{"id":177349,"date":"2021-03-04T13:52:18","date_gmt":"2021-03-04T12:52:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=177349"},"modified":"2021-03-04T13:53:18","modified_gmt":"2021-03-04T12:53:18","slug":"stara-sumava-reznici-a-huntyri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=177349","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: \u0158ezn\u00edci a hunt\u00fd\u0159i"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0158ezn\u00edci a obchodn\u00edci s dobytkem chodili nebo jezdili nakupovat hov\u011bz\u00ed dobytek, vep\u0159e a telata na venkov, \u010dasto a\u017e do okruhu 40 km. Nejprve se dobytek nakoupil a za n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed svedl nebo svezl. N\u00e1kup prov\u00e1d\u011bl v\u011bt\u0161inou mistr osobn\u011b, ve v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech jeho zku\u0161en\u00fd tovary\u0161. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich byl vybaven \u0159eznickou hol\u00ed, nej\u010dast\u011bji r\u00e1kosovou, a doprov\u00e1zel ho zpravidla \u0159eznick\u00fd pes, kter\u00fd na povel \u0161t\u011bkal a t\u00edm oznamoval, \u017ee je ve vsi \u0159ezn\u00edk.<\/h6>\n

\u0158ezn\u00edk hlasit\u011b vyvol\u00e1val sv\u00e9 heslo, nej\u010dast\u011bji \u201ehej co je na prodej\u201c. Vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed se praktikovalo a\u017e do konce prvn\u00ed republiky. \u0158ezn\u00edci m\u011bli na venkov\u011b sv\u00e9 dohazova\u010de, na kter\u00e9 se obraceli, aby z\u00edskali pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 informace. Nap\u0159\u00edklad zda hospod\u00e1\u0159 prod\u00e1v\u00e1 nab\u00edzen\u00fd dobytek \u201ena v\u00e1hu\u201c, nebo \u201eod oka\u201c, jak je dobytek kvalitn\u00ed nebo jak je krmen. Dohazova\u010d dostal v\u011bt\u0161inou za sv\u00e9 informace kousek uzen\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobku a \u0159ezn\u00edk za n\u011bj zaplatil \u00fatratu v hospod\u011b.<\/p>\n

\u0158ezn\u00edk nebo zku\u0161en\u00fd tovary\u0161 musel b\u00fdt dobr\u00fdm odborn\u00edkem, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm odhadcem v\u00e1hy. U hov\u011bz\u00edho dobytka musel mimo kvalitu masa odhadnout v\u00e1hu v \u017eiv\u00e9m s maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed toleranc\u00ed v mase do 10 kg. U n\u00e1kupu vep\u0159\u016f sm\u011bla b\u00fdt tolerance do 4 kg. Pokud n\u011bkdo odhadoval v\u00e1hu v kg v lich\u00fdch \u010d\u00edslech, byl ostatn\u00edmi kolegy hodnocen jako neodborn\u00edk. N\u011bkdy byla dohoda mezi hospod\u00e1\u0159em a \u0159ezn\u00edkem jednoduch\u00e1 a kr\u00e1tk\u00e1, jindy se smlouvalo. Dohodnuto bylo, zda se nakoup\u00ed \u201eod oka\u201c nebo \u201ena v\u00e1hu\u201c, za kolik, kdy se prodan\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e odebere, a ur\u010dil se \u010das posledn\u00edho krmen\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ete, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i prodeji \u201ena v\u00e1hu\u201c. Nakonec se stanovilo \u201eocasn\u00e9\u201c pro hospodyni nebo slu\u017eebnou (u hov\u011bz\u00edho dobytka to b\u00fdvalo zpravidla deset korun, u vep\u0159e p\u011bt korun).V n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech b\u00fdvalo zvykem zaplatit je\u0161t\u011b o\u0161et\u0159ovateli zv\u00ed\u0159ete pas\u00e1kovi tzv. \u201eparo\u017en\u00e9\u201c.<\/p>\n

