{"id":206267,"date":"2025-02-03T18:11:25","date_gmt":"2025-02-03T17:11:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=206267"},"modified":"2025-02-03T18:11:25","modified_gmt":"2025-02-03T17:11:25","slug":"z-archivu-a-kronik-vezenske-stravovani-kdysi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=206267","title":{"rendered":"Z ARCHIV\u016e A KRONIK: V\u011bze\u0148sk\u00e9 stravov\u00e1n\u00ed kdysi"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u201eI po\u0159\u00eddil si housle ze skrovn\u00e9 z\u00e1soby pen\u011bz, je\u017e mu nechali a z nich\u017e se stravoval. .. Nikdy nem\u011bl smy\u010dce v rukou; nyn\u00ed ho nedal t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 z ruky. .. Nyn\u00ed vid\u011bli, \u017ee mu ji\u017e zle, \u017ee p\u0159i\u0161la na n\u011bj nouze. Urozen\u00fd mu\u017e s\u00e1m po m\u011bst\u011b \u017eebrat necht\u011bl a do v\u011bzen\u00ed daru nedostal. Nem\u011bl ji\u017e nic ne\u017eli sv\u00e9 housle. Ale kdykoliv pot\u00e9 zahr\u00e1l, kdykoli pl\u00e1t\u011bnou mo\u0161nu z v\u011bzen\u00ed spustil, poka\u017ed\u00e9 mu ji plnili ti, kdo\u017e dole poslouchali, pen\u011bzi, dary, aby nem\u011bl hlad a nouzi. Tak\u00e9 nejedn\u00e1 milosrdn\u00e1 m\u011b\u0161\u0165anka, nejeden soused mu polep\u0161ili: podu\u0161ku pod hlavu mu poslali, lo\u017en\u00ed \u0161aty a j\u00eddlo i nejednu konvici pit\u00ed.\u201c<\/em><\/h6>\n

\u00daryvek z pov\u011bsti o Daliborovi z Kozojed je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed liter\u00e1rn\u011b zpracovan\u00fd popis v\u011bze\u0148sk\u00e9ho stravov\u00e1n\u00ed. Za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 vlastn\u011b ji\u017e ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch a ran\u011b novov\u011bk\u00fdch v\u011bzen\u00edch, kter\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b nep\u0159edstavovala jednotn\u00fd st\u00e1tem \u0159\u00edzen\u00fd syst\u00e9m, jak jsme v sou\u010dasnosti zvykl\u00ed. M\u011bsta a vrchnost spravovala vlastn\u00ed \u017eal\u00e1\u0159e ur\u010den\u00e9 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dopaden\u00fdch provinilc\u016f.<\/p>\n

