{"id":195976,"date":"2022-06-29T20:48:03","date_gmt":"2022-06-29T19:48:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=195976"},"modified":"2022-07-02T16:35:35","modified_gmt":"2022-07-02T15:35:35","slug":"stara-sumava-o-kosach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=195976","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: O kos\u00e1ch"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u010c\u00edm d\u00e9le Levin kosil, t\u00edm \u010dast\u011bji a \u010dast\u011bji pro\u017e\u00edval chv\u00edle zapomn\u011bn\u00ed, kdy u\u017e jeho ruce nem\u00e1valy kosou, ale sama kosa poh\u00e1n\u011bla jeho t\u011blo, pln\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed a pln\u00e9 \u017eivota, kdy pravideln\u00e1 a p\u0159esn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce se jako z\u00e1zrakem d\u011blala sama, ani\u017e na ni myslil. Byly to chv\u00edle nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho blaha. (<\/em>Lev Nikolajevi\u010d Tolstoj)<\/h6>\n
Cep a kosa (Selsk\u00e9 balady)<\/h6>\n

\u0160t\u00edhl\u00e1 kosa – p\u011bkn\u00e1 panna<\/em>
\n zafi\u010d\u00ed a \u0161lehne,<\/em>
\n v b\u00fdl\u00ed, bodl\u00e1k, plevel r\u00e1zem<\/em>
\n jak blesk bo\u017e\u00ed vb\u011bhne.<\/em>
\n A cep \u0161t\u00edhl\u00fd – p\u011bkn\u00fd jun\u00e1k<\/em>
\n jak se vzduchem kmit\u00e1,<\/em>
\n koukol, vika, \u010dern\u00e9 zrn\u00ed<\/em>
\n nad hlavy a\u017e l\u00edt\u00e1!<\/em><\/p>\n

Cep a kosa – v\u011bru na nich<\/em>
\n cel\u00fd le\u017e\u00ed statek,<\/em>
\n v\u011bru \u010das a mohli slavit<\/em>
\n by zas p\u011bkn\u00fd s\u0148atek!<\/em><\/p>\n

Kosa ov\u0161em sam\u00e9 zuby,<\/em>
\n cep otlu\u010den trochu –<\/em>
\n snad to p\u016fjde s dobrou v\u016fl\u00ed<\/em>
\n je\u0161t\u011b v kolo, hochu!<\/em><\/p>\n

Cep a kosa – \u010cech a Pol\u00e1k<\/em>
\n v tanci velkolep\u00e9m!<\/em>
\n A\u0165 tu chamra\u010f l\u017ei a zrady<\/em>
\n skos\u00edme a sklepem!<\/em><\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1 v\u00e1s to u\u017e n\u011bkdy napadlo. Co si po\u0159\u00eddit kosu? Koneckonc\u016f, co je p\u0159\u00edjemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2013 rytmick\u00e9 svi\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kosy, nebo urputn\u00e9 vr\u010den\u00ed motorov\u00e9ho stroje? Samotn\u00e1 kosa nen\u00ed tak lehce definovateln\u00fd n\u00e1stroj jak by se na prvn\u00ed pohled zd\u00e1lo. Za stalet\u00ed se vyvinuly specifick\u00e9 typy kos pro sklize\u0148 r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f rostlin a aby to nebylo tak jednoduch\u00e9, v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech sv\u011bta se i toto li\u0161\u00ed. Jako prvn\u00ed vznikla kosa travn\u00ed asi 500 let p\u0159ed na\u0161im letopo\u010dtem. Jej\u00ed n\u00e1lezy m\u00e1me z keltsk\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, byla \u017eelezn\u00e1 a v z\u00e1kladu se podobala t\u00e9 dne\u0161n\u00ed a u\u017e se u n\u00ed objevuje v\u00fd\u010dn\u011blek pro zapu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed do d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9ho t\u011bla kosi\u0161t\u011b, kter\u00fd se u v\u011bt\u0161iny kos udr\u017eel dodnes.<\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blci ji m\u011bli ve sv\u00e9 v\u00fdbav\u011b. I kdy\u017e j\u00e1 tu \u0159\u00edmskou pova\u017euji za velk\u00fd srp. St\u00e1le se ale bav\u00edme o kose travn\u00ed. Ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e se ve starov\u011bku pou\u017e\u00edval srp. Bylo to d\u00e1no t\u00edm, \u017ee lid\u00e9 nem\u011bli pot\u0159ebu ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e vytv\u00e1\u0159et z\u00e1soby su\u0161en\u00e9 p\u00edce na zimu. To se ov\u0161em u n\u00e1s zm\u011bnilo v 10.-13. stolet\u00ed kdy se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily jak chovy kon\u00ed, tak hov\u011bz\u00edho dobytka. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b nast\u00e1v\u00e1 velk\u00fd rozmach v\u00fdroby travn\u00edch kos. Obiloviny se toti\u017e st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b skl\u00edzely srpem a to z jednoho prost\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu. V\u00fdnosy v t\u00e9 dob\u011b byly p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 n\u00edzk\u00e9 a p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed kosy byly ztr\u00e1ty zrna a\u017e osmin\u00e1sobn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed srpu. \u010casem se ale i toto za\u010dalo m\u011bnit. Ve stolet\u00ed \u0161estn\u00e1ct\u00e9m nastupuje obiln\u00e1 kosa jednoru\u010dn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed p\u00edsemnou zpr\u00e1vou o u\u017eit\u00ed kosy ve st\u0159edov\u011bku je z\u00e1pis Dalimila o vp\u00e1du Albrechta I. Habsbursk\u00e9ho na po\u010d. 14. stolet\u00ed, kde p\u00ed\u0161e:<\/p>\n

