{"id":195660,"date":"2022-06-24T19:31:34","date_gmt":"2022-06-24T18:31:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=195660"},"modified":"2022-07-08T14:42:47","modified_gmt":"2022-07-08T13:42:47","slug":"stara-sumava-o-skolnim-vysvedceni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=195660","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: O \u0161koln\u00edm vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Rada na cestu \u017eivota ml\u00e1de\u017ei ze \u0161koly v knize vy\u0161l\u00e9 z roku 1902. Citujme z kapitoly t\u0159et\u00ed, kter\u00e1 nese n\u00e1zev Konati svou povinnost bu\u010f tv\u00fdm nejp\u0159edn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm heslem \u017eivota.<\/h6>\n

\u201ePovinnost jest velik\u00e9 slovo; konati povinnost jest \u00fad\u011blem na\u0161eho \u017eivota a z\u00e1kladem v\u0161ech ctnost\u00ed. V\u0161ak kdo ti pov\u00ed, zdali jsi vykonal, co ti povinnost velela? Pov\u00ed ti to onen vnit\u0159n\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ece a soudce \u2013 hlas sv\u011bdom\u00ed. I rozum se m\u016f\u017ee m\u00fdliti, ale hlas sv\u011bdom\u00ed se tak snadno nezm\u00fdl\u00ed. Neuml\u010duj, neusp\u00e1vej toho str\u00e1\u017ece!\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

U\u017e brzy se \u0161koln\u00ed zvon\u011bn\u00ed rozezn\u00ed naposledy, d\u011bti si p\u0159eberou vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed a vydaj\u00ed se na pr\u00e1zdniny. Dnes se p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed nese ve slavnostn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm duchu, ale nebylo tomu tak v\u017edy. V\u00edte, kam a\u017e sah\u00e1 jeho historie a v jak\u00e9 dob\u011b byly d\u011bti klasifikov\u00e1ny na sedmistup\u0148ov\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le? Jak je to s umis\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00edm portr\u00e9t\u016f hlav st\u00e1tu a kde se vzaly sb\u011brov\u00e9 akce? Poj\u010fte se s n\u00e1mi pod\u00edvat na tuto str\u00e1nku historie a zavzpom\u00ednejte na sv\u00e1 vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u00da\u0159edn\u00ed listina, s n\u00ed\u017e se b\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota setk\u00e1v\u00e1me nej\u010dast\u011bji \u2013 \u0161koln\u00ed vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed. Snad ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s m\u00e1 doma pe\u010dliv\u011b schovan\u00e1 sv\u00e1 vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e9 \u010das od \u010dasu bere do ruky, aby se jimi pochlubil sv\u00fdm d\u011btem nebo vnuk\u016fm anebo jen nostalgicky zavzpom\u00ednal na uplynul\u00e1 \u0161koln\u00ed l\u00e9ta.<\/p>\n

V\u0161eobecn\u00fd \u0161koln\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed povinnou \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zku ve\u0161el na pokyn c\u00edsa\u0159ovny Marie Terezie v platnost 6. prosince 1774. Ke stejn\u00e9mu datu se v\u00e1\u017ee i zaveden\u00ed vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, jimi\u017e u\u010ditel\u00e9 hodnotili sv\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1ky. Av\u0161ak nenechte se m\u00fdlit, vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed dost\u00e1vali \u017e\u00e1ci na konci \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zky ve 14 letech. Na p\u0159elomu 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed se rozd\u00e1valy t\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy. Pokud \u017e\u00e1k dos\u00e1hl pot\u0159ebn\u00e9ho v\u011bku i dostate\u010dn\u00fdch znalost\u00ed z n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, jazyka a po\u010dt\u016f, z\u00edskal vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed propou\u0161t\u011bc\u00ed. Pokud mu nutn\u00e9 dovednosti chyb\u011bly a nem\u011bl v\u00fdhled na zlep\u0161en\u00ed, dostal vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed na odchodnou. Frekventa\u010dn\u00ed pak dostali ti \u017e\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ech\u00e1zeli z obecn\u00e9 \u0161koly na st\u0159edn\u00ed. Aby m\u011bli rodi\u010de dostate\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159ehled o pr\u016fb\u011bhu studi\u00ed, byly d\u011bti hodnoceny prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u0161koln\u00edch zpr\u00e1v. \u010cty\u0159ikr\u00e1t ro\u010dn\u011b v\u0161ak d\u011bti dost\u00e1valy \u0161koln\u00ed zpr\u00e1vu, kterou rodi\u010de museli podepsat. Zn\u00e1mky prosp\u011bchu na n\u00ed byly ps\u00e1ny \u010d\u00edslic\u00ed. Na konci \u0161koln\u00edho roku si ji pak \u017e\u00e1ci ponech\u00e1vali.<\/p>\n

