{"id":177218,"date":"2020-11-18T11:55:09","date_gmt":"2020-11-18T10:55:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=177218"},"modified":"2020-11-18T11:55:09","modified_gmt":"2020-11-18T10:55:09","slug":"stara-sumava-podloudnici","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=177218","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Podloudn\u00edci"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Jemn\u011b po mechu, zticha bez dechu, zp\u00edv\u00e1 sbor pa\u0161er\u00e1k\u016f ve Smetanov\u011b Hubi\u010dce. Zticha bez dechu chod\u00edvali pa\u0161er\u00e1ci na \u0160umav\u011b. Cenov\u00e9 rozd\u00edly l\u00e1kaly a co na tom okr\u00e1st c\u00edsa\u0159e p\u00e1na o n\u011bjak\u00fd ten gro\u0161, kdy\u017e b\u00edda obch\u00e1zela hory. U\u017e je to d\u00e1vno, co kvetlo na \u0160umav\u011b pa\u0161er\u00e1ctv\u00ed. Bylo jako zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 ovoce, a z\u0159ejm\u011b proto mnoh\u00fdm chlap\u016fm tolik chutnalo.<\/h6>\n

\u0158\u00edk\u00e1valo se, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd pa\u0161er\u00e1k je jednou nohou v krimin\u00e1le a druhou v hrob\u011b, tak\u017ee chl\u00e9b z\u00edskan\u00fd pa\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm byl tvrd\u011b zaslou\u017een\u00fd. Ale \u010dasy byly t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9, pr\u00e1ce m\u00e1lo a na nuzn\u00fdch pol\u00ed\u010dk\u00e1ch se toho tak\u00e9 moc neurodilo. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pak v dob\u011b velk\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize, a zejm\u00e9na po p\u0159evzet\u00ed moci Hitlerem v N\u011bmecku na po\u010d\u00e1tku roku 1933, se za\u010dala situace na hranic\u00edch p\u0159iost\u0159ovat. Prudce se zv\u00fd\u0161ilo podloudnictv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bylo ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f zp\u016fsobeno katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed b\u00eddou v pohrani\u010dn\u00edch oblastech, a tak\u00e9 tak bylo v\u011bt\u0161inou celn\u00edmi \u00fa\u0159ady ch\u00e1p\u00e1no a vysv\u011btlov\u00e1no.<\/p>\n

Chudina v pohrani\u010d\u00ed pova\u017eovala podloudnictv\u00ed za sv\u016fj opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00fd zdroj p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f, a n\u011bmeck\u00e9 obyvatelstvo na \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 stran\u011b bylo nalad\u011bno proti finan\u010dn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ei. Dokonce i n\u011bkdy podloudn\u00edky n\u00e1sil\u00edm br\u00e1nilo. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 ud\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ivedlo na stopu pa\u0161er\u00e1ctv\u00ed a vedlo k zabaven\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed, bylo placeno, nehled\u011b na pen\u011b\u017eitou odm\u011bnu finan\u010dn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ei sam\u00e9, kter\u00e1 v ur\u010dit\u00fdch obdob\u00edch \u010dinila 20% ze zabaven\u00e9ho zbo\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Obyvatelstvo podhorsk\u00fdch a horsk\u00fdch vesni\u010dek se odvol\u00e1valo na to, \u017ee m\u00e1 hlad a pa\u0161ovalo v podstat\u011b jen pro vlastn\u00ed pot\u0159ebu. S v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm d\u016frazem pak bylo st\u00edh\u00e1no podloudnictv\u00ed pro obchod a ze zvyku. \u201e\u2026ve skute\u010dnosti ji\u017e jen podloudn\u00edci zachovali zde v tajn\u00e9m sv\u00e9m \u0159emesle kus on\u00e9 romantiky, kter\u00e1 obest\u00edrala n\u011bkdy ve\u0161ker\u00fd obchod st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd, kdy loupe\u017en\u00fd ryt\u00ed\u0159 na kupce \u010d\u00edhal v z\u00e1loze, jako nyn\u00ed \u2013 v obr\u00e1cen\u00e9m smyslu a pom\u011bru \u2013 prosaick\u00fd finan\u010dn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017en\u00edk na pa\u0161ery. Jen pa\u0161ovan\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed z Bavorska, hlavn\u011b dobytek a tab\u00e1k, p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed nyn\u00ed do \u010cech on\u011bmi lesn\u00edmi roklemi a hou\u0161ti, jimi\u017e na m\u00edstech blatn\u00fdch Zlat\u00e1 stezka vedla\u2026\u201c<\/p>\n

