{"id":178109,"date":"2020-12-09T09:01:28","date_gmt":"2020-12-09T08:01:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=178109"},"modified":"2020-12-09T09:01:28","modified_gmt":"2020-12-09T08:01:28","slug":"stara-sumava-pecene-kastany-symbol-doby-adventni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=178109","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Pe\u010den\u00e9 ka\u0161tany, symbol doby adventn\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Do ulic vyrazili ka\u0161tan\u00e1\u0159i, tedy prodava\u010di pe\u010den\u00fdch ka\u0161tan\u016f, se sv\u00fdmi poj\u00edzdn\u00fdmi kam\u00ednky. \u201eVa\u0161nosto, jak\u00e9 je va\u0161e p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed”\u2026. \u201eKu\u016fpte si ka\u0161tanyy\u00fd\u00fd\u00fd! Za dva krejcary je jich cel\u00fd kornout!\u201d<\/em> Tak se na v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch trz\u00edch za prvn\u00ed republiky oz\u00fdval hlahol trhovc\u016f, kter\u00fdm v t\u0159eskut\u00fdch mrazech ani nesta\u010dily ka\u0161tany na litinov\u00fdch pl\u00e1tech vychladnout. Pak na \u010das zmizely z tr\u017ei\u0161\u0165 i pov\u011bdom\u00ed lid\u00ed…<\/h6>\n

Nejstar\u0161\u00ed \u010desk\u00fd dolo\u017een\u00fd recept zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed ka\u0161tany poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze souboru recept\u016f naz\u00fdvan\u00e9ho Rukopisn\u00e1 kniha kucha\u0159sk\u00e1 \u0161lechtick\u00e1. \u0160lechtick\u00e1 proto, \u017ee se nezn\u00e1m\u00fd autor \u010dasto odvol\u00e1v\u00e1 na to, \u017ee konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed recept poch\u00e1z\u00ed z t\u00e9 \u010di on\u00e9 \u0161lechtick\u00e9 kuchyn\u011b. Rukopis je datov\u00e1n 1645: \u201eJak se kap\u00fan nad\u00edvati m\u00e1. M\u00e1 se kap\u00fan k pe\u010den\u00ed nasolit, potom jad\u00e9rka vz\u00edti, \u010d\u00edm v\u00edce, t\u00edm lep\u0161\u00ed a drobno skr\u00e1jeti, cibulu v kap\u00fan\u011b sma\u017eiti, tolike\u017e \u0159ezn\u00fd chl\u00edb drobno pokr\u00e1jeti, sma\u017een\u016f petru\u017eeli, majir\u00e1nku a pep\u0159u, spolu sm\u00ed\u0161eti, do kap\u00fana nad\u00edti a za\u0161\u00edti, a tak p\u00e9ci, m\u00f3\u017ee ho t\u00e9\u017e nad\u00edti z va\u0159en\u00fdmi \u0161mekami, austreami, nebo ka\u0161tanmi, neb drobno sekan\u00fa telec\u00ed n\u011brk\u00fa (ledvina) s chlebem sm\u00edchan\u016f.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Pra\u017esk\u00e1 kucha\u0159ka (1824) uv\u00e1d\u00ed v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed silnou pol\u00edvku z ka\u0161tan\u016f a ku\u0159at. Obvykle spolehliv\u00e9 kucha\u0159ky Magdaleny Dobromily Rettigov\u00e9 (1826) a Marie Jank\u016f-Sandtnerov\u00e9 (1924) sice neselh\u00e1vaj\u00ed, recept\u016f s ka\u0161tany nab\u00edzej\u00ed ale a\u017e p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b mal\u00fd po\u010det. Ov\u0161em Mathilda Erhardtov\u00e1 ve v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9 Grosses illustriertes Kochbuch z roku 1901 uv\u00e1d\u00ed recept\u016f celou \u0159adu, nap\u0159\u00edklad pol\u00e9vku z ka\u0161tan\u016f, du\u0161enou kachnu na ka\u0161tanech, ka\u0161tany na zp\u016fsob zeleniny, ka\u0161tanov\u00fd n\u00e1kyp \u010di n\u00e1divku, d\u00e1le tak\u00e9 ka\u0161tanov\u00fd kompot, zmrzlinu a mnoh\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enosti zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pono\u0159te se do v\u016fn\u011b z v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edho pun\u010de, pe\u010den\u00fdch ka\u0161tan\u016f, pern\u00ed\u010dk\u016f \u010di kandovan\u00e9ho ovoce. Lezav\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed, mlha, kter\u00e1 drobn\u011b pad\u00e1, a\u017e m\u00e1te za chv\u00edli mokr\u00fd nos. A p\u0159ed v\u00e1mi se z ml\u017en\u00e9ho z\u00e1voje no\u0159\u00ed st\u00e1nek s pe\u010den\u00fdmi ka\u0161tany. C\u00edt\u00edte tu nezam\u011bnitelnou v\u016fni, ka\u0161tany zah\u0159ej\u00ed zk\u0159ehl\u00e9 ruce, ale i du\u0161i. Pe\u010den\u00e9 ka\u0161tany dnes sp\u00ed\u0161e dokresluj\u00ed nostalgick\u00fd obr\u00e1zek zimn\u00ed romantiky. Na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 je ale pova\u017eovali za mocn\u00e9 \u017eivotabudi\u010de, kter\u00e9 p\u0159em\u00e1haj\u00ed \u00fanavu a dok\u00e1\u017eou probudit i t\u011blesnou \u017e\u00e1dost.<\/p>\n