Od roku 1805 byli \u017e\u00e1ci hodnoceni podle doch\u00e1zky, a to na stupnici velmi piln\u00e1, piln\u00e1 a \u0159\u00eddk\u00e1, prosp\u011bchu na \u0161k\u00e1le velmi dobr\u00fd, dobr\u00fd, prost\u0159edn\u00ed a slab\u00fd a chov\u00e1n\u00ed v rozmez\u00ed velmi dobr\u00e9, dobr\u00e9, prost\u0159edn\u00ed a \u0161koln\u00edmu \u0159\u00e1du nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9. Vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed a \u0161koln\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy m\u011bly r\u016fzn\u00e9 podoby, \u010dasto byly zdobn\u00e9 a dopln\u011bn\u00e9 o nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed motivy. Trochu rozd\u00edln\u00e9 pom\u011bry vl\u00e1dly na gymn\u00e1zi\u00edch, kde byli studenti do 19. stolet\u00ed hodnoceni dokonce na osmistup\u0148ov\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le.<\/p>\n

A\u017e v roce 1905 byly p\u0159edeps\u00e1ny jednotn\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky i forma. Syst\u00e9m hodnocen\u00ed se zm\u011bnil v dob\u011b Protektor\u00e1tu, kdy byli \u017e\u00e1ci hodnoceni na \u0161estistup\u0148ov\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le a pouze jeden student ze t\u0159\u00eddy mohl dos\u00e1hnout vyznamen\u00e1n\u00ed. O v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bn\u011b klasifikace se pak p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lelo a\u017e v 60. letech 20. stolet\u00ed, kdy se uva\u017eovalo bu\u010f o zveden\u00ed desetistup\u0148ov\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1ly nebo slovn\u00edho hodnocen\u00ed. Vzhledem ke zvrat\u016fm ve st\u00e1tn\u00edch pom\u011brech ale tento n\u00e1vrh vy\u0161um\u011bl. V archivech \u0161koln\u00edch vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed z osmn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho a devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed se to tak hem\u017e\u00ed dokumenty zdoben\u00fdmi bohat\u00fdmi motivy, and\u011bly \u010di kv\u011btinami. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 \u0161kola si vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed nech\u00e1vala tisknout jinde.<\/p>\n

V roce 1882 vy\u0161el ministersk\u00fd v\u00fdnos, kter\u00fd na\u0159\u00eddil u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed stejn\u00e9ho pap\u00edru na formul\u00e1\u0159e pro \u0161koln\u00ed vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed. Byl to pap\u00edr, kter\u00fd byl poti\u0161t\u011bn c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdm znakem. Prvn\u00ed podobizna c\u00edsa\u0159e se ve t\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ch objevila v roce 1873. C\u00edl byl jedin\u00fd, v\u0161t\u00edpit ml\u00e1de\u017ei l\u00e1sku k c\u00edsa\u0159i a habsbursk\u00e9mu domu. Zvyk se zachoval, a tak na \u017e\u00e1ky a studenty od roku 1918 dohl\u00ed\u017eel Tom\u00e1\u0161 Garrique Masaryk, od roku 1937 vedle n\u011bj pak sm\u011bl viset i portr\u00e9t Edvarda Bene\u0161e. Trochu p\u0159ekvapiv\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt fakt, \u017ee za Protektor\u00e1tu neexistovalo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, dle kter\u00e9ho by v ka\u017ed\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b musela b\u00fdt podobizna Adolfa Hitlera.<\/p>\n

