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Pol\u00e9vkov\u00fd m\u00fdtus o\u017eil v na\u0161ich zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159k\u00e1ch hlavn\u011b po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce. Kdo nesn\u011bdl pol\u00e9vku, ten nepot\u011b\u0161il maminku \u010di babi\u010dku. Je to p\u0159ece z\u00e1klad! Tak\u00e9 se \u0159\u00edkalo, \u017ee kdo nebude j\u00edst pol\u00e9vky, bude m\u00edt probl\u00e9my se za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm. Na horsk\u00fdch \u0161umavsk\u00fdch usedlostech za\u010d\u00ednal den ji\u017e kolem \u010dtvrt\u00e9 hodiny. Na p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b sn\u00eddan\u011b se n\u011bkdy pod\u00edlely i d\u011bti. Sn\u00eddan\u011b byla vydatn\u00e1. Od pond\u011bl\u00ed do ned\u011ble cel\u00e1 rodina sn\u00eddala kyselou ml\u00e9\u010dnou pol\u00e9vku zat\u0159epanou trochou mouky.<\/p>\n
Cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed b\u00fdvaly pol\u00e9vky \u201ehuben\u00fdm\u201c j\u00eddlem chud\u00fdch. Za ur\u010dit\u00fdch podm\u00ednek v\u0161ak plnily i roli l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d spole\u010densk\u00fdmi vrstvami. Pol\u00e9vka je ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed lidsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Prvn\u00ed pol\u00e9vku uva\u0159il \u010dlov\u011bk ji\u017e v pozdn\u00ed dob\u011b kamenn\u00e9. Nebyla v\u0161ak zdaleka takov\u00e1, jakou si dnes va\u0159\u00edme doma v hrnci. Na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 se toti\u017e museli obej\u00edt bez poznatk\u016f modern\u00ed doby.<\/p>\n
Pol\u00e9vka se va\u0159ila ve vyhlouben\u00e9m otvoru v zemi, do kter\u00e9ho se vlo\u017eil vak s vodou a pomoc\u00ed nah\u00e1zen\u00fdch rozp\u00e1len\u00fdch kamen\u016f se v nich oh\u0159\u00edvala voda. Do tohoto “hrnce” \u010dlov\u011bk nah\u00e1zel v\u0161e, co kolem rostlo. Podle historick\u00fdch pramen\u016f v\u016fbec prvn\u00ed pol\u00e9vku uva\u0159il ve 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem v Egypt\u011b otrok, kter\u00fd se jmenoval Menes. N\u00e1pis na zdi Osiridova chr\u00e1mu v egyptsk\u00e9 Memfise celou ud\u00e1lost popisuje tak, \u017ee hladov\u00fd Menes ukradl z kurn\u00edku faraona slepici a proto\u017ee m\u011bl mimo n\u00ed u\u017e jen hrnec, vodu a s\u016fl, nechal ji prost\u011b pouze va\u0159it v osolen\u00e9 vod\u011b. Ne\u017e se ale sta\u010dil po\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b naj\u00edst, na\u0161la ho str\u00e1\u017e a p\u0159edvedla p\u0159ed faraona. Podle tehdy platn\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f m\u011bl b\u00fdt popraven, faraon ale podlehl v\u016fni z hrnce a zbylou slepici sn\u011bdl i s v\u00fdvarem. Otrok Menes dostal milost a pol\u00e9vka byla na sv\u011bt\u011b…<\/p>\n
Pol\u00e9vka byla v\u017edy pova\u017eov\u00e1na za pokrm chud\u00fdch a v\u011bt\u0161inou byla jedin\u00fdm tepl\u00fdm j\u00eddlem za cel\u00fd den. Nej\u010dast\u011bji se va\u0159ily pol\u00e9vky jen ze zel\u00ed a mrkve bez j\u00ed\u0161ek a jen v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b se pol\u00e9vka zahu\u0161\u0165ovala moukou. V 15. a 16. stolet\u00ed va\u0159ily hospodyn\u011b nap\u0159\u00edklad pol\u00e9vku syrnou a hrachovou.<\/p>\n