“Sedl\u00e1ci jdou za n\u00edm, kosy na rameni,<\/em>
\n \u017ee pose\u010dou pole, v \u00fahor nivy zm\u011bn\u00ed,<\/em>
\n \u017ee \u010ce\u0161i jak mouchy budou padat hlady…”<\/em><\/p>\n

Kosa se v\u0161ak ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e za\u010dala roz\u0161i\u0159ovat a\u017e ve 2. polovin\u011b 18. stolet\u00ed. V roce 1793 vydala spr\u00e1va lichten\u0161tejnsk\u00fdch statk\u016f ob\u011b\u017en\u00edk, ve kter\u00e9m se v\u0161em panstv\u00edm ukl\u00e1dalo pou\u017e\u00edvat ke sklizni v\u00fdhradn\u011b kosy. Tato kosa se pou\u017e\u00edvala k se\u010den\u00ed ja\u0159\u00ed a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b tak\u00e9 ozim\u016f. I p\u0159es toto na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se v\u0161ak na lichten\u0161tejnsk\u00e9m \u010dernokosteleck\u00e9m panstv\u00ed \u017eala na po\u010d\u00e1tku 19. stolet\u00ed zhruba \u010dtvrtina srpem. Spr\u00e1vci panstv\u00ed vysv\u011btluj\u00ed tuto situaci tak, \u017ee m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 neum\u011bj\u00ed zach\u00e1zet kosou, naj\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed sek\u00e1\u010d\u016f z ji\u017en\u00edch \u010cech nepom\u00e1h\u00e1, proto\u017ee obvykle ani nedojdou. Rozeberou si je po cest\u011b sedl\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed l\u00e9pe plat\u00ed a dob\u0159e je stravuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u010cas na\u0161ich d\u011bd\u016f, v\u016fn\u011b \u010derstv\u011b pokosen\u00e9 tr\u00e1vy, melodick\u00fd svistot kosen\u00ed, cinkav\u00fd zvuk naklep\u00e1van\u00e9 kosy, v\u00fdchod slunce, rosa, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd pach sp\u00e1len\u00e9ho benz\u00ednu. Kam se tohle v\u0161echno pod\u011blo. Kosy se nakupovaly tenk\u00e9. P\u0159i vyb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed dr\u017eela se za ucho nebo-li krk a \u0161pic\u00ed se \u0161kr\u00e1blo po dla\u017eb\u011b nebo kamenu. \u010c\u00edm vydala vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed a ten\u010d\u00ed hlas, t\u00edm byla tvrd\u0161\u00ed a lep\u0161\u00ed. Sek\u00e1\u010di m\u011bli sv\u00e9 zna\u010dky kos a podle nich vyb\u00edrali. Byly to tureck\u00fd Mohamedky, nebo \u0161t\u00fdrsk\u00fd ze \u0161t\u00fdrsk\u00e9 oceli. Nasadit kosu na kosisko bylo trochu um\u011bn\u00ed. Kosa musela j\u00edt tak asi na dla\u0148 \u201cpod r\u00e1z\u201c , to je kdy\u017e kosu polo\u017eil na zem, dal si zna\u010dku kam sekala patka kosy, pak tam p\u0159ilo\u017eil \u0161picu kosy, \u0161pica musela b\u00fdt o dla\u0148 \u201epod r\u00e1z\u201c.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed to je\u0161t\u011b pamatuj\u00ed \u2013 hospod\u00e1\u0159 usoudil, \u017ee tr\u00e1va u\u017e m\u00e1 spr\u00e1vnou v\u00fd\u0161ku, a rozhodl, \u017ee se bude z\u00edtra louka kosit. \u010casn\u011b zr\u00e1na, kdy\u017e se oz\u00fdvali prvn\u00ed kohouti, se pak on a dal\u0161\u00ed mu\u017ei se\u0161li a v \u0161ikm\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b postupovali loukou vp\u0159ed, dlouh\u00fdmi \u0161vihy a bez viditeln\u00e9 n\u00e1mahy. \u010c\u00edm d\u0159\u00edv za\u010dali, t\u00edm l\u00e9pe, proto\u017ee za rosy se kos\u00ed l\u00e9pe ne\u017e za sucha. Ten zvuk nelze zapomenout. Sek\u00e1\u010di vytrvale pokra\u010dovali i pot\u00e9, kdy ji\u017e slunce st\u00e1lo vysoko na nebi a sv\u00edtilo jim na hn\u011bd\u00e9, vr\u00e1s\u010dit\u00e9 z\u00e1tylky.<\/p>\n

