{"id":185732,"date":"2021-02-14T19:55:41","date_gmt":"2021-02-14T18:55:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=185732"},"modified":"2021-02-14T19:55:41","modified_gmt":"2021-02-14T18:55:41","slug":"stara-sumava-o-masopustnim-utery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=185732","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: O masopustn\u00edm \u00fater\u00fd"},"content":{"rendered":"

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O masopustn\u00edch rej\u00edch z \u010cech i Moravy jsou dochov\u00e1ny p\u00edsemn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy ji\u017e ze 13. stolet\u00ed, i kdy\u017e sv\u00e1tek je z\u0159ejm\u011b je\u0161t\u011b star\u0161\u00edho data. Od st\u0159edov\u011bku mravok\u00e1rci vystupovali proti rozpustilostem, kter\u00e9 se o masopustu d\u011bly, lidem to v\u0161ak nijak neub\u00edralo na dobr\u00e9 n\u00e1lad\u011b.<\/h6>\n

Dne\u0161n\u00ed masopustn\u00ed reje jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm tradi\u010dn\u00ed formou z\u00e1bavy. A\u010dkoliv se p\u016fvodn\u011b n\u011bkolikadenn\u00ed masopustn\u00ed veselice zkr\u00e1tila, k dne\u0161n\u00edmu masopustn\u00edmu reji se zachovaly tradi\u010dn\u00ed masky a n\u011bkter\u00e9 zvyky ku pobaven\u00ed v tuh\u00e9 zim\u011b. Existuje n\u011bkolik druh\u016f tradi\u010dn\u00edch masek, kter\u00e9 nesm\u00ed chyb\u011bt. P\u016fvodn\u011b sm\u011bli masky nosit pouze svobodn\u00ed ml\u00e1denci, a\u010dkoli byla pravidla postupn\u011b uvoln\u011bna, p\u0159esto v\u011bt\u0161inu ma\u0161kar v\u010detn\u011b \u017eensk\u00fdch postav p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed mu\u017ei. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 z ma\u0161kar m\u011bla nejen ust\u00e1len\u00fd kost\u00fdm, masku (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b l\u00ed\u010den\u00ed) a p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 atributy dan\u00e9 postavy, ale i masopustn\u00ed charakteristickou \u201eroli\u201c.<\/p>\n

Mezi charakteristick\u00e9 znaky archaick\u00fdch masopustn\u00edch masek pat\u0159ila znakov\u00e1 komunikace, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b z\u00e1stupn\u00fd jazyk, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm muml\u00e1n\u00ed a h\u00fdk\u00e1n\u00ed, zvuk roh\u016f m\u011bl zajistit ochranu p\u0159ed zl\u00fdmi mocnostmi. V\u011bt\u0161ina barev na mask\u00e1ch a kost\u00fdmech m\u011bla symbolicky-znakov\u00fd v\u00fdznam, jako p\u0159\u00edklad zm\u00edn\u00edm \u010dervenou a \u010dernou. \u010cerven\u00fd pigment na tv\u00e1\u0159\u00edch zna\u010dil ml\u00e1d\u00ed a vitalitu, pokud byl nanesen na cel\u00e9m obli\u010deji \u2013 kr\u00e1su t\u00e9to postavy. Rud\u00e1 barva se objevovala nejen v otev\u0159en\u00fdch tlam\u00e1ch, vyplazen\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch \u010dert\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 na jazyc\u00edch a falech zv\u00ed\u0159at, kter\u00e1 symbolizuj\u00ed kult plodnosti. \u010cern\u00e1 barva symbolizovala u v\u011bt\u0161iny pohansk\u00fdch kultur negativn\u00ed s\u00edly \u2013 \u010derty a peklo, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b v\u0161ak poskytovala ochranu p\u0159ed p\u016fsoben\u00edm d\u00e9mon\u016f. \u010cern\u00e9 obli\u010deje m\u011bly ma\u0161kary Slam\u00e1k\u016f, tak\u00e9 tv\u00e1\u0159e p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eej\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159edstavovaly p\u0159\u00edmou \u201ev\u00fdzvu\u201c k za\u010dern\u011bn\u00ed\u2026barvivo se z\u00edsk\u00e1valo ze saz\u00ed sm\u00edchan\u00fdch s olejem nebo s\u00e1dlem.<\/p>\n

