{"id":179721,"date":"2020-12-21T08:03:44","date_gmt":"2020-12-21T07:03:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=179721"},"modified":"2020-12-21T08:03:44","modified_gmt":"2020-12-21T07:03:44","slug":"stara-sumava-vystrihovani-jeslickovych-archu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=179721","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Vyst\u0159ihov\u00e1n\u00ed jesli\u010dkov\u00fdch arch\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Pap\u00edrov\u00e9 figurky podlepen\u00e1 a vyst\u0159\u00edhan\u00e9, obarven\u00e9 pestr\u00fdmi barvami byly mnohdy dom\u00e1c\u00ed v\u00fdroby, pon\u011bvad\u017e se \u0161et\u0159ilo ka\u017ed\u00fdm krejcarem. Betl\u00e9my stav\u011bly se bu\u010f ve sv\u011btnici na sk\u0159\u00edni, nebo na n\u011bjak\u00e9m stolku na pap\u00edrov\u00fdch skal\u00e1ch, na nich\u017e rostly bujn\u00e9 palmy.<\/h6>\n

Ve skaln\u00ed jeskyni byla svat\u00e1 rodina s ob\u011bma z bible zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi zv\u00ed\u0159\u00e1tky. Nad jeskyn\u00ed vzn\u00e1\u0161el se and\u011bl, nesouc\u00ed stuhu s n\u00e1pisem \u201eGloria in excelsis Deo\u201c. V pozad\u00ed orient\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bsto s minarety a fantastick\u00fdmi budovami a hradbami. Ze v\u0161ech stran posp\u00edchali pak k jeskyni past\u00fd\u0159i s ove\u010dkami a psy i lid\u00e9 v\u0161ech n\u00e1rod\u016f a zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed. I t\u0159i kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 z dalek\u00fdch zem\u00ed vedeni zlatou kometou p\u0159i\u0161li se poklonit novorozen\u00e9mu Spasiteli. Betl\u00e9m b\u00fdval osv\u011btlen malou olejovou lampi\u010dkou a bylo p\u00fdchou cel\u00e9 rodiny, kdy\u017e se soused\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0161li pod\u00edvati na tuto primitivn\u00ed kr\u00e1su, kter\u00e1 d\u011bti v \u00fa\u017eas uv\u00e1d\u011bla. Jinde stav\u011bly se betl\u00e9my do mechu, jen\u017e na podzim byl kladen do ok\u00e9nek chalup m\u00edsto pol\u0161t\u00e1\u0159\u016f \u201eaby net\u00e1hlo\u201c.<\/p>\n

Tradice ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch arch\u016f, ze kter\u00fdch se jesli\u010dky vyst\u0159ihovaly (a \u010dasto tak\u00e9 n\u00e1sledn\u011b podlepovaly p\u0159ekli\u017ekou), se k n\u00e1m dostala z N\u011bmecka. Jesli\u010dkov\u00e9 archy se v druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed inspirovaly v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00fdm, tzv. nazar\u00e9nsk\u00fdm stylem, jeho\u017e autorem byl p\u016fvodem \u010desk\u00fd mal\u00ed\u0159 Josef F\u00fchrich. \u0158ada vydavatel\u016f ale tento styl kop\u00edrovala neum\u011ble a v\u00fdsledek nebyl v\u017edy kvalitn\u00ed. Styl byl u n\u00e1s nav\u00edc nep\u016fvodn\u00ed, a tak \u010de\u0161t\u00ed tv\u016frci betl\u00e9m\u016f nezasazovali Narozen\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b do orient\u00e1ln\u00edch scen\u00e9ri\u00ed, ale do \u010desk\u00e9 krajiny, kter\u00e1 jim byla vlastn\u00ed. A nebyli by to \u010de\u0161t\u00ed podnikatel\u00e9, aby nezachytili rostouc\u00ed popt\u00e1vku po pap\u00edrov\u00fdch betl\u00e9mech.<\/p>\n