Pa\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011blo nezanedbateln\u00fd, i kdy\u017e dnes u\u017e zapomenut\u00fd vliv na hmotnou kulturu. Nejz\u0159eteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je tento vliv na \u0160umav\u011b. Pa\u0161er\u00e1ck\u00e9 pom\u016fcky bezprost\u0159edn\u011b ovlivnily hmotnou kulturu p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00edm, kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00edm nebo konverz\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na \u0160umav\u011b si tak z\u00edskal oblibu batoh, b\u00e1gl a ranec, zat\u00edmco v 18. a 19. stolet\u00ed se v\u00edce pou\u017e\u00edvaly ta\u0161ky a \u010dasto i pytle. Teprve pa\u0161er\u00e1ci zavedli na \u0160umav\u011b nejd\u0159\u00edve rance z Bavorska, kter\u00e9 vych\u00e1zely z vojensk\u00e9ho st\u0159ihu, pozd\u011bji batohy, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly typov\u011b bl\u00ed\u017ee k pasteveck\u00e9 alpsk\u00e9 kultu\u0159e a poprv\u00e9 se objevily na po\u010d\u00e1tku 19. stolet\u00ed na rakousko-italsk\u00e9 hranici jako pleten\u00e1 modifikace nepohodln\u00fdch ko\u017een\u00fdch batoh\u016f s d\u0159ev\u011bnou kostrou.<\/p>\n

Lidov\u00e1 slovesnost na t\u00e9ma pa\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed a pa\u0161er\u00e1ctv\u00ed je paradoxn\u011b mnohem bohat\u0161\u00ed na \u0160umav\u011b. Jak se zd\u00e1, m\u00e1 to d\u016fvod v interpreta\u010dn\u00ed univerzalit\u011b, tj. v jednoduch\u00e9, snadn\u00e9 vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b motiv\u016f, obsahov\u00e9 slo\u017eky, stavby atd. Region, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 jednu z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pa\u0161er\u00e1ck\u00fdch tradic, p\u0159edal p\u016fvodn\u00ed n\u011bmeckou tvorbu nov\u00e9mu obyvatelstvu. Pa\u0161er\u00e1ck\u00e1 legenda je \u017eivotopis v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho pa\u0161er\u00e1ka, \u201epaschk\u00f6niga\u201c, op\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed se \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b o zachovan\u00e9 \u00fadaje z jeho minulosti, v\u011bt\u0161inou v\u0161ak o \u00fastn\u00ed tradici, zveli\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed ud\u00e1losti jeho \u017eivota.<\/p>\n

