{"id":182217,"date":"2020-01-15T13:11:19","date_gmt":"2020-01-15T12:11:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=182217"},"modified":"2020-01-21T13:04:03","modified_gmt":"2020-01-21T12:04:03","slug":"astronomicky-ustav-mimoradne-jasny-bolid-z-5-ledna-2020-nad-nemeckem-a-polskem-podrobne-zachyceny-ceskou-casti-evropske-bolidove-site","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=182217","title":{"rendered":"ASTRONOMICK\u00dd \u00daSTAV AKADEMIE V\u011aD \u010cR: Mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b jasn\u00fd bolid z 5. ledna 2020 nad N\u011bmeckem a Polskem podrobn\u011b zachycen\u00fd \u010ceskou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 bolidov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

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V \u010dasn\u00fdch rann\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch kr\u00e1tce po \u010dtvrt\u00e9 hodin\u011b v ned\u011bli 5. ledna 2020 upoutal pozornost mnoha n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch sv\u011bdk\u016f nejen na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR, ale i v sousedn\u00edch zem\u00edch, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Polsku a ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti N\u011bmecka, velmi jasn\u00fd bolid. Z na\u0161eho \u00fazem\u00ed, z m\u00edst, kde v tu dobu bylo aspo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b jasno, byl vid\u011bt relativn\u011b n\u00edzko na severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti oblohy. Jednalo se o tak mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b jasn\u00fd \u00fakaz, \u017ee v jeho nejjasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti osv\u011btlil krajinu a vzbudil tedy i velk\u00fd medi\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1jem. Za zaslan\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bkujeme a zde pod\u00e1v\u00e1me vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, co tento \u00fakaz zp\u016fsobilo.<\/h6>\n

\"\"Z hlediska pops\u00e1n\u00ed a objasn\u011bn\u00ed tohoto vz\u00e1cn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho \u00fakazu je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, \u017ee byl zaznamen\u00e1n na\u0161imi p\u0159\u00edstroji, kter\u00e9 jsou pro tento \u00fa\u010del ur\u010den\u00e9 a jsou um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 na 19 stanic\u00edch Evropsk\u00e9 bolidov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e9 le\u017e\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky (14), ale tak\u00e9 na Slovensku (3), v Rakousku (1) a v N\u011bmecku (1). Jeliko\u017e bolid let\u011bl severn\u011b od na\u0161\u00ed republiky (viz obr\u00e1zek 1, bolid je ozna\u010den \u017elutou \u0161ipkou) a v dob\u011b jeho p\u0159eletu bylo jasno jen na n\u011bkter\u00fdch stanic\u00edch, tak m\u00e1me optick\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy celkem z osmi stanic le\u017e\u00edc\u00edch na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR a po jedn\u00e9 z Rakouska a Slovenska. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1znamy jsou ze stanic z \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky, kter\u00e9 byly k bolidu nejbl\u00ed\u017ee a kter\u00e9 byly pou\u017eity pro ve\u0161ker\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dty. D\u00edky t\u011bmto z\u00e1znam\u016fm bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 velmi podrobn\u011b a p\u0159esn\u011b popsat jak atmosf\u00e9rickou dr\u00e1hu tohoto meziplanet\u00e1rn\u00edho t\u011blesa, tak i jeho p\u0159edchoz\u00ed dr\u00e1hu ve Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b jako\u017e i p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bt, kam mohly dopadnout jeho \u00falomky, kter\u00e9 p\u0159e\u010dkaly pr\u016flet atmosf\u00e9rou.<\/p>\n

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Obr\u00e1zek 1: Pr\u016fm\u011bt dr\u00e1hy bolidu EN050120_030159 na zemsk\u00fd povrch. Poloha v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho zjasn\u011bn\u00ed bolidu je vyzna\u010dena kole\u010dkem pobl\u00ed\u017e konce. (foto: Google\/Astronomick\u00fd \u00fastav AV \u010cR).<\/em><\/p>\n

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Tento bolid byl velmi dob\u0159e fotograficky zachycen automatick\u00fdmi digit\u00e1ln\u00edmi celooblohov\u00fdmi bolidov\u00fdmi kamerami (DBK) na stanic\u00edch Ond\u0159ejov, Kocelovice, Kucha\u0159ovice, Svratouch, Chur\u00e1\u0148ov, P\u0159imda, Vesel\u00ed nad Moravou a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b i \u010cerven\u00e1 hora, kde bohu\u017eel v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st bolidu byla zakryta mraky. Krom\u011b toho m\u00e1me sn\u00edmky i ze vzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stanice Martinsberg v Rakousku a Rimavsk\u00e1 Sobota na Slovensku. Tyto stanice jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 bolidov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e1 pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy a jej\u00ed\u017e centrum je v Astronomick\u00e9m \u00fastavu Akademie v\u011bd \u010cR v Ond\u0159ejov\u011b.<\/p>\n