B\u011bhem masopustn\u00edho pr\u016fvodu byly parodov\u00e1ny dobov\u00e9 ne\u0161vary, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159edem domluven\u00e9 nerovn\u00e9 s\u0148atky. Nerovnost p\u00e1ru umoc\u0148uje komicky vycpan\u00fd a nal\u00ed\u010den\u00fd mu\u017e p\u0159edstavuj\u00edc\u00ed nev\u011bstu dominuj\u00edc\u00ed nad \u017eenichem jak v\u00fd\u0161kou, tak i \u0161\u00ed\u0159kou. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch regionech byla nev\u011bsta oble\u010den\u00e1 do m\u00edstn\u00edho kroje. Obecn\u011b ka\u017ed\u00e1 maska m\u00e1 typick\u00fd zp\u016fsob chov\u00e1n\u00ed, ka\u017ed\u00e1 vyjad\u0159uje ur\u010dit\u00fd typ. Nezbytnou postavou je mluv\u010d\u00ed masek, naz\u00fdvan\u00fd tradi\u010dn\u011b laufr, ale i princip\u00e1l. Chod\u00ed v \u010dele ma\u0161kar, v ka\u017ed\u00e9m dom\u011b jim vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1 vstup, tan\u010d\u00ed s obyvateli dom\u016f a p\u0159i zah\u00e1jen\u00ed obch\u016fzky \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 o jej\u00ed povolen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce spr\u00e1vy obce. Ke stabiln\u00edm znak\u016fm laufra pat\u0159\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad ku\u017eelovit\u00e1 \u010depice nebo r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy klobouk\u016f, p\u0159ep\u00e1s\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161erpou, odznak moci (h\u016fl, pr\u00e1vo) a signaliza\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj (bi\u010d, p\u00ed\u0161\u0165alka, trubka), kter\u00fdm oznamuje p\u0159\u00edtomnost ma\u0161kar nebo j\u00edm d\u00e1v\u00e1 ma\u0161kar\u00e1m pokyny, nap\u0159. pr\u00e1sk\u00e1n\u00edm bi\u010dem na dvo\u0159e domu oznamuje p\u0159\u00edchod pr\u016fvodu. S obyvateli dom\u016f tan\u010d\u00ed krom\u011b laufra dal\u0161\u00ed stabiln\u00ed postavy: dv\u011b tane\u010dnice a d\u00e1le turci, jejich\u017e kost\u00fdmy jsou v\u00fdraznou stylizac\u00ed historick\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch uniforem.<\/p>\n

Obvykl\u00e9 ma\u0161kary masopustn\u00ed d\u00e1le jsou: medv\u011bd obalen\u00fd hrachovinou, s ocasem z pov\u0159\u00edsel, \u0161pi\u010datou \u010depic\u00ed ze sl\u00e1my; \u010dert v \u010dern\u00fdch kalhot\u00e1ch, s obr\u00e1cen\u00fdm kab\u00e1tem, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ov\u010d\u00edm ko\u017eichem, vzadu p\u0159ipevn\u011bn kus koz\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee i s ocasem, barvu na tv\u00e1\u0159i a rohy z kr\u00e1vy, v ruce vidle; \u017eid m\u00e1 obr\u00e1cen\u00fd ko\u017eich, larvu s velik\u00fdm nosem, p\u0159es z\u00e1da pytel s hadry, jim\u017e ml\u00e1t\u00ed lidi; komin\u00edk \u010dern\u011b oble\u010den\u00fd, bos, jen v pantofl\u00edch a b\u00edl\u00fdch pun\u010doch\u00e1ch, na hlav\u011b na babku uv\u00e1zan\u00fd b\u00edl\u00fd \u0161\u00e1tek; mu\u017e, jen\u017e si zapisuje do kn\u00ed\u017eky; \u017eebr\u00e1k a \u017eebra\u010dka s klukem; medv\u011bd\u00e1\u0159, jen\u017e nese hrnec nebo plech\u00e1\u010d na \u0159et\u00edzku na ruce, s hol\u00ed; jin\u00e1 ma\u0161kara s bezednou n\u016f\u0161\u00ed a za\u010dern\u011bn\u00fdm obli\u010dejem a maska kobyly. Kost\u00fdmy po\u0161it\u00e9 \u00fatr\u017eky l\u00e1tek \u010di barevn\u00e9ho pap\u00edru a ku\u017eelovit\u00e9 \u010depice jsou p\u0159\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e9 tak\u00e9 pro tzv. \u0161a\u0161ky nebo rybn\u00edk\u00e1\u0159e.<\/p>\n

