{"id":207702,"date":"2020-11-09T13:49:56","date_gmt":"2020-11-09T12:49:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=207702"},"modified":"2020-11-10T13:29:48","modified_gmt":"2020-11-10T12:29:48","slug":"dejinne-okamziky-kristalova-noc-1938","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=207702","title":{"rendered":"D\u011aJINN\u00c9 OKAM\u017dIKY: K\u0159i\u0161\u0165\u00e1lov\u00e1 noc (1938)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Foto: Wikipedie<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
V noci z\u00a09. na 10. listopadu 1938 v\u00a0cel\u00e9m N\u011bmecku vypukl proti\u017eidovsk\u00fd pogrom, kter\u00fd b\u00fdv\u00e1 ozna\u010dov\u00e1n – pon\u011bkud z\u00e1v\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edm a eufemistick\u00fdm – n\u00e1zvem\u00a0\u201ek\u0159i\u0161\u0165\u00e1lov\u00e1 noc\u201c\u00a0(n\u011bmecky\u00a0\u201eKristallnacht\u201c). Pogrom symbolizoval a\u00a0urychlil vyost\u0159en\u00ed nacistick\u00e9 proti\u017eidovsk\u00e9 politiky v\u00a0roce 1938.<\/h6>\n
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Sn\u00edmek Herschela Gr\u00fcnspana po\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd t\u011bsn\u011b po jeho zat\u010den\u00ed, 7. listopadu 1938. (Foto: Morris Rosen, courtesy of USHMM Photo Achives)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Z\u00e1minkou k\u00a0rozpout\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed se stal atent\u00e1t na lega\u010dn\u00edho sekret\u00e1\u0159e na n\u011bmeck\u00e9m vyslanectv\u00ed v\u00a0Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei Ernsta vom Ratha, kter\u00e9ho 7. listopadu 1938 dv\u011bma v\u00fdst\u0159ely t\u011b\u017ece zranil 17let\u00fd \u017did Herschel Gr\u00fcnspan. Jeho nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed se stali ob\u011bt\u00ed\u00a0vypov\u011bzen\u00ed polsk\u00fdch \u017did\u016f z\u00a0N\u011bmecka<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0do Polska, kter\u00e9 bylo n\u011bmeck\u00fdmi \u00fa\u0159ady provedeno na konci \u0159\u00edjna. Jeho rodi\u010de a\u00a0sestra pat\u0159ili k\u00a0tis\u00edc\u016fm ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00fdm \u017did\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed museli v\u00a0b\u00eddn\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch tr\u00e1vit dlouh\u00e9 t\u00fddny na hranic\u00edch, kdy\u017e je ani jedna strana necht\u011bla p\u0159ijmout. Popudem k\u00a0\u010dinu Herschela Gr\u00fcnspana byla z\u0159ejm\u011b snaha pomst\u00edt se za osud sv\u00fdch rodi\u010d\u016f a\u00a0upozornit na n\u011bj. Gr\u00fcnspan byl okam\u017eit\u011b po sv\u00e9m \u010dinu zat\u010den francouzsk\u00fdmi org\u00e1ny a\u00a0pozd\u011bji p\u0159ed\u00e1n do N\u011bmecka, kde se jeho osud ztr\u00e1c\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00fd a\u00a0neuv\u00e1\u017een\u00fd \u010din \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho mlad\u00edka nebyl ale skute\u010dn\u00fdm d\u016fvodem vypuknut\u00ed pogromu – nacist\u00e9 jej pouze vyu\u017eili jako z\u00e1minku k\u00a0vyost\u0159en\u00ed proti\u017eidovsk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Nacistick\u00e1 propaganda p\u0159edstavovala atent\u00e1t jako sou\u010d\u00e1st \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho spiknut\u00ed proti n\u011bmeck\u00e9mu n\u00e1rodu, jako pokus \u017did\u016f a\u00a0vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed mezi evropsk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty. V\u0161echny n\u011bmeck\u00e9 noviny publikovaly v\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch dnech na prvn\u00edch stran\u00e1ch nen\u00e1vistn\u00e9 proti\u017eidovsk\u00e9 tir\u00e1dy.<\/p>\n

V Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei mezit\u00edm vom Rath bojoval o\u00a0\u017eivot a\u00a09. listopadu 1938 odpoledne zem\u0159el. Shodou okolnost\u00ed se t\u00fd\u017e den ve\u010der v Mnichov\u011b konalo ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed setk\u00e1n\u00ed nacistick\u00fdch\u00a0\u201estar\u00fdch bojovn\u00edk\u016f\u201c\u00a0s\u00a0Hitlerem, kter\u00e9 bylo p\u0159ipom\u00ednkou nezda\u0159en\u00e9ho nacistick\u00e9ho pu\u010de v\u00a0Mnichov\u011b v\u00a0roce 1923. Kdy\u017e Hitler kolem 10 hodiny ve\u010der ode\u0161el, vystoupil (bezpochyby po dohod\u011b s Hitlerem) Goebbels se zpr\u00e1vou o\u00a0\u00famrt\u00ed vom Ratha a\u00a0s\u00a0plamenn\u00fdm proti\u017eidovsk\u00fdm projevem vyz\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm k\u00a0pomst\u011b, kter\u00fd si p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00ed funkcion\u00e1\u0159i SA a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch nacistick\u00fdch instituc\u00ed vylo\u017eili jako povel k\u00a0zah\u00e1jen\u00ed proti\u017eidovsk\u00e9ho pogromu. Ji\u017e v\u00a0noci za\u010daly p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jednotky SA vyvol\u00e1vat proti\u017eidovsk\u00e9 nepokoje a\u00a0samy \u00fato\u010dit na \u017eidovsk\u00e9 objekty.<\/p>\n

B\u011bhem pogromu, kter\u00fd prob\u00edhal od pozdn\u00edch hodin 9., b\u011bhem 10. a\u00a0na n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u00edstech je\u0161t\u011b 11. listopadu, byla vyp\u00e1lena p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st synagog a\u00a0\u017eidovsk\u00fdch modliteben, kter\u00e9 byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za symbol p\u0159\u00edtomnosti a\u00a0\u00fasp\u011bchu \u017eidovsk\u00e9 men\u0161iny v\u00a0N\u011bmecku. Byly vyplen\u011bny \u017eidovsk\u00e9 obchody a\u00a0podniky, jejich za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bylo zni\u010deno. Bylo hl\u00e1\u0161eno zhruba 7500 zdemolovan\u00fdch \u017eidovsk\u00fdch obchod\u016f. P\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159i pogromu bylo zabito t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 100 \u017did\u016f a\u00a0zhruba 30 tis\u00edc – v\u011bt\u0161inou majetn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch – jich bylo odvle\u010deno do koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f Dachau, Buchenwald a\u00a0Sachsenhausen. Z\u00a0nich byli propou\u0161t\u011bni a\u017e po z\u00e1vazku emigrace a\u00a0zabaven\u00ed majetku ve prosp\u011bch \u0158\u00ed\u0161e.<\/p>\n

Nacistick\u00e9 veden\u00ed cynicky tvrdilo, \u017ee pogrom nebyl nijak organizov\u00e1n a\u00a0\u017ee sami \u017did\u00e9 vyvolali spravedliv\u00fd hn\u011bv lidu, a vyu\u017eilo jej k\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm proti\u017eidovsk\u00fdm opat\u0159en\u00edm. \u017did\u016fm bylo p\u0159ik\u00e1z\u00e1no odstranit zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 \u0161kody a\u00a0uv\u00e9st vzhled ulice op\u011bt do p\u016fvodn\u00edho stavu – z\u00e1rove\u0148 ale zabavili pojistky, na n\u011b\u017e m\u011bli po\u0161kozen\u00ed n\u00e1rok. 12. listopadu bylo na porad\u011b, j\u00ed\u017e p\u0159edsedal Hermann G\u00f6ring, n\u011bmeck\u00fdm \u017did\u016fm nav\u00edc ulo\u017eeno zaplatit pokutu ve v\u00fd\u0161i jedn\u00e9 miliardy marek.\u00a0\u201eK\u0159i\u0161\u0165\u00e1lov\u00e1 noc\u201c\u00a0tak byla vyu\u017eita tak\u00e9 k\u00a0urychlen\u00ed nucen\u00e9 arizace \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho majetku. Listopadov\u00fd pogrom roku 1938 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1n za symbolick\u00fd i\u00a0praktick\u00fd mezn\u00edk v\u00a0nacistick\u00e9 proti\u017eidovsk\u00e9 politice: zna\u010dil p\u0159echod k \u00fapln\u00e9mu vylou\u010den\u00ed \u017did\u016f ze spole\u010dnosti a\u00a0potenci\u00e1ln\u011b k\u00a0jejich fyzick\u00e9 likvidaci.<\/p>\n

HOLOCAUST.CZ<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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Za ob\u011b\u0165 K\u0159i\u0161\u0165\u00e1lov\u00e9 noci padla tak\u00e9 synagoga ve Vimperku. Sn\u00edmek je z jej\u00edho slavnostn\u00edho sv\u011bcen\u00ed dne 3. ledna 1926 \/ Foto: archiv \u017didovsk\u00e9ho muzea Praha<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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