Na p\u0159elomu 18. a 19. stolet\u00ed byly ji\u017e v Praze pr\u016fmyslov\u011b ti\u0161t\u011bny vyst\u0159ihovac\u00ed betl\u00e9my, tzv. jesli\u010dkov\u00e9 archy. Tyto byly p\u016fvodn\u011b ti\u0161t\u011bny technikou m\u011bdirytu jako \u010dernob\u00edl\u00e9 a byly kolorov\u00e1ny ru\u010dn\u011b. Pozd\u011bji se jejich v\u00fdroba p\u0159esunula do litografick\u00fdch d\u00edlen, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1hy zvl\u00e1dly a barevn\u00fd tisk. V\u00fdtvarn\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 pap\u00edrov\u00fdch jesli\u010dkov\u00fdch arch\u016f byla kol\u00edsav\u00e1. Ur\u010dit\u00fdm jednot\u00edc\u00edm prvkem se stal n\u00e1vrh pap\u00edrov\u00e9ho betl\u00e9mu od v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9ho mal\u00ed\u0159e ze spolku Naraz\u00e9n\u016f Josefa F\u00fcricha. Ten pr\u00fd nakreslil na sedm set figurek, kter\u00e9 pak jeho n\u00e1sledn\u00edci kop\u00edrovali.<\/p>\n

Betl\u00e9my byly tak pln\u00e9 figurek osmansk\u00fdch Turk\u016f, jani\u010d\u00e1r\u016f na kon\u00edch, velbloudech a dokonce na slonech. Cel\u00e1 sc\u00e9nografie byla soust\u0159ed\u011bna kolem jeskyn\u011b pod polozbo\u0159en\u00fdm hradem kr\u00e1le Davida, s Josefem a Mari\u00ed skl\u00e1n\u011bj\u00edc\u00edmi se nad jesli\u010dkami s mal\u00fdm Jezul\u00e1tkem zabalen\u00fdm v plen\u011b. Nechyb\u00ed samoz\u0159ejm\u011b osl\u00edk a volek. K jeskyni sp\u011bch\u00e1 krom\u011b t\u0159ech kr\u00e1l\u016f z v\u00fdchodu i nes\u010detn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch postav v orient\u00e1ln\u00edch kost\u00fdmech. Nad jeskyn\u00ed nesm\u00ed chyb\u011bt kometa zvan\u00e1 “betl\u00e9msk\u00e1 hv\u011bzda” a mluv\u00edc\u00ed p\u00e1ska s n\u00e1pisem “Gloria in excelsis Deo”. Pap\u00edrov\u00fdch betl\u00e9m\u016f a jesli\u010dkov\u00fdch arch\u016f tohoto typu se ur\u010dit\u011b vyrobilo mo\u017en\u00e1 i n\u011bkolik milionu kus\u016f a je s podivem, \u017ee do dne\u0161n\u00edch dob se jich zachovalo tak m\u00e1lo.<\/p>\n