Syrn\u00e1 se p\u0159ipravovala z pova\u0159en\u00e9ho a propas\u00edrovan\u00e9ho s\u00fdra \u010di tvarohu, hrachov\u00e1 byla pouze z vody, v n\u00ed\u017e se va\u0159il hr\u00e1ch, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b s p\u0159\u00eddavkem petr\u017eelov\u00e9ho ko\u0159ene. Mezi bohat\u00fdmi i lidem prost\u00fdm byla velmi obl\u00edben\u00e1 pol\u00e9vka pivn\u00ed. Na pivn\u00ed pol\u00e9vky znali lid\u00e9 v\u00edce recept\u016f ne\u017e dnes. Jedli ji hlavn\u011b lid\u00e9 nemocn\u00ed, rekonvalescenti a \u017eeny po porodu. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee staro\u010desk\u00e1 sn\u00eddan\u011b by byla bez piva a pivn\u00ed pol\u00e9vky v\u016fbec nemysliteln\u00e1. Obvykle se pr\u00fd sn\u00eddal chl\u00e9b nam\u00e1\u010den\u00fd do piva, podobn\u011b jako anti\u010dt\u00ed \u0158eci sn\u00eddali zase chl\u00e9b nam\u00e1\u010den\u00fd do v\u00edna.<\/p>\n
Historie dr\u0161\u0165kov\u00e9 pol\u00e9vky za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed v 17. stolet\u00ed. Je prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee v t\u00e9 dob\u011b ji va\u0159ili v N\u011bmecku a It\u00e1lii. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 dr\u0161\u0165kov\u00e1 z t\u00e9 doby byla ale od sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dost odli\u0161n\u00e1 a ko\u0159enila se hlavn\u011b tymi\u00e1nem, v It\u00e1lii se va\u0159ila p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Mil\u00e1n\u011b a je v tomto m\u011bst\u011b obl\u00edben\u00e1 dodnes tak, \u017ee se m\u00edstn\u00edm obyvatel\u016fm dokonce p\u0159ezd\u00edv\u00e1 tripponi \u2013 dr\u0161\u0165ka\u0159i. \u010cesk\u00fd recept na dr\u0161\u0165kovou pak podle v\u0161eho vznikl pr\u00e1v\u011b z p\u016fvodn\u00edho italsk\u00e9ho v 17. stolet\u00ed. Tou dobou se do \u010cech vliv It\u00e1lie dost\u00e1val v architektu\u0159e, hudb\u011b, literatu\u0159e i ve v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed, a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b i v gastronomii. Nejpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 dr\u0161\u0165kov\u00e9 pol\u00e9vce je La busecca, na kter\u00e9 si pochutn\u00e1vali na \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den v Lombardii, kucha\u0159i v \u010cech\u00e1ch ale postupn\u011b italsk\u00e9 ingredience nahradili tuzemsk\u00fdmi, nav\u00edc p\u0159idali mletou papriku a major\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n
M\u011b\u0161\u0165an\u00e9 v Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9m sn\u00eddali tepl\u00e9 pivo s pomazan\u00fdmi topinkami. Zn\u00e1mou a jednoduchou \u010deskou pol\u00e9vkou byl \u201eoukrop\u201c, kraj\u00edc chleba ot\u0159en\u00fd \u010desnekem se sol\u00ed, p\u0159elit\u00fd va\u0159\u00edc\u00ed vodou s km\u00ednem a oma\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm hus\u00edm nebo vep\u0159ov\u00fdm s\u00e1dlem. V kucha\u0159k\u00e1ch z 18. a 19. stolet\u00ed lze naj\u00edt pol\u00e9vky masit\u00e9 a postn\u00ed. Masit\u00e9 se p\u0159ipravovaly z v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho mno\u017estv\u00ed masa a dal\u0161\u00edch ingredienc\u00ed. Postn\u00ed byly pouze z ryb nebo hrachu.<\/p>\n
Pol\u00e9vky p\u0159ipravovan\u00e9 z vody, zeleniny a j\u00ed\u0161ky, jak\u00e9 zn\u00e1me dnes, byly d\u0159\u00edve sp\u00ed\u0161e v\u00fdjimkou. Hov\u011bz\u00ed pol\u00e9vka se ve st\u0159edov\u011bku jedla samotn\u00e1 nebo tvo\u0159ila sou\u010d\u00e1st dal\u0161\u00edch j\u00eddel, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ka\u0161\u00ed z mouky, krupice \u010di tlu\u010den\u00e9 r\u00fd\u017ee. M\u00edsto ml\u00e9ka se hov\u011bz\u00ed pol\u00e9vka doporu\u010dovala jako z\u00e1klad ka\u0161e pro \u0161estined\u011blky. Z hov\u011bz\u00ed pol\u00e9vky a z mouky se v 15. – 16. stolet\u00ed d\u011blaly \u0161i\u0161ky, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 tak\u00e9 knedl\u00edky, pokud nebyly p\u0159\u00edmo z masa. Tla\u010dily se z hust\u00e9 pol\u00e9vkov\u00e9 ka\u0161e a vajec dr\u00e1t\u011bn\u00fdm \u010di jin\u00fdm o\u010dkem na p\u00e1nev, sma\u017eily a potom pocukrovaly. Hov\u011bz\u00ed pol\u00e9vka tvo\u0159ila spolu s krv\u00ed a v\u00ednem z\u00e1klad pro om\u00e1\u010dky ke zv\u011b\u0159in\u011b.<\/p>\n