Kosa nevisela na st\u011bn\u011b jen pro par\u00e1du, pou\u017e\u00edvala se \u010dasto. Musela b\u00fdt v\u017edy ostr\u00e1 a spr\u00e1vn\u011b ji naklepat bylo docela um\u011bn\u00ed. Naklep\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed kosy na okraji stodoly se tak trochu podobalo lad\u011bn\u00ed drahocenn\u00fdch housl\u00ed virtuosem. Kosila se v\u00fdhradn\u011b tr\u00e1va vysok\u00e1, ta pak m\u011bla dostatek \u010dasu se z toho masakru vzpamatovat. Slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00faseky se sekaly srpem, takt\u00e9\u017e krat\u0161\u00ed tr\u00e1va pro kr\u00e1l\u00edky.<\/p>\n

Kosa bez naklep\u00e1n\u00ed nefunguje. Naklep\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a brou\u0161en\u00ed kosy je cel\u00e1 v\u011bda a existuje \u0159ada n\u00e1zor\u016f, jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b postupovat, aby byla kosa dokonale ostr\u00e1. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 bylo kosu dob\u0159e vykut. K tomu se pou\u017e\u00edvalo kozl\u00edku na kut\u00ed, na kter\u00e9m byla zara\u017eena \u201ebabka\u201c. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm klad\u00edvkem na kut\u00ed se ost\u0159\u00ed kosy na babce vykovalo do tenka. V\u00fdhodou ost\u0159\u00ed muselo b\u00fdt co neju\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00fazk\u00fd p\u00e1sek, jinak by se ost\u0159\u00ed zvlnilo \u201ezlumpovat\u011blo\u201c. Na v\u00fdrobu kosiska se pou\u017e\u00edvalo dobr\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu bez suk\u016f, b\u0159\u00edza a nebo jasan. Kosiska d\u011blali kol\u00e1\u0159i. Kosa se musela p\u0159i se\u010den\u00ed ob\u010das zabru\u0161ovat brouskem. Na ka\u017edou kosu se ka\u017ed\u00fd brousek nehodil. Muselo se to vyzkou\u0161et, po kter\u00fdm brousku nejl\u00e9pe se\u010de. Brousky byly kamenn\u00e9, mramor\u00e1ky i z r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f kamen\u016f. Na p\u00e1sku kolem sebe m\u011bl sek\u00e1\u010d krbek a v n\u011bm brousek namo\u010den\u00fd do vody. Krbek byl d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fd a nebo upraven\u00fd volsk\u00fd roh.<\/p>\n

Zdroj:<\/strong> Kronika tak \u0159e\u010den\u00e9ho Dalimila. Praha 1977, s. 170. K. BEDNA\u0158\u00cdK: Srp a hrabice (P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek k d\u011bjin\u00e1m zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 techniky). St\u0159edo\u010desk\u00fd sborn\u00edk historick\u00fd 1, 1957, Cep a kosa (Selsk\u00e9 balady) Vrchlick\u00fd Jaroslav<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: Archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Z cyklu Star\u00e1 \u0160umava)<\/em><\/p>\n

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  \u010c\u00edm <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":257856,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/29\/r\u00e1m-o-kos\u00e1ch.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/195976"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=195976"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/195976\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":257855,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/195976\/revisions\/257855"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/257856"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=195976"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=195976"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=195976"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}