Pe\u010den\u00e9 ka\u0161tany k zimn\u00edmu obdob\u00ed neodmysliteln\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed. Na\u0161im prababi\u010dk\u00e1m a prad\u011bde\u010dk\u016fm p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm vykouzlily v\u017edy p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9 teplo v kapse, kdy\u017e v\u0161ude kolem mrzlo, a\u017e pra\u0161tilo. Chu\u0165 ka\u0161tan\u016f je velice nasl\u00e1dl\u00e1, m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e1m p\u0159ipom\u00ednat chu\u0165 o\u0159\u00ed\u0161k\u016f. Pe\u010den\u00e9 ka\u0161tany si m\u016f\u017eeme tradi\u010dn\u011b koupit na trz\u00edch a ty doma p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 dokonale dokresl\u00ed nostalgickou romantiku zimy. V \u010dem ale tkv\u00ed jejich kouzlo? Do 19. stolet\u00ed se jedl\u00fdm ka\u0161tan\u016fm \u0159\u00edkalo \u201echl\u00e9b chud\u00fdch\u201c, proto\u017ee, a\u0165 u\u017e va\u0159en\u00e9 \u010di pe\u010den\u00e9, v ml\u00e9ce nebo v pol\u00e9vce \u010di ka\u0161i, byly hlavn\u00ed potravinou, kter\u00e1 lidem v horsk\u00fdch vesnic\u00edch pom\u00e1hala p\u0159e\u010dkat zimu.<\/p>\n

Bo\u017e\u00ed \u017ealud, ga\u0161tan, ka\u0161tan jedl\u00fd \u010di tak\u00e9 dobr\u00fd, sladk\u00fd, vla\u0161sk\u00fd nebo dom\u00e1c\u00ed. To jsou pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b z\u00edskal ka\u0161tanovn\u00edk jedl\u00fd. Lid\u00e9 si jedl\u00e9 ka\u0161tany zamilovali u\u017e velmi d\u00e1vno. V kultu\u0159e je p\u011bstuj\u00ed neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdch 3000 let. Kdy a jak do na\u0161ich zem\u00ed ka\u0161tanovn\u00edk jedl\u00fd p\u0159ivandroval, se m\u016f\u017eeme jen dohadovat. Velk\u00e9 oblib\u011b se tento strom t\u011b\u0161il u\u017e u star\u00fdch \u0158\u00edman\u016f. Proto se dnes jen t\u011b\u017eko zji\u0161\u0165uje, kam sah\u00e1 jeho p\u016fvodn\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a kde roste d\u00edky rozp\u00ednavosti \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Asi nejstar\u0161\u00ed zm\u00ednku o p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed ka\u0161tan\u016f u n\u00e1s najdeme v Mathioliho Herb\u00e1\u0159i neboli bylin\u00e1\u0159i. Jeho autor, Petr Ond\u0159ej Mathioli (1501 \u2013 1577), p\u00ed\u0161e: “Ka\u0161tan je strom dosti zn\u00e1m\u00fd, a\u010dkoliv ho v \u010cech\u00e1ch neroste tolik jako v It\u00e1lii a n\u011bkter\u00fdch jin\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch…\u201d Jeho slova potvrzuje Bohuslav Balb\u00edn (1621 \u2013 1688): “Chomutov m\u00e1 t\u00e9\u017e ka\u0161tany, nejlep\u0161\u00ed v \u010cech\u00e1ch; ty kone\u010dn\u011b uvid\u00ed\u0161 i jinde po zemi, jako v Obytc\u00edch u Klatov a na mnoh\u00fdch jin\u00fdch m\u00edstech. \u010casto se roubuj\u00ed na duby s velk\u00fdm v\u00fdnosem plod\u016f…”<\/em><\/p>\n