V 17. Stolet\u00ed se hov\u011bz\u00ed v\u00fdvar vylep\u0161oval sb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm p\u011bny. Hrachov\u00e1 pol\u00e9vka se \u010dasto p\u0159ipravovala z pol\u00e9vky hov\u011bz\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se z\u0159ejm\u011b p\u0159idala k hrachu a vod\u011b, v\u0161e se pova\u0159ilo s ko\u0159\u00ednky petr\u017eele a s mu\u0161k\u00e1tov\u00fdm kv\u011btem. Na s\u00edtko se polo\u017eily dva nebo t\u0159i \u017eloutky, p\u0159es n\u011b se prot\u0159ela hrachov\u00e1 pol\u00e9vka a dala se na su\u0161en\u00e9 kraj\u00ed\u010dky chleba. Hrachov\u00e1 pol\u00e9vka na jin\u00fd zp\u016fsob se sm\u00edchala se stejn\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm smetany, osladila cukrem a nechala hodinu st\u00e1t, pot\u00e9 se tak\u00e9 nalila na su\u0161en\u00e9 kraj\u00edce chleba a posypala sko\u0159ic\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Byl jsem t\u00e1z\u00e1n, pro\u010d se zab\u00edja\u010dkov\u00e9 pol\u00e9vce \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 prdela\u010dka. Slovo prdela\u010dka vzniklo pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b \u017eertovn\u00fdm zkomolen\u00edm (zvulgarizov\u00e1n\u00edm) v\u00fdrazu trdela\u010dka, jinak t\u00e9\u017e trdelnice. Vznik slova trdela\u010dka byl motivov\u00e1n slovem trdlo. P\u0159i va\u0159en\u00ed se zabija\u010dkov\u00e1 pol\u00e9vka mus\u00ed neust\u00e1le m\u00edchat (dokola), aby nedo\u0161lo ke sra\u017een\u00ed krve. Souvislost mezi m\u00edch\u00e1n\u00edm a prac\u00ed s trdlem lze hledat v rota\u010dn\u00edm pohybu. Podobnou motivaci m\u016f\u017eeme nal\u00e9zt u slovesa trdlovat ve v\u00fdznamu \u201atan\u010dit, to\u010dit se nemotorn\u011b dokola\u2018, od toho pak trdlova\u010dka = \u201atancova\u010dka\u2018.<\/p>\n
A jak to bylo na \u0160umav\u011b……V zim\u011b hospodyn\u011b pravideln\u011b va\u0159\u00edvaly rozmanit\u00e9 pol\u00e9vky pro zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed du\u0161e i t\u011bla. V\u00edce bylo t\u011bch jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edch, prost\u00fdch, ty pracn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pak p\u0159ich\u00e1zely na st\u016fl o sv\u00e1tc\u00edch a podobn\u00fdch slavnostn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostech. Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlen rodiny m\u011bl svou l\u017e\u00edci a j\u00edd\u00e1valo se ze spole\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edsy, kter\u00e9 b\u00fdvaly d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9, keramick\u00e9 a pozd\u011bji i kovov\u00e9 smaltovan\u00e9. Ke sn\u00eddani se jedly pol\u00e9vky s chlebem \u2013 kyselo (pol\u00e9vka z re\u017en\u00e9ho kvasu s km\u00ednem a \u010desnekem), podm\u00e1slov\u00e1, syrov\u00e1\u010dn\u00e1, octov\u00e1, zeln\u00e1, zasma\u017een\u00e9 pol\u00e9vky \u2013 kroupov\u00e1, hrachov\u00e1, \u010do\u010dkov\u00e1, bramborov\u00e1, nebo ml\u00e9ko s nal\u00e1man\u00fdm chlebem. Ve v\u0161edn\u00ed den to byl hlavn\u011b ukrop, to je ope\u010den\u00fd chl\u00e9b zalit\u00fd horkou vodou se sma\u017eenou cibulkou, rozet\u0159en\u00fdm \u010desnekem a major\u00e1nkou. Ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e1 pol\u00e9vka nebo coura\u010dka, levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obdoba zelnice, tedy bez klob\u00e1sky, papriky a j\u00ed\u0161ky. Kyselka z kysel\u00e9ho vysr\u00e1\u017een\u00e9ho ml\u00e9ka s krupkami, km\u00ednem a \u0161\u0165ouchan\u00fdmi brambory. Pra\u017eenka s km\u00ednem, bramborem a vaj\u00ed\u010dkem, ale ta u\u017e pat\u0159ila mezi sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na ned\u011bli p\u0159ed odchodem do kostela.<\/p>\n