V na\u0161em prost\u0159ed\u00ed si v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 m\u00edsto mezi zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi betl\u00e9my d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdmi, \u017eelezn\u00fdmi, sklen\u011bn\u00fdmi nebo t\u011bstov\u00fdmi vydobyly betl\u00e9my z pap\u00edru, kter\u00e9 si mohl vyst\u0159ihnout prakticky kdokoliv, a kter\u00e9 byly dostupn\u00e9 pro svou finan\u010dn\u00ed nen\u00e1ro\u010dnost \u0161irok\u00fdm mas\u00e1m lid\u00ed. Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 betl\u00e9my p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v r\u00e1mci betl\u00e9m\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed velmi specifick\u00fd druh. Obecn\u011b jsou trochu podce\u0148ov\u00e1ny, proto\u017ee nevyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159edstavu um\u011bleck\u00e9ho p\u0159edm\u011btu jako nap\u0159. betl\u00e9my vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00e9 ze d\u0159eva \u010di ru\u010dn\u011b malovan\u00e9 na desk\u00e1ch \u010di kartonu.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00edm pokusem o \u010desk\u00fd ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd betl\u00e9m byly Nov\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 jesli\u010dky vydan\u00e9 V J. Chmel\u00ed\u010dkem v Plzni na p\u0159elomu 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed, podobn\u011b jako betl\u00e9m vydavatele J. Lorenze z T\u0159eb\u00ed\u010de. Z\u00e1sadn\u00edm p\u0159ed\u011blem bylo vyd\u00e1n\u00ed betl\u00e9mu M. Al\u0161e z roku 1902, kter\u00fd zapo\u010dal \u00e9ru kvalitn\u00edch autorsk\u00fdch p\u0159edloh, v nich\u017e pokra\u010dovali J. Kaplick\u00fd, J. Wenig, J. Lada, M. Fischerov\u00e1 Kv\u011bchov\u00e1 a dal\u0161\u00ed um\u011blci. Paraleln\u011b s nimi v\u0161ak vzkv\u00e9tala i produkce l\u00edbiv\u00fdch barvotiskov\u00fdch reli\u00e9fn\u011b tla\u010den\u00fdch betl\u00e9m\u016f \u010desk\u00e9 a n\u011bmeck\u00e9 provenience. Ve 30. letech pak nastal rozmach reklamn\u00edch betl\u00e9m\u016f, je\u017e jsou zcela typick\u00e9 pro \u010desk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed a jejich\u017e auto\u0159i zpravidla nejsou zn\u00e1mi; mezi dary p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdmi Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161kovi tak figuruj\u00ed v\u00fdrobky propaguj\u00edc\u00ed ur\u010ditou firmu.<\/p>\n

V pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m obdob\u00ed do\u0161lo z obecn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fdch politick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f k \u00fatlumu ve vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed betl\u00e9m\u016f, s v\u00fdjimkou kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed let 1968-1969. Jejich oblibu zvy\u0161ovalo i to, \u017ee se ve v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9m ztv\u00e1rn\u011bn\u00ed za\u010dala objevovat \u010deskomoravsk\u00e1 krajina, stavby vych\u00e1zely nikoliv z orient\u00e1ln\u00ed, ale m\u00edstn\u00ed lidov\u00e9 architektury, a postavy byly oble\u010deny do n\u00e1rodn\u00edch kroj\u016f. Takov\u00fd betl\u00e9m p\u0159ipravil t\u0159eba Josef Kaplick\u00fd v ji\u017en\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch nebo V\u00e1clav Chmel\u00ed\u010dek v Plzni.<\/p>\n

Nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyst\u0159ihovac\u00ed betl\u00e9my v\u0161ak p\u0159ipravili nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mal\u00ed\u0159i sv\u00e9 doby. Kdo by si nepamatoval na betl\u00e9m Mikol\u00e1\u0161e Al\u0161e, s des\u00edtkami figurek oble\u010den\u00fdch snad do v\u0161ech kroj\u016f od A\u0161e a\u017e po Podkarpatskou Rus. Nebo na jesli\u010dkov\u00fd arch Marie Fischerov\u00e9-Kv\u011bchov\u00e9, kter\u00fd byl dopln\u011bn i o Kecala z Prodan\u00e9 nev\u011bsty a \u010desk\u00e9ho Ka\u0161p\u00e1rka. Civiln\u011b obl\u00e9kl sv\u00e9 figurky i Josef Lada a um\u00edstil sv\u016fj betl\u00e9m do okol\u00ed sv\u00fdch rodn\u00fdch Hrusic. Josef Wenig se zase inspiroval velk\u00fdmi postavami na\u0161ich n\u00e1rodn\u00edch d\u011bjin a mezi klan\u011bj\u00edc\u00edmi se kr\u00e1li pozn\u00e1me i Ji\u0159\u00edka z Pod\u011bbrad.<\/p>\n

Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 pap\u00edrov\u00e9 vyst\u0159ihovac\u00ed betl\u00e9my vznikaly v na\u0161ich zem\u00edch od konce 18. stolet\u00ed, v\u011bt\u0161ina z nich ale n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed stolet\u00ed devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9mu a prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed. Tyto betl\u00e9my znamenaly v betlem\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed skute\u010dnou revoluci. Jednoduchost v\u00fdroby a s n\u00ed spojen\u00e1 pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e1 cena p\u0159isp\u011bly k jejich masov\u00e9mu roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed. Pap\u00edrov\u00fd vyst\u0159ihovac\u00ed betl\u00e9m jist\u011b vid\u011bl ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s, mnoz\u00ed jej sami vlastn\u00ed. Auto\u0159i t\u011bchto betl\u00e9m\u016f jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou nezn\u00e1m\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed mezi pap\u00edrov\u00fdmi vyst\u0159ihovac\u00edmi betl\u00e9my maj\u00ed betl\u00e9my reklamn\u00ed. V nich v\u017edy alespo\u0148 n\u011bkter\u00e9 postavy nesou narozen\u00e9mu bo\u017e\u00edmu d\u011b\u0165\u00e1tku dary, kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1zej\u00ed od inzeruj\u00edc\u00edch firem: tu k\u00e1va z kol\u00ednsk\u00e9 \u017eitovky, tu cikorka z Brand\u00fdsa nebo p\u016flkilov\u00e9 balen\u00ed j\u00e1drov\u00e9ho m\u00fddla zna\u010dky ESO z Rakovn\u00edka \u2013 hmm\u2026 Santa s kolou v ruce se v t\u00e9to dob\u011b v\u00fdletu do Betl\u00e9ma je\u0161t\u011b ne\u00fa\u010dastnil. Tato z\u00e1le\u017eitost je podle betlem\u00e1\u0159\u016f prvkem nav\u00fdsost \u010desk\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

I v zahrani\u010dn\u00edch reklam\u00e1ch se sice v t\u00e9to dob\u011b objevuj\u00ed v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed motivy, nikdy ale nejde skupina gratulant\u016f za Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161em do Betl\u00e9ma s krabic\u00ed \u017eitovky v ruce, nikde z\u00e1rove\u0148 nad jesli\u010dkami nez\u00e1\u0159\u00ed m\u00edsto Gloria in excelsis Deo brut\u00e1ln\u00ed reklamn\u00ed slogan typu Kol\u00ednsk\u00e1 cikorka v\u00edt\u011bz\u00ed jakost\u00ed! Tak\u017ee a\u017e zase usly\u0161\u00edte o dne\u0161n\u00ed komercializaci V\u00e1noc, o ztr\u00e1t\u011b jejich p\u016fvodn\u00edho v\u00fdznamu, pomyslete si svoje. U\u017e v dob\u00e1ch na\u0161ich d\u011bde\u010dk\u016f byly V\u00e1noce tak\u00e9 komer\u010dn\u00edm trh\u00e1kem, pr\u00e1v\u011b jejich kouzlo m\u011blo p\u0159it\u00e1hnout i nov\u00e9 z\u00e1kazn\u00edky. Sklon sn\u00e1\u0161et nechutnosti reklamy jsme zd\u011bdili evidentn\u011b u\u017e po na\u0161ich p\u0159edc\u00edch. A\u0165 u\u017e m\u00e1te pod v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edm strome\u010dkem betl\u00e9m jak\u00fdkoli, p\u0159ejeme v\u00e1m, abyste se v jeho bl\u00edzkosti v\u017edy c\u00edtili spokojeni a \u0161\u0165astni. A pokud v n\u011bm n\u00e1padn\u011b sch\u00e1zej\u00ed smr\u010dky a borovi\u010dky, tak si je tam klidn\u011b sami domalujte \u2013 a\u0165 \u017eij\u00ed prav\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 V\u00e1noce!<\/p>\n

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Zdroj: Putov\u00e1n\u00ed za hv\u011bzdou betl\u00e9mskou – Pra\u017esk\u00e9 jesli\u010dky, betl\u00e9m, Wenig, vyst\u0159ihovac\u00ed archy,<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Z cyklu Star\u00e1 \u0160umava)<\/em><\/p>\n

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  Pap\u00edrov\u00e9 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":211420,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/21\/r\u00e1me\u010dek-star\u00e1-\u0161umava.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/179721"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=179721"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/179721\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":211421,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/179721\/revisions\/211421"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/211420"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=179721"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=179721"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=179721"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}