Lid\u00e9 si \u010dasto spojuj\u00ed jedl\u00fd ka\u0161tan s u n\u00e1s zn\u00e1m\u00fdm j\u00edrovcem ma\u010falem, lidov\u011b ozna\u010dovan\u00fdm jako ,,ka\u0161tan\u201c. Jedn\u00e1 se ale o dva zcela odli\u0161n\u00e9 stromy. Zat\u00edmco j\u00edrovec ma\u010fal (ka\u0161tan ko\u0148sk\u00fd) pat\u0159\u00ed do \u010deledi j\u00edrovcovit\u00e9, tak ka\u0161tanovn\u00edk jedl\u00fd pat\u0159\u00ed do \u010deledi bukovit\u00e9. Je tedy p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd na\u0161im buk\u016fm a dub\u016fm a proto se tak\u00e9 jako podno\u017ee pro jeho roubov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaly buky i duby.<\/p>\n

Ka\u0161tany pe\u010den\u00e9 doma na p\u00e1nvi. Ka\u0161tany nejd\u0159\u00edve po\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b omyjte a nechte oschnout nebo vysu\u0161te na ut\u011brce. Potom ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich roz\u0159\u00edzn\u011bte do k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee a dejte je na vyh\u0159\u00e1tou p\u00e1nev se siln\u00fdm dnem. Takto p\u0159ipravovan\u00e9 ka\u0161tany vy\u017eaduj\u00ed va\u0161i neust\u00e1lou asistenci. Hl\u00eddejte je, jestli se nep\u0159ipaluj\u00ed a co chv\u00edli je p\u0159ehazujte. Hotov\u00e9 jsou, kdy\u017e za\u010dnou jemn\u011b sy\u010det. Upe\u010den\u00e9 nebo uva\u0159en\u00e9 ka\u0161tany loupeme co nejteplej\u0161\u00ed, jejich slupka je m\u011bk\u010d\u00ed a jde l\u00e9pe odloupnout. Spolu se slupkou se sloupnou i naho\u0159kl\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna a z\u016fstane jen kr\u00e1sn\u00fd, hladk\u00fd a leskl\u00fd vnit\u0159ek ka\u0161tanu, se kter\u00fdm m\u016f\u017eete vykouzlit sladk\u00e1 i slan\u00e1 j\u00eddla. Oloupan\u00e9 upe\u010den\u00e9 ka\u0161tany nakr\u00e1jejte na pl\u00e1tky. P\u00e1nev, na kter\u00e9 jste je pekli, vyt\u0159ete pap\u00edrovou ut\u011brkou, rozpus\u0165te v n\u00ed trochu m\u00e1sla a p\u0159idejte krystalov\u00fd cukr. Jakmile za\u010dne karamelizovat a rozpou\u0161t\u011bt se, vsypte i pl\u00e1tky ka\u0161tan\u016f. Ty nechte v karamelu obalit a\u017e do k\u0159upava. Pot\u00e9 z p\u00e1nve vysypte do misky, posolte a zpest\u0159ete si zamra\u010den\u00fd den neobvyklou sva\u010dinkou.<\/p>\n