K nejstar\u0161\u00edm dochovan\u00fdm zpr\u00e1v\u00e1m dokumentuj\u00edc\u00edm stravov\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011bhem uv\u011bzn\u011bn\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed starom\u011bstsk\u00fd n\u00e1lez z roku 1338, kter\u00fd se vztahoval k dlu\u017en\u00edk\u016fm. Podle n\u011bj m\u011bl rycht\u00e1\u0159 provinilce dr\u017eet v \u017eelezech o such\u00e9m chlebu a vod\u011b, tedy \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd nadbyte\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159epych, ale v dobov\u00e9m kontextu rozhodn\u011b ne\u010dekan\u00fd projev milosrdenstv\u00ed. Denn\u011b m\u011bli dost\u00e1vat dv\u011b tepl\u00e1 j\u00eddla, hr\u00e1ch s masem k ob\u011bdu a zel\u00ed s masem k ve\u010de\u0159i, co\u017e mohli zap\u00edt pintou piva. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nechyb\u011bl ani dostatek chleba. Sou\u010dasn\u011b platil z\u00e1kaz \u017eal\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed v temn\u00fdch studen\u00fdch prostor\u00e1ch. Zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se nav\u00edc vztahovalo jen na tehdy roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd institut dom\u00e1c\u00edho v\u011bzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 16. stolet\u00ed ustupovalo zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dlu\u017en\u00edk\u016f v m\u011bstsk\u00fdch \u0161atlav\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Av\u0161ak pro chud\u00e9 provinilce, kte\u0159\u00ed se nemohli vyplatit ani uhradit pohled\u00e1vku jin\u00fdm majetkem, neznamenalo toto na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161nou \u00falevu. V takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u011bl n\u00e1klady hradit na stravov\u00e1n\u00ed ten, kdo nechal zadr\u017een\u00e9ho uv\u011bznit. Proto\u017ee k tomu m\u00e1lokdy do\u0161lo a m\u011bstsk\u00e9 rady je odm\u00edtaly stravovat, vypadala praxe \u00fapln\u011b jinak. Nap\u0159\u00edklad nymbur\u0161t\u00ed kon\u0161el\u00e9 psali roku 1560 \u017e\u00e1dost o radu apela\u010dn\u00edmu soudu, proto\u017ee \u201eNemaje pen\u011bz, u v\u011bzen\u00ed se dr\u017e\u00ed a hladem m\u0159e, a Pavel jeho stravou neopatruje.\u201c Ani smrt hladem nelze vylou\u010dit, naopak nemilosrdn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup n\u011bkter\u00fdch v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f k v\u011bz\u0148\u016fm to jen dokazuje.<\/p>\n

Co v\u0161ak zb\u00fdvalo chud\u00fdm v\u011bz\u0148\u016fm, kdy\u017e necht\u011bli trp\u011bt hladem? Prvn\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed, kterou obsahuje i \u00favodn\u00ed citace ze Star\u00fdch pov\u011bst\u00ed \u010desk\u00fdch, bylo \u017eebr\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e ov\u0161em neprob\u00edhalo bez st\u00e1l\u00e9ho dozoru. \u0160atlavn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159 v\u011bzn\u011b hromadn\u011b vyv\u00e1d\u011bl v poutech, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b za n\u011b mohla chodit \u017eebrotou man\u017eelka bi\u0159ice. Dal\u0161\u00edm mo\u017en\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ob\u017eivy bylo zav\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed rozli\u010dn\u00fdch v\u00e1\u010dk\u016f z okna. Do nich m\u011b\u0161\u0165an\u00e9 d\u00e1vali potraviny, n\u011bkdy dokonce i pen\u00edze. Zcela jinak vypadala situace v horn\u00edm m\u011b\u0161\u0165ansk\u00e9m v\u011bzen\u00ed, jeho\u017e \u201ehost\u00e9\u201c zpravidla netrp\u011bli materi\u00e1ln\u00ed nouz\u00ed. Ti si podm\u00ednky zp\u0159\u00edjem\u0148ovali t\u00edm, \u017ee si nechali od rodiny \u010di zn\u00e1m\u00fdch don\u00e9st pe\u0159iny, l\u016f\u017ekoviny, j\u00eddlo a pit\u00ed, nebo se domluvili na stravov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo s bi\u0159icem.<\/p>\n

Mezi stinn\u00e9 str\u00e1nky tehdej\u0161\u00edho v\u011bze\u0148stv\u00ed pat\u0159ila velmi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 konzumace alkoholu. \u0160atlavn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159, kter\u00fd b\u00fdval mnohdy s\u00e1m k\u00e1r\u00e1n za p\u0159\u00edli\u0161nou opilost, ho v\u011bz\u0148\u016fm ochotn\u011b obstar\u00e1val. Jak vypadala v dob\u011b vyd\u00e1n\u00ed trestn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du Josefa II. praxe, ukazuj\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed podm\u00ednky v\u011bz\u0148\u016f na brn\u011bnsk\u00e9m \u0160pilberku. Po roce 1783 do\u0161lo ke zru\u0161en\u00ed star\u00e9ho pevnostn\u00edho v\u011bzen\u00ed a prvn\u00ed obdob\u00ed po p\u0159evzet\u00ed civiln\u00ed spr\u00e1vou p\u0159ineslo \u0159adu komplikac\u00ed, mezi n\u011b\u017e pat\u0159ila i nutnost vy\u0159e\u0161it zp\u016fsob stravov\u00e1n\u00ed. Profous toti\u017e musel s\u00e1m zaji\u0161\u0165ovat tepl\u00e9 j\u00eddlo, na kter\u00e9 m\u011bli n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed odsouzen\u00ed n\u00e1rok t\u0159ikr\u00e1t t\u00fddn\u011b (ned\u011ble, \u00fater\u00fd, \u010dtvrtek).<\/p>\n