Na p\u0159ilo\u017een\u00e9m obr\u00e1zku (obr\u00e1zek 2) je pohled na celou sv\u011btelnou dr\u00e1hu bolidu, jak ho zaznamenala digit\u00e1ln\u00ed automatick\u00e1 bolidov\u00e1 kamera um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e1 na stanici \u010cesk\u00e9ho hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu v Kocelovic\u00edch nedaleko Blatn\u00e9 v JZ \u010cech\u00e1ch. Bolid zde let\u011bl relativn\u011b n\u00edzko nad severn\u00edm a\u017e severov\u00fdchodn\u00edm obzorem, za\u010dal slab\u011b sv\u00edtit v souhv\u011bzd\u00ed Kefea a po letu dlouh\u00e9m t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 9 sekund pohasl v souhv\u011bzd\u00ed Labut\u011b. Jedn\u00e1 se o v\u00fd\u0159ez z celooblohov\u00e9ho sn\u00edmku, p\u0159eru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00e9 stopy je zp\u016fsobeno elektronick\u00fdm sektorem, kter\u00fd slou\u017e\u00ed k ur\u010den\u00ed rychlosti bolidu v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e.<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b fotografick\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f m\u00e1me z n\u011bkter\u00fdch stanic i vlastn\u00ed videoz\u00e1znamy. P\u0159esn\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh sv\u00edcen\u00ed tohoto jasn\u00e9ho bolidu s vysok\u00fdm \u010dasov\u00fdm rozli\u0161en\u00edm 5 000 vzork\u016f za sekundu byl nav\u00edc zaznamen\u00e1n na v\u0161ech stanic\u00edch s\u00edt\u011b (tedy i na t\u011bch, kde bylo v tu dobu zata\u017eeno) citliv\u00fdm fotometrem, kter\u00fd je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 DBK a kter\u00fd krom\u011b ur\u010den\u00ed jasnosti bolidu slou\u017e\u00ed i k detailn\u00edmu popisu jeho fragmentace v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e. P\u0159\u00edmo viditelnou fragmentaci t\u011blesa m\u00e1me zachycenou i rychlonav\u00e1d\u011bc\u00edm syst\u00e9mem z Ond\u0159ejova a velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi pro komplexn\u00ed popis tohoto mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho \u00fakazu jsou i fotografick\u00e9 a video z\u00e1znamy jeho spektra. To slou\u017e\u00ed k ur\u010den\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edho t\u011blesa. Ze v\u0161ech t\u011bchto z\u00e1znam\u016f jsme tedy ur\u010dili v\u0161echny parametry pr\u016fletu tohoto zaj\u00edmav\u00e9ho bolidu s vysokou p\u0159esnost\u00ed a spolehlivost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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Obr\u00e1zek 2. V\u00fd\u0159ez z celooblohov\u00e9ho sn\u00edmku bolidu EN050120_030159 po\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd automatickou digit\u00e1ln\u00ed bolidovou kamerou na stanici \u010cHM\u00da v Kocelovic\u00edch. P\u0159eru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00e9 stopy bolidu (16kr\u00e1t za sekundu) je zp\u016fsobeno elektronickou clonou a umo\u017e\u0148uje n\u00e1m ur\u010dit rychlost bolidu a jej\u00ed zm\u011bnu (br\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed) po cel\u00e9 jeho sv\u011bteln\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e. (foto: Astronomick\u00fd \u00fastav AV \u010cR).<\/em><\/p>\n

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Co se tedy p\u0159esn\u011b odehr\u00e1lo \u010dasn\u011b r\u00e1no v ned\u011bli 5. ledna severn\u011b od na\u0161eho \u00fazem\u00ed?<\/h6>\n