Sortiment uzen\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f byl v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch dosti jednotn\u00fd. Vyr\u00e1b\u011bly se r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy p\u00e1rk\u016f a klob\u00e1s, vu\u0159ty, \u0161pek\u00e1\u010dky, pol\u00e1ky, kabanos, pra\u017esk\u00fd sal\u00e1m, tyrolsk\u00fd sal\u00e1m, \u0161unkov\u00fd sal\u00e1m, reklamn\u00ed sal\u00e1m, imitace uhersk\u00e9ho sal\u00e1mu, n\u011bkolik druh\u016f \u0161unek a r\u016fzn\u00e9 krajov\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky. Z va\u0159en\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f pak j\u00e1trov\u00fd sal\u00e1m, tla\u010denka sv\u011btl\u00e1 a tmav\u00e1, jaternice, jelita, tali\u00e1ny a zabija\u010dkov\u00e1 pol\u00e9vka. Na Morav\u011b se v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech pro obdobn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky pou\u017e\u00edvaly jin\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy, nap\u0159. cveky, knaky, auspurger apod. Obl\u00edben\u00e1 byla sekan\u00e1 pe\u010den\u011b prod\u00e1van\u00e1 v tepl\u00e9m stavu. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fd sortiment ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch m\u011bstech byl 6 a\u017e 8 druh\u016f denn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Mal\u00ed \u0159ezn\u00edci na venkov\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bli u\u017e\u0161\u00ed sortiment jednou a\u017e dvakr\u00e1t t\u00fddn\u011b. Aby udr\u017eeli krok s v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi uzen\u00e1\u0159i, zbytek sortimentu nakupovali u uzen\u00e1\u0159\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed vyr\u00e1b\u011bli v\u00edce v\u00fdrobk\u016f, a prod\u00e1vali potom tyto nakoupen\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky jako vlastn\u00ed. V sezon\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bli tito \u0159ezn\u00edci tak\u00e9 jaternice, jelita a tla\u010denku. Mimo vlastn\u00ed prodej m\u011bli n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed \u0159ezn\u00edci a uzen\u00e1\u0159i fili\u00e1lky \u201ena \u00fa\u010det\u201c, d\u00e1le pak odb\u011bratele jako hostinsk\u00e9, hoteli\u00e9ry, prodejny potravin a lah\u016fdek, obchodn\u00ed domy a dal\u0161\u00ed. Uzeniny rozv\u00e1\u017eeli v\u011bt\u0161inou tovary\u0161i a u\u010d\u0148ov\u00e9 r\u016fzn\u00fdmi druhy dopravn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f, nap\u0159. na kole, ps\u00edm nebo ko\u0148sk\u00fdm potahem, jen v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b autem.<\/p>\n

Mezi 17. a 19. hodinou nav\u0161t\u011bvoval person\u00e1l odb\u011bratele, aby od nich p\u0159inesl objedn\u00e1vku na p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed dny. Dialog mezi tovary\u0161em a odb\u011bratelem vypadal zpravidla takto: \u201eMilostpan\u00ed, pan \u0161\u00e9f se nech\u00e1 porou\u010det a nech\u00e1 se pt\u00e1t, co si budete na z\u00edt\u0159ek p\u0159\u00e1t.\u201c Milostpan\u00ed obvykle \u0159ekla, \u017ee zat\u00edm nem\u00e1 \u010das. Pozd\u011bji p\u0159inesla objedn\u00e1vku napsanou na \u00fa\u010dtovac\u00edm blo\u010dku. Velc\u00ed uzen\u00e1\u0159i m\u011bli i sv\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed z\u00e1stupce, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli za \u00fakol styk s odb\u011brateli. Pokud do\u0161lo k v\u00fdkyvu v jakosti dod\u00e1van\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f, odb\u011bratel okam\u017eit\u011b p\u0159estal v\u00fdrobky objedn\u00e1vat. Dalo
\npotom mnoho pr\u00e1ce, ba a\u017e podl\u00e9z\u00e1n\u00ed, aby znovu za\u010dal v\u00fdrobky odeb\u00edrat.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e obchodn\u00ed z\u00e1stupce nep\u0159inesl \u017e\u00e1dnou objedn\u00e1vku a sd\u011blil d\u016fvody pro\u010d, byl u dodavatele \u201evelk\u00fd v\u00edtr\u201c. Na obrat prodejny m\u011bla velk\u00fd vliv vzorn\u00e1 obsluha z\u00e1kazn\u00edka, cena a prvot\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed a standardn\u00ed jakost. Kdy\u017e si z\u00e1kazn\u00edk koupil 10 dkg nakr\u00e1jen\u00e9ho ur\u010dit\u00e9ho druhu sal\u00e1mu, byl symetricky naskl\u00e1d\u00e1n do tvaru nap\u0159. r\u016f\u017ee a vzorn\u011b zabalen.<\/p>\n