O tom, \u017ee situace nebyla nijak p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e1 sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed i \u017e\u00e1dost v\u011bz\u0148\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed si cht\u011bli va\u0159it sami. Na p\u0159elomu let 1783 a 1784 tak za\u010dal fungovat syst\u00e9m, kdy z ka\u017ed\u00e9 cely vybrali jednoho odsouzen\u00e9ho, jen\u017e pod dohledem dozorc\u016f obstar\u00e1val n\u00e1kupy a va\u0159il na otev\u0159en\u00e9m topeni\u0161ti p\u0159ed celou. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed skupinu tvo\u0159ili nemocn\u00ed v\u011bzni, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli na z\u00e1klad\u011b rozhodnut\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159e n\u00e1rok na tepl\u00e9 j\u00eddlo ka\u017ed\u00fd den. Ur\u010dit\u00e1 zm\u011bna se po roce 1786 dotkla i do\u017eivotn\u011b odsouzen\u00fdch, kte\u0159\u00ed do t\u00e9 doby dost\u00e1vali jen such\u00fd chl\u00e9b a vodu. Jako preventivn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed proti kurd\u011bj\u00edm se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u010derstv\u00e9ho kysan\u00e9ho zel\u00ed, co\u017e jim ale jejich osud p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 neuleh\u010dilo. Op\u011btovn\u00e9 zp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00ed pom\u011br\u016f p\u0159inesl tzv. Z\u00e1padohali\u010dsk\u00fd trestn\u00ed z\u00e1kon\u00edk z roku 1796.<\/p>\n

Trestanci odsouzen\u00ed k nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00edmu \u017eal\u00e1\u0159i se op\u011bt vr\u00e1tili k such\u00e9mu chlebu a t\u0159em dn\u016fm, kdy m\u011bli n\u00e1rok na tepl\u00e9 bezmas\u00e9 j\u00eddlo. Pohor\u0161ili si i v\u011bzni v \u017eal\u00e1\u0159i t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9m, kte\u0159\u00ed sice dost\u00e1vali ka\u017edodenn\u011b va\u0159enou stravu, ale op\u011bt jen lu\u0161t\u011bniny \u010di zeleninu. Masit\u00fd pokrm z\u016fstal zachov\u00e1n jen v m\u00edrn\u00e9m \u017eal\u00e1\u0159i. Tato ustanoven\u00ed se stala sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed rakousk\u00e9ho Z\u00e1kon\u00edku o zlo\u010dinech a t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch policejn\u00edch p\u0159estupc\u00edch z roku 1803, kter\u00fd je doplnil je\u0161t\u011b o na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jednoho tepl\u00e9ho pokrmu provinilc\u016fm spadaj\u00edc\u00edm do kategorie t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho v\u011bzen\u00ed. Poprv\u00e9 se objevila tak\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro vy\u0161et\u0159ovance ve vazb\u011b, jen\u017e od t\u00e9 doby sm\u011bli nakupovat potraviny podle sv\u00fdch finan\u010dn\u00edch mo\u017enost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Za dosti neobvykl\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 pova\u017eovat c\u00edsa\u0159em schv\u00e1len\u00e1 pravidla pro v\u00edde\u0148skou k\u00e1znici z roku 1815. Podle nich m\u011bli v\u011bzni n\u00e1rok na maso s mou\u010dn\u00edkem v ned\u011bli, ka\u017edodenn\u011b libru chleba, a co je obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, poprv\u00e9 se objevuje jin\u00fd n\u00e1poj ne\u017e voda. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b z d\u016fvodu udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho zdravotn\u00edho stavu dost\u00e1vali odsouzen\u00ed t\u0159ikr\u00e1t t\u00fddn\u011b ml\u00e9ko. Nav\u00edc mohli za polovinu pracovn\u00edho v\u00fdd\u011blku neomezen\u011b nakupovat dal\u0161\u00ed potraviny (chl\u00e9b, pol\u00e9vky), co\u017e by nebylo a\u017e natolik p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9, jako to, \u017ee mezi povolen\u00e9 po\u017eivatiny pat\u0159ilo i pivo.<\/p>\n