Po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce se na \u010das na zdi vr\u00e1til Bene\u0161 spole\u010dn\u011b se Stalinem, kter\u00fd je pak od roku 1948 opanoval. Ani vznik samostatn\u00e9 \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky nic nezm\u011bnil na tradici umis\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed hlav st\u00e1tu na st\u011bnu za katedru, a to i p\u0159esto, \u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00fd z\u00e1kon to nijak neupravuje. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku 19. stolet\u00ed byla d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 zn\u00e1mka z p\u00edle, ta nep\u0159edstavovala snahu \u017e\u00e1ka, ale hodnotila se tak \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zka. Mohla b\u00fdt piln\u00e1, velmi piln\u00e1 nebo \u0159\u00eddk\u00e1. Svou zn\u00e1mku m\u011blo stejn\u011b jako dnes i chov\u00e1n\u00ed (velmi dobr\u00e9, dobr\u00e9, prost\u0159edn\u00ed, \u0161koln\u00edmu \u0159\u00e1du nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9) a prosp\u011bch (velmi dobr\u00fd, dobr\u00fd, prost\u0159edn\u00ed, slab\u00fd). Pokud m\u011bl \u017e\u00e1k na vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed v\u00edc ne\u017e t\u0159i prost\u0159edn\u00ed zn\u00e1mky, musel ro\u010dn\u00edk opakovat.<\/p>\n

\u0160koln\u00ed sb\u011brov\u00e9 akce m\u011bly tradici p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m obdob\u00ed. V dob\u011b prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky d\u011bti obch\u00e1zely vesnice a sb\u00edraly p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm \u017eelezo, kovy a n\u00e1hra\u017ekov\u00e9 potraviny. B\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky se schra\u0148ovaly hlavn\u011b kosti a rohovina, kovy, pap\u00edr a kau\u010duk. V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 l\u00e9ta byla vy\u010derp\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed, a tak byl stanoven dokonce i normativ na jednoho \u017e\u00e1ka. Tradice sb\u011bru se pak vr\u00e1tila v obdob\u00ed komunismu. V 50. letech se shroma\u017e\u010foval pap\u00edr, \u017eelezo a l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 byliny. Brig\u00e1dy z \u0159ad \u017e\u00e1k\u016f a student\u016f byly vys\u00edl\u00e1ny i jako pomocn\u00e1 s\u00edla p\u0159i sklizni ovoce, chmele a brambor.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj<\/strong>: Ott\u016fv slovn\u00edk nau\u010dn\u00fd nov\u00e9 doby, heslo \u0160koln\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy a vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed. Klasifikace \u017e\u00e1k\u016f na \u010desk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch v \u010cech\u00e1ch a na Morav\u011b in V\u011bstn\u00edk ministerstva \u0161kolstv\u00ed, 1,1943, KLIKA, Josef \u2013 \u0160TECH, Karel: Stru\u010dn\u00fd slovn\u00edk pedagogick\u00fd. D\u00edl.\u0161est\u00fd. Praha, \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed spolek jednot u\u010ditelsk\u00fdch v kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9m 1909<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Z cyklu Star\u00e1 \u0160umava)<\/em><\/p>\n

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  Rada <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":257490,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/24\/r\u00e1me\u010dek-vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/195660"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=195660"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/195660\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":258501,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/195660\/revisions\/258501"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/257490"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=195660"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=195660"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=195660"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}