{"id":178190,"date":"2023-11-28T21:53:16","date_gmt":"2023-11-28T20:53:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=178190"},"modified":"2023-11-28T21:53:16","modified_gmt":"2023-11-28T20:53:16","slug":"stara-sumava-svatoondrejska-noc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=178190","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Svatoond\u0159ejsk\u00e1 noc"},"content":{"rendered":"

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A \u010demu vlastn\u011b svatoond\u0159ejsk\u00e1 noc vd\u011b\u010d\u00ed za takovou sl\u00e1vu? S nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed to m\u011blo n\u011bco spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s kultem d\u00e9mon\u016f poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edho je\u0161t\u011b z pohansk\u00fdch \u010das\u016f. Tito d\u00e9moni podle star\u00fdch legend pr\u00e1v\u011b 30. listopadu vych\u00e1zeli z hlubin zem\u011b, prov\u00e1d\u011bli reje a t\u00edm otev\u00edrali br\u00e1nu studen\u00e9mu a krut\u00e9mu bo\u017estvu zimy a mrazu.<\/h6>\n

Lidov\u00e9 zvyky a tradice, kter\u00e9 se vyv\u00edjely n\u011bkolik stalet\u00ed, u\u017e tak\u0159ka vymizely. P\u0159es k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 zasv\u011bcen\u00ed se v tradi\u010dn\u00edch zvyc\u00edch den svat\u00e9ho Ond\u0159eje nehl\u00e1s\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 ke sv\u011btcovu odkazu, ale v\u00e1\u017ee se sp\u00ed\u0161e na star\u00e9 pohansk\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly spojen\u00e9 s p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm rozhran\u00edm, kdy u n\u00e1s za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 zimn\u00ed obdob\u00ed. Zamrzaj\u00ed vody, povrch zem\u011b se mrazem uzav\u00edr\u00e1, zapad\u00e1 sn\u011bhem a odd\u011bluje se na\u010das od lid\u00ed. Okoln\u00ed krajina se hal\u00ed do ml\u017en\u00e9ho oparu a dny jsou nejkrat\u0161\u00ed v roce.<\/p>\n

Na sv\u00e1tek sv. Ond\u0159eje bylo na \u0160umav\u011b zvykem “d’ Wulfen ablassen” ( “vyhn\u00e1n\u011bt vlka”). Jakmile se setm\u011blo, shrom\u00e1\u017edili se ml\u00e1denci ozbrojen\u00ed holemi, klacky a bi\u010di na n\u00e1vsi a za\u010dali tam hlu\u010det, r\u00e1musit a k\u0159i\u010det, pr\u00e1skat bi\u010di a tlouci v\u0161\u00edm, co m\u011bli v rukou, tak d\u016fkladn\u011b, aby vlk\u016fm za\u0161la v\u0161echna chu\u0165 vkr\u00e1st se snad kdy do osady. Zvon\u00ed obrovsk\u00fdmi zvony a p\u016fsob\u00ed tak ohlu\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed r\u00e1mus. Zah\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed vlk\u016f je d\u016fkazem st\u00e1le \u017eiv\u00fdch zvyklost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 podle pov\u011bsti slou\u017eit jako obrana proti d\u00e9mon\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Ond\u0159ejsk\u00e9 zvyky proto \u010dasto pracuj\u00ed s touto p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed tematikou \u2013 \u010daruje se s vodou, \u010din\u00ed se dotazy strom\u016fm a cel\u00e9 okoln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b. Den svat\u00e9ho Ond\u0159eje byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jeden ze \u010dty\u0159 nej\u010darovn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch dn\u016f v roce. Vedle Velk\u00e9ho p\u00e1tku, Svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9 noci a \u0160t\u011bdr\u00e9ho dne, byla Svatoond\u0159ejsk\u00e1 noc ta \u010darod\u011bjn\u011b nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. P\u016fvod t\u00e9to skute\u010dnosti je v\u0161ak nejasn\u00fd, proto\u017ee p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh mu\u010dedn\u00edka Ond\u0159eje nem\u00e1 s \u010darov\u00e1n\u00edm a v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm, pokud v\u00edme, nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b o svatoodn\u0159ejsk\u00e9 noci, m\u011bli lid\u00e9 mo\u017enost zjistit, jak\u00e1 bude jejich budoucnost. Pro takov\u00e9 informace si v\u0161ak zv\u011bdavci museli doj\u00edt k babce ko\u0159en\u00e1\u0159ce nebo k obecn\u00edmu past\u00fd\u0159ovi. Ti vzali \u010dty\u0159i hrne\u010dky, p\u0159eklopili je dnem vzh\u016fru na d\u0159ev\u011bnou desku. Pod ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich byla pak polo\u017een\u00e1 jedna z \u201ekouzeln\u00fdch\u201c v\u011bc\u00ed. A jak\u00e9 \u017ee v\u011bci to konkr\u00e9tn\u011b byly? \u0160lo o hrst hl\u00edny ze h\u0159bitova, kus \u010derstv\u011b upe\u010den\u00e9ho chleba, h\u0159eben a prsten. \u0158ada z v\u00e1s u\u017e mo\u017en\u00e1 tu\u0161\u00ed, co kter\u00e1 v\u011bc znamenala, ale p\u0159ece jenom o tom nap\u00ed\u0161u. Tak tedy nejhrozn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bylo, kdy\u017e se pod hrne\u010dkem, kter\u00fd si dan\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk vybral, skr\u00fdvala hl\u00edna. V\u011b\u0161tilo to toti\u017e smrt a zk\u00e1zu. Ten, kdo si vyt\u00e1hl h\u0159eben, tak\u00e9 nebyl nad\u0161en\u00fd, proto\u017ee mohl o\u010dek\u00e1vat nemoc. Zato kus chleba byl p\u0159\u00edslibem majetku a \u017eivota v dostatku. No a prsten, ten pochopiteln\u011b p\u0159edpov\u00eddal svatbu. V\u0161echno se m\u011blo splnit do roka.<\/p>\n