V roce 1915 vy\u0161lo na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ministerstva spravedlnosti (\u010d. 8711\/15 ze 17.3.), kter\u00e9 nov\u011b upravovalo v\u011bze\u0148sk\u00e9 stravov\u00e1n\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed ustanoven\u00ed se dot\u00fdkalo sn\u00eddan\u00ed a ve\u010de\u0159\u00ed, k nim\u017e v\u011bzni nez\u0159\u00eddka dost\u00e1vali z\u00e1pra\u017ekovou pol\u00e9vku. Z d\u016fvodu velk\u00e9 pot\u0159eby mouky m\u011bla b\u00fdt nahrazena konzervovanou pol\u00e9vkou hrachovou. Rovn\u011b\u017e pol\u00e9vky pod\u00e1van\u00e9 v poledne doznaly zm\u011bn. Z p\u0159ilo\u017een\u00e9ho seznamu zmizela p\u016fvodn\u011b hojn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 z\u00e1pra\u017ekov\u00e1, chlebov\u00e1 i octov\u00e1. M\u00edsto nich se objevila pol\u00e9vka z hov\u011bz\u00edch jater, dr\u0161\u0165kov\u00e1, fazolov\u00e1 a hrachov\u00e1. Jejich p\u0159\u00edpravu upravoval je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159\u00edkaz odeb\u00edrat pol\u00e9vkov\u00e9 ko\u0159en\u00ed, tzv. Maggiw\u00fcrfel, od firmy Julius Maggi s\u00eddl\u00edc\u00ed ve V\u00eddni. Do\u0161lo k nahrazen\u00ed do t\u00e9 doby hojn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch fazol\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b va\u0159enou \u0159epou, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b pak kroupami p\u0159edstavuj\u00edc\u00edmi nedostatkov\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed. Zmizely i z dne\u0161n\u00edho hlediska tak samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9 suroviny jako t\u0159eba cibule.<\/p>\n

Nouze v\u0161ak nepostihovala jen v\u011bznice, ale i \u0161irok\u00e9 vrstvy civiln\u00edho obyvatelstva. Nov\u011b vznikl\u00fd \u010deskoslovensk\u00fd st\u00e1t dostal roku 1918 do v\u00ednku mnoho probl\u00e9m\u016f s rozvr\u00e1cen\u00fdm z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00edm nejen ve v\u011bze\u0148stv\u00ed. P\u0159esto\u017ee m\u011blo ministerstvo spravedlnosti zpo\u010d\u00e1tku velmi omezen\u00e9 mo\u017enosti, vr\u00e1tilo se stravov\u00e1n\u00ed hned v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm roce alespo\u0148 na \u00farove\u0148 roku 1916, a to jak objemem, tak i skladbou. Zodpov\u011bdn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci v letech 1919 a\u017e 1921 sh\u00e1n\u011bli s vyp\u011bt\u00edm v\u0161ech sil hromadn\u00e9 potravinov\u00e9 p\u0159ebytky. Po t\u00e9 co se stabilizoval trh s potravinami a celost\u00e1tn\u00ed z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed, doch\u00e1zelo i k postupn\u00e9mu zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality j\u00eddel pod\u00e1van\u00fdch v\u011bz\u0148\u016fm. Roku 1921 m\u011bli z normativn\u00edho hlediska n\u00e1rok na denn\u00ed porci chleba o v\u00e1za 400 g, sn\u00eddani m\u011bla obn\u00e1\u0161et 0,4 l \u010dern\u00e9 n\u00e1hra\u017ekov\u00e9 k\u00e1vy, ob\u011bd 0,5 l pol\u00e9vky a stejn\u00fd objem p\u0159\u00edkrmu. Ve\u010de\u0159e pak sest\u00e1vala bu\u010f z 0,5 l \u010dern\u00e9 k\u00e1vy nebo z\u00e1pra\u017ekov\u00e9 pol\u00e9vky.<\/p>\n