V polovin\u011b 15. stolet\u00ed se ve m\u011bstech objevovali ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e ne\u017e v minulosti hunt\u00fd\u0159i (hunt\u00e9\u0159i), kte\u0159\u00ed byli \u0159ezn\u00edk\u016fm do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry konkurenc\u00ed. Mezi nimi a \u0159ezn\u00edky vznikaly zna\u010dn\u00e9 t\u0159enice. P\u0159espoln\u00ed hunt\u00fd\u0159i v\u0161ak m\u011bli pr\u00e1vo \u00fa\u010dastnit se m\u011bstsk\u00fdch trh\u016f. Kon\u0161el\u00e9 hunt\u00fd\u0159e na trhu r\u00e1di vid\u011bli. Domn\u00edvali se toti\u017e, \u017ee zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed hojn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed jako konkurenti \u0159ezn\u00edk\u016f pro ob\u010dany cenov\u00fd prosp\u011bch. \u010casem se p\u0159espoln\u00ed hunt\u00fd\u0159i usadili ve m\u011bst\u011b, zprvu bez m\u011b\u0161\u0165ansk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va.<\/p>\n

Hunt\u00fd\u0159 v\u0161ak nebyl plnopr\u00e1vn\u00fd \u0159ezn\u00edk, nebyl \u010dlenem \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 organizace, nem\u011bl sv\u016fj kr\u00e1m a nebyl vyu\u010den \u0159emeslu. Po \u0159ad\u011b probl\u00e9m\u016f do\u0161lo v roce 1466 mezi \u0159ezn\u00edky a hunt\u00fd\u0159i k dohod\u011b, podle n\u00ed\u017e nesm\u011bj\u00ed hunt\u00fd\u0159i por\u00e1\u017eet dobytek jindy ne\u017e v p\u00e1tek a prod\u00e1vat maso mohou jen v sobotu. D\u00e1le nesm\u011bj\u00ed hunt\u00fd\u0159i prod\u00e1vat maso po hospod\u00e1ch. Pokud by dohodu poru\u0161ovali, maso se jim m\u011blo odebrat a d\u00e1t do \u0161pit\u00e1lu chud\u00fdm. Tato \u00famluva byla po roce 1521 po \u0159ad\u011b t\u0159enic obnovena.<\/p>\n

Nov\u00e1 generace hunt\u00fd\u0159\u016f vydala v t\u00e9 souvislosti prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed: \u201ePoznali jsme, \u017ee p\u00e1ni \u0159ezn\u00edci maj\u00ed sml\u00favu s hunt\u00e9\u0159i, p\u0159edky na\u0161imi. I p\u0159i\u0161li jsme jednomysln\u011b k p\u00e1n\u016fm \u0159ezn\u00edk\u016fm a \u017e\u00e1dali jsme jich, aby p\u00e1ni \u0159ezn\u00edci m\u011bli k n\u00e1m dobrou v\u016fli, p\u0159\u00edze\u0148 a l\u00e1sku, \u017ee my hunt\u00e9\u0159i podle toho z\u00e1pisu prvn\u00edho chceme se zachovati nyn\u00ed i na \u010dasy potomn\u00ed.\u201c Dobytek si chovali \u0159ezn\u00edci zpravidla ve sv\u00fdch domech. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed pra\u017e\u0161t\u00ed si nechali chovat jate\u010dn\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata tak\u00e9 na venkov\u011b. Mimo to existovali tzv. \u201ekrav\u00e1ci\u201c, kte\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 ml\u00e9ka\u0159ili a vyr\u00e1b\u011bli tvarohy a s\u00fdry.<\/p>\n