Pro dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011b\u0161tbu musela d\u00edvka p\u0159ij\u00edt o p\u016flnoci ke kurn\u00edku a zaklepat na n\u011bj \u2013 pokud se j\u00ed jako prvn\u00ed ozval kohout, znamenalo to, \u017ee do roka se m\u016f\u017ee t\u011b\u0161it na svatbu, pokud slepice, v\u011b\u0161tilo to, \u017ee bude muset p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed rok p\u0159ij\u00edt znovu a \u0159\u00edkaj\u00edc p\u0159itom: \u201eKohoutku, kohoutku, zakokrhej. Mu\u017ee-li dostanu, v\u011bd\u011bt mi dej. Slepi\u010dky vy nechte kokot\u00e1n\u00ed, nekazte mi, nekazte vd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.\u201c Kdy\u017e se pak, tak\u00e9 o p\u016flnoci, pod\u00edvala na hladinu vody, m\u011bl se j\u00ed tam uk\u00e1zat obraz jej\u00edho vyvolen\u00e9ho \u017eenicha. Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed bylo napsat si na pap\u00edrky jm\u00e9na n\u011bkolika ml\u00e1denc\u016f, vlo\u017eit si je pod pol\u0161t\u00e1\u0159 a r\u00e1no jeden vyt\u00e1hnout \u2013 tak se d\u00edvka dov\u011bd\u011bla jm\u00e9no sv\u00e9ho nast\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho. N\u011bkdy si zas mlad\u00e9 \u017eeny v tuto noc pokl\u00e1daly pod sebe do postele mu\u017esk\u00e9 kalhoty \u2013 pak se jim m\u011bl ve snu uk\u00e1zat ten, kter\u00fd jim je souzen\u00fd!<\/p>\n

Ne v\u0161echny \u010d\u00e1ry a v\u011b\u0161tby se prov\u00e1d\u011bly o samot\u011b \u2013 n\u011bkter\u00e9 byly pro d\u011bv\u010data spole\u010denskou ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a ur\u010dit\u011b se p\u0159i nich tak\u00e9 dob\u0159e pobavily. Nap\u0159\u00edklad mohla ka\u017ed\u00e1 z nich d\u00e1t na lopatu kousek chleba \u2013 k lopat\u011b pak pustily psa, a \u010d\u00ed kousek si vzal jako prvn\u00ed, ta d\u00edvka se m\u011bla st\u00e1t nejd\u0159\u00edv nev\u011bstou. V \u010cech\u00e1ch bylo tak\u00e9 obl\u00edben\u00e9 jedno celkem drastick\u00e9 \u010darov\u00e1n\u00ed. Chytila se \u017e\u00e1ba, namazala medem a zahrabala se do lesn\u00edho mraveni\u0161t\u011b. Z kosti\u010dek, pozd\u011bji vyhraban\u00fdch, se \u010darovalo. Rozemlet\u00e9 k\u016fstky ve tvaru h\u00e1\u010dku slou\u017eily k p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b n\u00e1poj\u016f l\u00e1sky, zat\u00edmco k\u016fstky ve tvaru lopatky, rozemlet\u00e9 a zape\u010den\u00e9 v kol\u00e1\u010di, se pod\u00e1valy necht\u011bn\u00fdm n\u00e1padn\u00edk\u016fm. \u010celist ropuchy chr\u00e1nila p\u0159ed u\u0159knut\u00edm neboli p\u0159ed ob\u00e1vanou kletbou \u201ezl\u00fdch o\u010d\u00ed\u201c. \u010celist se za\u0161\u00edvala do hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9ho pytl\u00ed\u010dku a nosila se jako tajn\u00fd amulet na srdci. Krom\u011b olova se pod pol\u0161t\u00e1\u0159 kladly \u010darovn\u00e9 byliny a p\u0159edpov\u00eddaly se vdavky z rozkvetl\u00fdch t\u0159e\u0161\u0148ov\u00fdch v\u011btvi\u010dek, podobn\u011b jako na svatou Barboru.<\/p>\n