Stravovac\u00ed rozpisy tedy z\u016fst\u00e1valy v podstat\u011b stejn\u00e9 jako p\u0159ed v\u00e1lkou, s v\u00fdjimkou chleba, jeho\u017e v\u00fdm\u011bra \u010dinila p\u016fvodn\u011b 560 g. Nov\u00e9 bylo na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, \u017ee v\u0161ichni odsouzen\u00ed maj\u00ed jednou t\u00fddn\u011b n\u00e1rok na 120 g masa (v\u00e1ha v syrov\u00e9m stavu s kostmi). Dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00e1 porce jim n\u00e1le\u017eela 1. kv\u011btna a 28. \u0159\u00edjna. Roku 1925 se poprv\u00e9 objevila mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u0161t\u011bdrove\u010dern\u00ed nad\u00edlka v podob\u011b p\u016flkilogramov\u00e9 porce v\u00e1no\u010dky bez rozinek a jestli\u017ee byl dostatek ml\u00e9ka, tak i b\u00edl\u00e1 k\u00e1va. V dubnu roku 1926 si odsouzen\u00ed mohli poprv\u00e9 pochutnat na nudl\u00edch s m\u00e1kem nebo pern\u00edkem, podle mo\u017enost\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f. \u0158\u00edjen t\u00e9ho\u017e roku jim p\u0159inesl p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed v podob\u011b pozd\u011bji velmi obl\u00edben\u00fdch buchet s tvarohem. Meziv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 \u010ceskoslovensko nejen d\u00edky t\u011bmto skute\u010dnostem pat\u0159ilo mezi zem\u011b s nejmodern\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u011bze\u0148sk\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem. Dal\u0161\u00ed slibn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj pak na dlouh\u00e1 l\u00e9ta p\u0159eru\u0161ila n\u011bmeck\u00e1 okupace a po kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 snaze o restauraci p\u0159edv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f v\u0161echny nad\u011bje definitivn\u011b zma\u0159il \u00fanorov\u00fd p\u0159evrat v roce 1948, co\u017e se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b t\u00fdkalo i \u00farovn\u011b p\u0159ipravovan\u00fdch pokrm\u016f.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> JIRE\u010cEK, J. (ed.) (1876): Pr\u00e1va m\u011bstsk\u00e1 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9ho Pavla Kristi\u00e1na z Kold\u00edna. Praha. UHL\u00cdK, J. (2004): Rozpis v\u011bze\u0148sk\u00fdch potravinov\u00fdch d\u00e1vek v obdob\u00ed mezi sv\u011btov\u00fdmi v\u00e1lkami. In: Historick\u00e1 penologie 5\/2004, Praha. CHRE\u0147O, J. (1998): Stravovanie v\u00e4z\u0148ov. In: Let\u00e1kov\u00e1, M. (ed.): Zborn\u00edk pr\u00edspekov k dejin\u00e1m v\u00e4ze\u0148stva na Slovensku, Bratislava<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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