P\u0159esn\u011b ve 4 hodiny 1 minutu a 59 sekund st\u0159edoevropsk\u00e9ho \u010dasu vstoupil do zemsk\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9ry v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u00falomek meziplanet\u00e1rn\u00ed hmoty, tzv. meteoroid, o hmotnosti n\u011bkolik set kilogram\u016f. Proto\u017ee se jednalo o pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e9 a tak\u00e9 docela soudr\u017en\u00e9 t\u011bleso, kter\u00e9 vstoupilo do atmosf\u00e9ry pod relativn\u011b mal\u00fdm \u00fahlem, kter\u00fd byl v pr\u016fm\u011bru 27 stup\u0148\u016f a i s men\u0161\u00ed vstupn\u00ed rychlost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 byla necel\u00fdch 17 km\/s, tak tento jev trval bezm\u00e1la 9 sekund a meteoroid p\u0159itom ulet\u011bl sv\u011btelnou dr\u00e1hu, kter\u00e1 byla 155 km dlouh\u00e1. To spolu s jeho velkou jasnost\u00ed byl tak\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed d\u016fvod, pro\u010d upoutal pozornost tak velk\u00e9ho po\u010dtu n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch pozorovatel\u016f.<\/p>\n

Tato sv\u011bteln\u00e1 dr\u00e1ha bolidu, jak je vid\u011bt na obr\u00e1zku 1, kde je jej\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011bt na zemsk\u00fd povrch, za\u010dala ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 97 km severn\u011b pobl\u00ed\u017e n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho m\u011bsta Cottbus a pokra\u010dovala do Polska, kde bolid nedaleko severn\u011b od m\u011bsta Glogow explodoval a brzy nato i pohasl ve v\u00fd\u0161ce necel\u00fdch 26 km nad zem\u00ed. V nejjasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1zi letu bolid dos\u00e1hl absolutn\u00ed jasnosti -17 magnitudy, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee jeho jasnost 100kr\u00e1t p\u0159ev\u00fd\u0161ila jasnost M\u011bs\u00edce v \u00fapl\u0148ku. Takto mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b jasn\u00fd bolid, kter\u00fd nakr\u00e1tko i osv\u00edt\u00ed okoln\u00ed krajinu, je velmi vz\u00e1cn\u00fd a z na\u0161ich dlouhodob\u00fdch zku\u0161enost\u00ed vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee \u010detnost takto jasn\u00fdch bolid\u016f nad \u00fazem\u00edm st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy nen\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v pr\u016fm\u011bru jednou za n\u011bkolik let. V okam\u017eiku, kdy t\u011bleso p\u0159ekro\u010dilo mez pevnosti a explodovalo, se uvolnilo velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed jeho hmoty. Ta byla z \u010d\u00e1sti vyz\u00e1\u0159ena, co\u017e zp\u016fsobilo pozorovan\u00e9 velk\u00e9 zjasn\u011bn\u00ed bolidu, a z \u010d\u00e1sti v podob\u011b mal\u00fdch, \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b gramov\u00fdch, maxim\u00e1ln\u011b a\u017e desetigramov\u00fdch meteorit\u016f, mohla ve velk\u00e9m po\u010dtu dopadnout na zemsk\u00fd povrch. Jen nepatrn\u00fd zlomek p\u016fvodn\u00ed hmoty p\u0159e\u010dkal tento dramatick\u00fd rozpad t\u011blesa a pokra\u010doval je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik kilometr\u016f, ne\u017e \u00fapln\u011b pohasl.<\/p>\n

Podle na\u0161ich v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt tento nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed meteorit hmotnost kolem p\u016fl kilogramu a jednotky men\u0161\u00edch \u00falomk\u016f \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b deseti a\u017e stogramov\u00fdch se mohou nal\u00e9zat je\u0161t\u011b mezi oblast\u00ed mal\u00fdch gramov\u00fdch meteorit\u016f a hlavn\u00edm kusem. Schematicky je tato p\u00e1dov\u00e1 oblast vyzna\u010dena na obr\u00e1zku 3. Jej\u00ed polohu a tvar zna\u010dn\u011b ovlivnilo velmi siln\u00e9 proud\u011bn\u00ed ve vysok\u00fdch vrstv\u00e1ch atmosf\u00e9ry, kter\u00e9 bylo p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ze severn\u00edho sm\u011bru, tedy prakticky kolmo na sm\u011br letu bolidu. P\u00e1dov\u00e1 oblast je tedy posunuta zna\u010dn\u011b k jihu a tento posun v\u00fdrazn\u011b vzr\u016fst\u00e1 se zmen\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se hmotnost\u00ed meteorit\u016f. Proto m\u00e1 p\u00e1dov\u00e1 oblast takto neobvykl\u00fd tvar. Nav\u00edc je zna\u010dn\u011b velk\u00e1, co\u017e je d\u00e1no nejistotou v ur\u010den\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9ho profilu proud\u011bn\u00ed v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e pro dan\u00e9 m\u00edsto a \u010das, nezn\u00e1m\u00fdmi tvary meteorit\u016f a r\u016fzn\u00fdmi bo\u010dn\u00edmi rychlostmi, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobily rozptyl mal\u00fdch meteorit\u016f b\u011bhem v\u00fdbuchu meteoroidu.<\/p>\n