Do masopustn\u00edho pr\u016fvodu se postupn\u011b dostaly i masky poh\u00e1dkov\u00e9: vodn\u00edk, jezinky, v\u00edly, i masky zn\u00e1m\u00fdch m\u00edstn\u00edch osobnost\u00ed. \u00dalohou v\u0161ech bylo d\u011blati \u0161pr\u00fdmy, vtipy a baviti obecenstvo. \u017derty ov\u0161em byly \u010dasto obhroubl\u00e9. Pometa\u010dka vnikla do sv\u011btnice a d\u011blala m\u00edsto pro ma\u0161kary. Z\u00e1dy tla\u010dila lidi a kolem sebe zametala. Komin\u00edk vykl\u00edzel trouby; co na\u0161el, sebral. \u010cernil d\u011bti a holky. \u017did sebral na z\u00e1pra\u017e\u00ed chomout nebo n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho a prod\u00e1val to hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm. D\u011bv\u010dat\u016fm a \u017een\u00e1m prod\u00e1val tkanice a kalouny. Po\u0159\u00e1d m\u011b\u0159il jeden kus a nedom\u011b\u0159il. Pak dal konec podr\u017eeti a sna\u017eil se ust\u0159ihnout jej d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdmi n\u016f\u017ekami, ale m\u00edsto kalounu st\u0159\u00edhal holk\u00e1m do rukou. Medv\u011bd navyv\u00e1d\u011bl se mnoho bujnost\u00ed, mru\u010del, sk\u00e1kal a vr\u00e1\u017eel do lid\u00ed. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed obch\u016fzek je zp\u011bv, tanec masek u ka\u017ed\u00e9ho domu a nezbytn\u00e9 poho\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (tekut\u00e9 i tuh\u00e9), vyn\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 ma\u0161kar\u00e1m i div\u00e1k\u016fm z jednotliv\u00fdch dom\u016f do dvora i na ulici.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br obch\u016fzky je spojen se symbolick\u00fdm odsouzen\u00edm a usmrcen\u00edm masky kohouta a komin\u00edka a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 o\u017eiven\u00ed, co\u017e m\u00e1 znamenat odhozen\u00ed v\u0161eho \u0161patn\u00e9ho v obci a radostn\u00fd za\u010d\u00e1tek v nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm roce. Na z\u00e1v\u011br n\u00e1sleduje tanec masek a ve\u010der v s\u00e1le tane\u010dn\u00ed veselice pro celou vesnici. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ude kon\u010dila masopustn\u00ed z\u00e1bava p\u0159esn\u011b o p\u016flnoci. Tehdy zatroubil ponocn\u00fd na roh a rycht\u00e1\u0159 \u010di n\u011bkdo z radn\u00edch v\u0161echny vyzval, aby se v klidu roze\u0161li dom\u016f, proto\u017ee nastala st\u0159eda a s n\u00ed p\u0159edvelikono\u010dn\u00ed p\u016fst. N\u011bkde zakon\u010dili o p\u016flnoci muziku “pochov\u00e1n\u00edm basy” (symbol toho, \u017ee v postu si hudebn\u00edci nezahraj\u00ed), jinde o p\u016flnoci pochov\u00e1vali Baccha. Lid\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee pokud budou o masopustu tancovat p\u0159es p\u016flnoc, objev\u00ed se mezi nimi \u010f\u00e1bel, \u010dasto jako cizinec v zelen\u00e9m kab\u00e1t\u011b.<\/p>\n

Zdroj:<\/strong> Z\u00edbrt, \u010cen\u011bk: Vesel\u00e9 chv\u00edle v \u017eivot\u011b lidu \u010desk\u00e9ho. 1950 Heimatbote, 1986, \u010d. 9, s. 8 Josef Bernklau, autor p\u0159eklad\u016f a \u010desk\u00fdch text\u016f Jan Mare\u0161, Jiho\u010desk\u00e1 v\u011bdeck\u00e1 knihovna v \u010cesk\u00fdch Bud\u011bjovic\u00edch<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Z cyklu Star\u00e1 \u0160umava)<\/p>\n

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