sv\u016fj trest odpyk\u00e1vaj\u00ed na svatomartinsk\u00e9 tabuli.<\/p>\n

V \u010cech\u00e1ch se zachovaly martinsk\u00e9 husy v koled\u00e1ch z 15. stolet\u00ed a v \u0159\u00e1dech \u0159eznick\u00fdch cech\u016f, nap\u0159. z roku 1535 cechu \u0159eznick\u00e9ho z Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017ee, kter\u00fd upravoval prodej hus od sv. V\u00e1clava a\u017e po t\u00fdden po sv. Martinu. Proti martinsk\u00e9mu hodov\u00e1n\u00ed a nest\u0159\u00eddm\u00e9mu poj\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed martinsk\u00e9 husy brojili reforma\u010dn\u00ed far\u00e1\u0159i, nap\u0159\u00edklad Ji\u0159\u00ed Tes\u00e1k Mo\u0161ovsk\u00fd, evangelick\u00fd d\u011bkan v Kou\u0159imi, vydal v roce 1612 pojedn\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eMartinianus anser, Svatomartinsk\u00e1 hus\u201d a v roce 1646 Johann Junghans, n\u011bmeck\u00fd protestansk\u00fd kn\u011bz z Gery, k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eAnser Martinianus, oder Martins-Gan\u00df\u201d. O martinsk\u00e9 huse pod\u00e1v\u00e1 zpr\u00e1vu ve sv\u00e9 korespondenci t\u00e9\u017e pan\u00ed Zuzana \u010cern\u00ednov\u00e1, kter\u00e1 si st\u00fdsk\u00e1 sv\u00e9mu synu Humprechtovi, \u017ee sama a sama jedla husi\u010dku svatomartinskou.<\/p>\n

Z martinsk\u00e9 husy dost\u00e1val nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed sluha k\u0159\u00eddlo, aby pr\u00fd p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci jen l\u00edtal, vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm pod\u00e1valo se stehno, hospod\u00e1\u0159 ale s\u00e1m si ponech\u00e1val kobylku a sanici. Z kobylky prorokoval vlastnost budouc\u00ed zimy, kobylka b\u00edl\u00e1 nebo p\u0159imodral\u00e1 znamenala tuhou zimu. Sanici usu\u0161enou trh\u00e1val \u0440\u0430k hospod\u00e1\u0159 s hospodyn\u00ed, kdo krat\u0161\u00ed kousek podr\u017eel v ruce, um\u0159el pr\u00fd d\u0159\u00edve. Ve 30. a 40. letech 20. stolet\u00ed bylo v \u010ceskoslovensku zn\u00e1mo na pades\u00e1t druh\u016f hus (divok\u00e9 a dom\u00e1c\u00ed, b\u00edl\u00e9 a \u0161ed\u00e9, pomo\u0159ansk\u00e9, emdensk\u00e9, toulousk\u00e9, labut\u00ed neboli \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9, kade\u0159av\u00e9, kanadsk\u00e9 a tak\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9).<\/p>\n

\u010cesk\u00e9 hospodyn\u011b a kucha\u0159ky nakupovaly hlavn\u011b husy libu\u0161sk\u00e9 a sadsk\u00e9. Husy libu\u0161sk\u00e9 byly vykrmov\u00e1ny ovsem na maso, sadsk\u00e9 \u0161i\u0161kami na s\u00e1dlo. \u010cesk\u00e1 husa, i kdy\u017e pon\u011bkud men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy ze z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy, byla zn\u00e1mkou prvo\u0159ad\u00e9 jakosti a co do jakosti masa a s\u00e1dla, velikosti a chuti jater i jakosti pe\u0159\u00ed nedosti\u017en\u00e1. Libu\u0161sk\u00e1 v\u00fdkrmna (zalo\u017eena Franti\u0161kem \u0160\u0165astn\u00fdm), nakupovala dom\u00e1c\u00ed husy z r\u016fzn\u00fdch kout\u016f ji\u017en\u00edch \u010cech a Po\u0161umav\u00ed, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1sledn\u011b po dobu t\u0159\u00ed a\u017e \u010dty\u0159 ned\u011bl vykrmovala, \u0161kubala (t\u00e9\u017e t\u0159\u00eddila pe\u0159\u00ed na prachov\u00e9, drobn\u00e9 a brky) a rozv\u00e1\u017eela na trhy do Prahy a cel\u00e9 \u0159ady dal\u0161\u00edch m\u011bst. Martinsk\u00e1 husa neunikla ani reklam\u011b.<\/p>\n