Typick\u00e9 pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 zvyky byla i nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00edkadla. Uve\u010fme p\u0159\u00edklad, kdy d\u00edvka si stoupla na postel \u0159\u00edkaj\u00edc: \u201ePost\u00fdlko, post\u00fdlko, \u0161lapu na t\u011b, svat\u00e9 Ond\u0159ejku, pros\u00edm t\u011b: d\u00e9 mn\u011b t\u00e9to noci vid\u011bti, co je m\u00fdmu srdcu n\u00e9milej\u0161\u00ed.\u201c nebo tak\u00e9, kdy\u017e pacholek vzal d\u011bv\u010de na z\u00e1da, p\u0159inesl ji ke chl\u00e9vu a p\u0159i tlu\u010den\u00ed na dve\u0159e volal: \u201eMil\u00e1 plemenico, pov\u00ed\u0161 n\u00e1m n\u011bco; p\u0159inesl jsem d\u00edvku ke tvojemu chl\u00edvku, kolik d\u00e1\u0161 rochot\u016f, za toli se vd\u00e1 rok\u016f!\u201c Obdobn\u00e9 to bylo i p\u0159i t\u0159esen\u00ed s plotem, kdy d\u00edvky p\u0159i t\u0159esen\u00ed plotu hovo\u0159ily: \u201eSvat\u00fd Ond\u0159eju, j\u00e1 tob\u011b plotem chv\u011bju, abys mi pov\u011bd\u011bl, kter\u00e9ho dostanu\u201c, zat\u00edmco mlad\u00edci t\u0159esouc\u00ed stromem \u0159\u00edkali: \u201eSvat\u00fd Ond\u0159eju, j\u00e1 stromem chv\u011bju, abys mi uk\u00e1zal, koho se nad\u011bju.\u201c Po obou t\u0159esen\u00edch doty\u010dn\u00fd pot\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 nebo vyjmenov\u00e1v\u00e1 profese, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad selka, zahradnice, pansk\u00e1 a podobn\u011b. Pot\u00e9 sleduje v\u011btve a \u010dek\u00e1 na jejich pohyb.<\/p>\n

Jarmila Glazarov\u00e1 ve sv\u00e9 knize Chud\u00e1 p\u0159adlena p\u00ed\u0161e: \u201eP\u0159edlouh\u00e9 soumraky a \u010dern\u00e9 noci vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed ze zimy dobu v\u0161emo\u017en\u00fdch kouzel, s \u00fast\u0159ed\u00edm V\u00e1noc a Bo\u017e\u00edho narozen\u00ed. Svat\u00e1 Kate\u0159ina je\u0161t\u011b poskakuje, Ond\u0159ej v\u0161ak ji\u017e zakazuje. 30. listopadu je sv\u00e1tek tohoto smutn\u00e9ho sv\u011btce a za\u010d\u00e1tek adventu, prvn\u00ed z tajemn\u00fdch zimn\u00edch dn\u016f. U\u017e od p\u016flnoci v den sv\u00e9ho sv\u00e1tku, ses\u00edl\u00e1 svat\u00fd Ond\u0159ej do sp\u00edc\u00edch hlav v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 sny. Co se zd\u00e1 t\u00e9to noci, je radno zapsati hned po procitnut\u00ed. Takov\u00fd sen se b\u011bhem roku zcela jist\u011b vypln\u00ed. Ov\u0161em, \u010dlov\u011bk mus\u00ed b\u00fdt pam\u011btliv d\u016fle\u017eitosti svatoond\u0159ejsk\u00e9 noci, nesm\u00ed se r\u00e1no nejd\u0159\u00edv pod\u00edvat oknem, proto\u017ee by mohl sen zapomenout.<\/p>\n

K ve\u010deru na svat\u00e9ho Ond\u0159eje se lije olovo. K tomu \u00fa\u010delu d\u011bv\u010data sb\u00edrala a schra\u0148ovala plomby z mou\u010dn\u00fdch pytl\u016f, broky a kdejak\u00fd kousek olova, kter\u00fd jen na\u0161la. Olovo rozpou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed na plechov\u00e9 l\u017e\u00edci na plotn\u011b a prol\u00e9vaj\u00ed je otvorem kl\u00ed\u010de do m\u00edsy s vodou. V t\u011bch roztodivn\u00fdch, zmaten\u00fdch tvarech rozpozn\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e1 p\u0159edm\u011bt sv\u00e9 touhy.\u201c<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> Langhammerov\u00e1, Ji\u0159ina: \u010ctvero ro\u010dn\u00edch obdob\u00ed v lidov\u00e9 tradici. Praha 2008, Toufar, P.: \u010cesk\u00fd rok na vsi a ve m\u011bst\u011b. T\u0159eb\u00ed\u010d 2004,<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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