Jak vid\u00edte, v zim\u011b se jedla pol\u00e9vka k sn\u00eddani i ob\u011bdu a k ve\u010de\u0159i se s chlebem doj\u00eddala ta, kter\u00e1 zbyla. A kdy\u017e nezbyla \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1, zakrojil se chleba a rozmo\u010dil v tepl\u00e9m ml\u00e9ce, nebo v hork\u00e9 vod\u011b s km\u00ednem a major\u00e1nkou a ve\u010de\u0159e byla hned. Hodn\u011b se zahu\u0161\u0165ovalo nakr\u00e1jen\u00fdm chlebem, p\u0159ikusovaly se vdolky nebo n\u011bjak\u00e1 upe\u010den\u00e1 placka. Nap\u0159\u00edklad zelnou pol\u00e9vku vylep\u0161ovala ka\u017ed\u00e1 hospodyn\u011b jinak. Rozklepnut\u00fdm vaj\u00ed\u010dkem, kouskem m\u00e1sla, va\u0159en\u00fdm vaj\u00ed\u010dkem a rozdroben\u00fdm do pol\u00e9vky, sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edmi dom\u00e1c\u00edmi nudlemi nebo drobenkou.<\/p>\n
Ze v\u0161ech pol\u00e9vek nejlep\u0161\u00ed pr\u00fd b\u00fdval Formansk\u00fd oukrop, kter\u00fd nepat\u0159il mezi nejlevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ba pr\u00e1v\u011b naopak, ale dovedl pr\u00fd probrat i ji\u017e nap\u016fl mrtv\u00e9ho. Dovolit si jej mohli jen ti movit\u00ed a to je\u0161t\u011b tak o veselce nebo k\u0159tin\u00e1ch. A co to je……Do vody se dalo va\u0159it kus slepice, kus uzen\u00e9ho, ko\u0159enov\u00e1 zelenina, km\u00edn, nov\u00e9 ko\u0159en\u00ed, pep\u0159 a p\u016flka cibule. Na tal\u00ed\u0159 se nal\u00e1maly k\u016frky ztvrdl\u00e9ho chleba, p\u0159idala se l\u017e\u00edce hus\u00edho s\u00e1dla a n\u011bkolik rozet\u0159en\u00fdch strou\u017ek\u016f se sol\u00ed. V\u0161e se zalilo hodn\u011b hork\u00fdm, v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdm v\u00fdvarem a i ten nap\u016fl zmrzl\u00fd forman pook\u0159\u00e1l. Za velmi v\u00fd\u017eivnou se ale mezi formany pova\u017eovala i pol\u00e9vka pivn\u00ed.<\/p>\n
A je\u0161t\u011b pov\u011bst.:<\/strong> Kdysi d\u00e1vno t\u00e1hlu kolem Stach\u016f voj\u00e1\u010di v \u010derven\u00fdch kab\u00e1tech. Lid\u00e9 jim podle toho \u0159\u00edkali \u010cerve\u0148\u00e1ci. Divn\u00e1 to byla arm\u00e1da, ka\u017ed\u00fd voj\u00e1k snad poch\u00e1zel z jin\u00e9ho koutu sv\u011bta. \u010c\u00edhali tu v hor\u00e1ch na Francouze. Ti se v\u0161ak neobjevovali, a tak \u010cerve\u0148\u00e1ci z dlouh\u00e9 chv\u00edle aspo\u0148 pom\u00e1hali sedl\u00e1k\u016fm. Jednou dokonce u jednoho chalupn\u00edka uva\u0159ili pol\u00e9vku z jeho jedin\u00e9ho majetku. Ta pol\u00e9vka pak byla skute\u010dn\u011b ostr\u00e1 jako sekyra.<\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Zdroj:<\/strong> Pater Franti\u0161ek Schulbach ze Stach, Kronika 1806, Slovn\u00edk spisovn\u00e9ho jazyka \u010desk\u00e9ho<\/p>\n P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Na <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":267391,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/16\/r\u00e1m-pol\u00e9vka.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/207680"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=207680"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/207680\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":267390,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/207680\/revisions\/267390"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/267391"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=207680"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=207680"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=207680"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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