Jak je vid\u011bt z obr\u00e1zku 3, tato oblast le\u017e\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed Polska jihov\u00fdchodn\u011b od m\u011bsta Glogow. Vyzna\u010den\u00e1 oblast odpov\u00edd\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b jedn\u00e9 standardn\u00ed odchylce, tak\u017ee nen\u00ed vylou\u010den n\u00e1lez meteorit\u016f ani mimo ni. Mal\u00e9, gramov\u00e9 meteority by m\u011bly b\u00fdt v relativn\u011b velk\u00e9m po\u010dtu ve zv\u00fdrazn\u011bn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti na jihu, hlavn\u00ed kus na opa\u010dn\u00e9m konci sm\u011brem na severov\u00fdchod a mal\u00fd po\u010det st\u0159edn\u011b velk\u00fdch, \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b desetigramov\u00fdch meteorit\u016f mezi t\u011bmito dv\u011bma odd\u011blen\u00fdmi oblastmi. Skute\u010dnost se m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edrn\u011b li\u0161it, tedy hmotnostn\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt m\u00edrn\u011b prom\u00edch\u00e1no. Hled\u00e1n\u00ed meteorit\u016f za\u010dalo ji\u017e minul\u00fd t\u00fdden, ale bylo dosud ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9. Jak i n\u00e1\u0161 mal\u00fd t\u00fdm v ter\u00e9nu zjistil, bohu\u017eel jen velmi mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st p\u00e1dov\u00e9 oblasti je dob\u0159e systematicky prohledateln\u00e1. To spolu s mal\u00fdmi meteority a zna\u010dnou velikost\u00ed p\u00e1dov\u00e9 oblasti v\u00fdrazn\u011b sni\u017euje pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee se poda\u0159\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00fd meteorit z tohoto p\u00e1du nal\u00e9zt.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ed sr\u00e1\u017ekou se Zem\u00ed tento meteoroid ob\u00edhal Slunce po eliptick\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze jen velmi m\u00e1lo sklon\u011bn\u00e9 k ekliptice, tedy rovin\u011b dr\u00e1hy Zem\u011b kolem Slunce. V p\u0159\u00edslun\u00ed se pohyboval mezi drahami Zem\u011b a Venu\u0161e, nejd\u00e1le od Slunce se dostal prakticky do st\u0159edu p\u00e1su planetek, tedy do oblasti le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed mezi drahami planet Mars a Jupiter. Jeden jeho ob\u011bh kolem Slunce mu trval necel\u00e9 3 roky. Jak tedy vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z t\u00e9to heliocentrick\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy, jednalo se o mal\u00fd \u00falomek asteroidu poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ze st\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti hlavn\u00edho p\u00e1su planetek.<\/p>\n

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Obr\u00e1zek 3. Schematick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed p\u00e1dov\u00e9 oblasti bolidu EN050120_030159. Mal\u00e9, \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b gramov\u00e9 meteority by m\u011bly b\u00fdt v ji\u017en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti (ohrani\u010deno hn\u011bd\u011b), hlavn\u00ed kus by m\u011bl le\u017eet v severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti vyzna\u010den\u00e9 oblasti (ohrani\u010deno \u017elut\u011b) – (autor: Google\/Astronomick\u00fd \u00fastav AV \u010cR). Pozn\u00e1mka: kruhov\u00fd \u00fatvar vlevo nem\u00e1 s dopadovou oblast\u00ed meteorit\u016f nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho, jedn\u00e1 se o d\u016fl na m\u011b\u010f.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u011bkujeme Dr. Radmile Bro\u017ekov\u00e9 z \u010cesk\u00e9ho hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu za poskytnut\u00ed dat o v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9m v\u011btru.<\/p>\n

RNDr. Pavel SPURN\u00dd, CSc. a RNDr. Ji\u0159\u00ed BOROVI\u010cKA, CSc.,\u00a0 Astronomick\u00fd \u00fastav AV \u010cR<\/strong><\/p>\n

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