Ka\u0161tanovn\u00edky a ka\u0161tany v \u010cech\u00e1ch<\/strong><\/p>\n

Snahy o p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed ka\u0161tanovn\u00edk\u016f u n\u00e1s se prosazuj\u00ed a\u017e v dob\u011b t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159edb\u011blohorsk\u00e9 \u2013 tehdy byla jezuity zalo\u017eena jedna z prvn\u00ed ka\u0161tanek na Chomutovsku. Na chotkovsk\u00e9m panstv\u00ed Nov\u00e9 Dvory se ka\u0161tanovn\u00edky p\u011bstovaly od roku 1776, co\u017e nazna\u010duje dopis hrab\u011bte Jana Karla Chotka z prosince 1775. Ten avizoval z\u00e1silku jedl\u00fdch ka\u0161tan\u016f a p\u0159ikazoval zahradn\u00edkovi, aby se o ka\u0161tany dob\u0159e staral. C\u00edlem m\u011bla b\u00fdt jak produkce plod\u016f ka\u0161tan\u016f, tak i d\u0159eva. V lednu 1776 pak m\u00edstn\u00ed spr\u00e1vce Dienelt dovezl dvacet mlad\u00fdch stromk\u016f a pytel plod\u016f, kter\u00e9 do jara o\u0161et\u0159ovali ve studen\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti sklen\u00edku. V listopadu 1776 p\u0159i\u0161la dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1silka, tentokr\u00e1t jihotyrolsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, a bylo na\u0159\u00edzeno ka\u0161tany vysadit na r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00edstech panstv\u00ed. Roku 1782 na panstv\u00ed dovezli dal\u0161\u00ed ka\u0161tany z Uher (pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b z malokarpatsk\u00fdch ka\u0161tanek nad dne\u0161n\u00ed Bratislavou) a tak\u00e9 sto liber ka\u0161tan\u016f italsk\u00fdch. Chotk\u016fm na p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed ka\u0161tan\u016f zjevn\u011b z\u00e1le\u017eelo, p\u0159esto se z jejich tehdej\u0161\u00edch novodvorsk\u00fdch v\u00fdsadeb nezachovalo v\u016fbec nic.<\/p>\n

Lep\u0161\u00ed osud m\u011bla a m\u00e1 slavn\u00e1 ka\u0161tanka u Nasavrk, zalo\u017een\u00e1 soub\u011b\u017en\u011b roku 1776 na pokyn Jana Adama Auersperga. Tam se n\u011bkter\u00e9 stromy z p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u00fdsadby zachovaly dodnes a \u00fazem\u00ed je chr\u00e1n\u011bno jako p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rezervace.<\/p>\n

V Pixov\u011b Kl\u00ed\u010di \u0161t\u011bpa\u0159sk\u00e9m (\u010dili naweden\u00ed k \u0161t\u011bpow\u00e1n\u00ed owocn\u00edch strom\u016f a popis nejznamenit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch druh\u016f owocn\u00edch w \u010cech\u00e1ch), vydan\u00e9m roku 1848 n\u00e1kladem \u010cesk\u00e9ho musea, v\u011bnuje autor ka\u0161tanovn\u00edku kapitolu, ve kter\u00e9 se popisuje p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u010detn\u011b roubov\u00e1n\u00ed marononosn\u00fdch odr\u016fd na set\u00e9 podno\u017ee. V\u00fdznamn\u00fd ovocn\u00e1\u0159 Franti\u0161ek Pixa p\u016fsobil jako far\u00e1\u0159 v Mal\u00edn\u011b u Kutn\u00e9 Hory a nepochybn\u011b znal tak\u00e9 chotkovsk\u00e9 v\u00fdsadby na Nov\u00fdch Dvorech. Dnes se ka\u0161tany ob\u010das vysazuj\u00ed do zahrad a park\u016f, nezachovaly se pouze ve star\u00fdch v\u00fdsadb\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Zdroj:<\/strong> Vitalia Barstow, M. & Khela, S. 2018. Castanea sativa.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Z cyklu Star\u00e1 \u0160umava)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Do <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":210421,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/09\/r\u00e1me\u010dek-pe\u010den\u00e9-ka\u0161tany.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/178109"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=178109"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/178109\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":210422,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/178109\/revisions\/210422"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/210421"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=178109"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=178109"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=178109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}