Mezi \u0159eznick\u00fdmi specialisty se vyskytovali drobn\u00edci a dr\u0161\u0165ka\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed pat\u0159ili do cechovn\u00edch organizac\u00ed. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z nich dos\u00e1hli velk\u00e9ho majetku. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b se v Praze vyskytovali tak\u00e9 s\u00e1deln\u00edci a lojovn\u00edci. Ve star\u00fdch historick\u00fdch pramenech se vyskytuje zm\u00ednka, \u017ee zcela vymizeli arvinarii (uzen\u00e1\u0159i). Nelze v\u0161ak pochybovat o tom, \u017ee se maso udilo i v t\u00e9 dob\u011b.<\/p>\n

Kolem roku 1500 bylo pravidlem, \u017ee libra kravsk\u00e9ho byla o pen\u00edz lacin\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e libra volsk\u00e9ho. Maso dob\u0159e krmen\u00fdch krav a jalovic se prod\u00e1valo jako maso volsk\u00e9, zpravidla po p\u011bti den\u00e1rech (gro\u0161 m\u011bl 14 den\u00e1r\u016f). L\u016fj dod\u00e1vali \u0159ezn\u00edci hlavn\u011b mydl\u00e1\u0159\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed vyr\u00e1b\u011bli p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b cejchovan\u00e1 m\u00fddla, libru t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 za dva gro\u0161e. \u010c\u00e1st loje byla dod\u00e1v\u00e1na tak\u00e9 \u201esv\u00edcn\u00edk\u016fm\u201c a \u201evo\u0161tin\u00e1\u0159\u016fm\u201c, kte\u0159\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 sv\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky pozlacovali a malovali. Cena vosku byla v t\u00e9 dob\u011b 3 kopy m\u00ed\u0161e\u0148sk\u00e9 za libru.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed znak dostali pra\u017e\u0161t\u00ed \u0159ezn\u00edci od Jana Lucembursk\u00e9ho za to, \u017ee mu roku 1310 pomohli vstoupit do m\u011bsta Prahy, a t\u00edm nakonec zv\u00edt\u011bzit nad Jind\u0159ichem Korutansk\u00fdm, kter\u00fd se svou arm\u00e1dou hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto obsadil. Od t\u00e9 doby se sm\u011bli \u0159ezn\u00edci py\u0161nit znakem s \u010desk\u00fdm lvem (nejprve jen st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00fdm, bez koruny a s jedn\u00edm ocasem) a p\u0159i pr\u016fvodech m\u011bli \u010dlenov\u00e9 \u0159eznick\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed zaji\u0161t\u011bno \u010destn\u00e9 m\u00edsto v \u010dele p\u0159ed ostatn\u00edmi cechy. Znak postupn\u011b braly za sv\u016fj i ostatn\u00ed \u0159eznick\u00e9 cechy v zemi, jen na Morav\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edvaly ve znaku dv\u011b zk\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 \u0159eznick\u00e9 sekery. V roce 1437 dovolil Zikmund Lucembursk\u00fd zm\u011bnu znaku na dvouocas\u00e9ho lva v \u010derven\u00e9m poli a \u0159ezn\u00edci posl\u00e9ze vtiskli lvu do tlap \u0159eznickou \u0161iro\u010dinu na pam\u00e1tku hrdinsk\u00e9ho prosek\u00e1n\u00ed br\u00e1ny p\u0159i znovudob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed Prahy Janem Lucembursk\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

Zdroj:<\/strong> WINTER, Zikmund – D\u011bjiny \u0159emesel a obchodu v XIV. a v XV. stolet\u00ed. V Praze : \u010cesk\u00e1 akademie c\u00edsa\u0159e Franti\u0161ka Josefa pro v\u011bdy, slovesnost a um\u011bn\u00ed, 1906.
\nWINTER, Zikmund –\u00a0 \u0158emeslnictvo a \u017eivnosti v XVI. v\u011bku v \u010cech\u00e1ch. V Praze : \u010cesk\u00e1 akademie c\u00edsa\u0159e Franti\u0161ka Josefa pro v\u011bdy, slovesnost a um\u011bn\u00ed, 1909.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Z cyklu Star\u00e1 \u0160umava)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  \u0158ezn\u00edci <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":217330,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/04\/r\u00e1me\u010dek-star\u00e1-\u0161umava.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/177349"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=177349"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/177349\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":217332,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/177349\/revisions\/217332"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/217330"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=177349"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=177349"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=177349"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}