\u010ceskoslovensko nav\u00e1zalo na zavedenou praxi z monarchie a vyu\u017e\u00edvalo obl\u00edben\u00fd reklamn\u00ed plak\u00e1t, plechov\u00e9 \u010di smaltov\u00e9 cedule, reklamn\u00ed sd\u011blen\u00ed s tradi\u010dn\u00ed kombinac\u00ed obrazu a n\u00e1paditou ver\u0161ovanou pob\u00eddkou. Pokrok a modernizace s sebou od poloviny 30. let p\u0159inesl reklamn\u00ed filmy, reklamu v rozhlase, na gramofonov\u00fdch desk\u00e1ch \u010di diapozitivech. Z\u00edskat sv\u00e9 pravideln\u00e9 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e se pokou\u0161ely tak\u00e9 \u010dasopisy a noviny.<\/p>\n

V\u011b\u0159te nebo nev\u011b\u0159te t\u011bm dv\u011bma legend\u00e1m, asi v\u011bt\u0161ina venkovsk\u00fdch chovatel\u016f d\u00e1v\u00e1 za pravdu logi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu v\u00fdkladu, na kter\u00fd p\u0159i\u0161la jist\u011b moudr\u00e1 hlava, \u017ee o sv\u00e1t\u00e9m Martinu se pob\u00edjej\u00ed proto husy, pon\u011bvad\u017e v t\u00e9 dob\u011b prvn\u00ed krmn\u00e9 husy dor\u016fstaj\u00ed. Hlavni v\u011bc\u00ed v\u0161ak je, \u017ee sv\u00e1tek Martin\u016fv a pe\u010den\u00e1 husa pat\u0159\u00ed od prad\u00e1vna nerozlu\u010dn\u011b k sob\u011b. Up\u00e9ci husu p\u011bkn\u011b do zlatova, b\u00fdvalo kdysi velk\u00fdm um\u011bn\u00edm hospodyn\u011bk, asi jako dnes vysta\u010diti s p\u0159\u00edd\u011blem…My si dnes z toho v\u0161eho d\u00e1me jen pozor, zda p\u0159ijede ten hus\u00ed patron na b\u00edl\u00e9m koni… To bude jedin\u00e9, \u010d\u00edm pam\u00e1tku hus\u00edho patrona jak n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed uct\u00edme.<\/em>
\n\u2014Miron Cyril S\u00edgl, Poledn\u00ed list 1944<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u016fvod\u016f pro\u010d se ze sv\u00e1tku sv. Martina stal den dobr\u00e9ho v\u00edna a j\u00eddla, je hned n\u011bkolik. Za\u010d\u00e1tek listopadu je \u010dasem ukon\u010den\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho roku. Roln\u00edci pot\u0159ebovali na trz\u00edch prodat p\u0159ebytky, aby m\u011bli pen\u00edze na splacen\u00ed \u00faroku vrchnosti. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 po sv. Martinovi n\u00e1sleduje p\u0159edv\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed p\u016fst, tud\u00ed\u017e je zde dobr\u00fd d\u016fvod, naj\u00edst se nepostn\u00edch pokrm\u016f do sytosti. Svatomartinsk\u00e9 hody maj\u00ed ve 3. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed veskrze nen\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd charakter, minim\u00e1ln\u011b u n\u00e1s. Neodmysliteln\u011b toti\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed k oslav\u00e1m konce podzimu a p\u0159\u00edchodu zimy. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se nav\u00edc ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b v r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u011bstech po cel\u00e9 \u010cesk\u00e9 republice konaj\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 svatomartinsk\u00e9 hody.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> Pestr\u00fd t\u00fdden, V. Neubert a synov\u00e9, Praha XV., 26.8.1939, \u010d. 34, s. 16-17; 10.11.1928, \u010d. 45, s. 18-19,\u00a0Rozkv\u011bt, obr\u00e1zkov\u00fd \u010dtrn\u00e1ctiden\u00edk, 1927, \u010d. 39, s. 9. Martinskou husu zadarmo!<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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