Pro hl\u00eddky finan\u010dn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ee je prakticky neviditeln\u00fd, je vynal\u00e9zav\u00fd, chrabr\u00fd a kr\u00e1sn\u00fd. Vypr\u00e1v\u011bly se r\u016fzn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy a legendy o jejich tajn\u00fdch stezk\u00e1ch \u010di p\u0159\u00edhody, p\u0159i kter\u00fdch se jim poda\u0159ilo finan\u010dn\u00edky nachytat. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00e1 oblast v p\u0159\u00edhrani\u010d\u00ed m\u011bla sv\u00e9ho \u201ekr\u00e1le hranic\u201c (paschk\u00f6niga). V opa\u010dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je hrdina neviditeln\u00fd, ale ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00ed, \u017ee je nabl\u00edzku, a a\u017e potom vyjde najevo, \u017ee to byl obecn\u00ed pas\u00e1k nebo n\u011bjak\u00fd chud\u00fd ponocn\u00fd. \u0158\u00edkali mu kulhav\u00fd Francek. Skute\u010dn\u011b napadal na jednu nohu, kterou mu p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci v lese zchromil padaj\u00edc\u00ed kmen smrku\u2026 \u017eil z toho, co se mu poda\u0159ilo je\u0161t\u011b zpen\u011b\u017eit, pozd\u011bji z pr\u00e1ce u sedl\u00e1k\u016f za stravu, prodeje lesn\u00edch plod\u016f apod. Ok\u00e9nko, kter\u00fdm lezl do rozbo\u0159en\u00e9 chalupy, bylo zakryto r\u00e1mem okna, vypln\u011bn\u00fdm papundeklem, a pota\u017een\u00e9 dekou. J\u00eddlo si kuchtil na ohni\u0161ti ze zbytku b\u00fdval\u00fdch kachl\u00edkov\u00fdch kamen. Kou\u0159 \u0161el \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b ven a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1val v chalup\u011b. L\u00edhal v rohu na sl\u00e1m\u011b a p\u0159ikr\u00fdval se starou dekou na kon\u011b. Chodil v otrhan\u00fdch, jedin\u00fdch, kdysi sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edch \u0161atech a roz\u0161lapan\u00fdch bot\u00e1ch\u2026 Potom po vsi se za\u010daly \u0161\u00ed\u0159it zpr\u00e1vy, \u017ee Francek je ur\u010dit\u011b napojen na n\u011bjakou pa\u0161er\u00e1ckou skupinu. On se v\u0161ak obratn\u011b vyh\u00fdbal lidem, zejm\u00e9na finan\u010dn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ei i \u010detn\u00edk\u016fm. Nebyl nikdy zadr\u017een. Potom ale u\u017e dlouho nebylo Francka vid\u011bt, proto se rozhodli, \u017ee se do jeho brlohu vyprav\u00ed. Tak v rohu na sl\u00e1m\u011b a ko\u0148sk\u00e9 houni na\u0161li Franckovo rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se t\u011blo s dlouh\u00fdm loveck\u00fdm no\u017eem v prsou. Po n\u011bjak\u00e9 dob\u011b se rozhodli jeho chalupu zbourat a na\u0161li skr\u00fd\u0161 s velk\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm pa\u0161ovan\u00e9ho zbo\u017e\u00ed: l\u00e1tky, deky, k\u016f\u017ee, zapalova\u010de, s\u016fl i jin\u00e9 potraviny, krabi\u010dky s prsteny a n\u00e1ramky, dokonce i s pen\u011bzi.<\/p>\n

Drsn\u00e1 \u0161umavsk\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edroda si vyb\u00edrala svou da\u0148 i na pa\u0161er\u00e1c\u00edch, a tak se vypr\u00e1v\u011bly p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy o pa\u0161er\u00e1c\u00edch zbloudil\u00fdch a zmrzl\u00fdch ve v\u00e1nici, zahynuv\u0161\u00edch pod ne\u010dekan\u00fdm skaln\u00edm sesuvem nebo o t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 spolkl zr\u00e1dn\u00fd mo\u010d\u00e1l. Nechyb\u011bly fantastick\u00e9 popisy bohat\u00e9ho \u201epa\u0161e\u201c, kter\u00fd poh\u0159bilo bl\u00e1to nebo sn\u00edh. Pa\u0161er\u00e1ctv\u00ed je velmi star\u00fdm druhem ileg\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0159emesla, spojen\u00e9ho se zna\u010dn\u00fdm rizikem a z\u00e1visl\u00e9ho na n\u011bkolika faktorech – bl\u00edzkosti hranic, charakteru ter\u00e9nu a jin\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed skladb\u011b a finan\u010dn\u00edm potenci\u00e1lu obyvatelstva. Lze jej definovat jako neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed obchod se zbo\u017e\u00edm mezi dv\u011bma st\u00e1ty, kter\u00fd je vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n podloudn\u011b, tj. mimo r\u00e1mec z\u00e1kon\u016f, o\u0161et\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159esun majetku p\u0159es hranice, cel a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdch monopolizuj\u00edc\u00edch smluv. Jedn\u00e1 se o jeden z nejstar\u0161\u00edch krimin\u00e1ln\u00edch jev\u016f, vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed z\u0159ejm\u011b z\u00e1rove\u0148 se vznikem hospod\u00e1\u0159sky uplatn\u011bn\u00fdch hranic, na rozd\u00edl od v\u011bt\u0161iny jin\u00fdch neleg\u00e1ln\u00edch aktivit ov\u0161em \u010dasto neb\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159emetem ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho odsouzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pa\u0161er\u00e1k se st\u00e1v\u00e1 symbolem neleg\u00e1ln\u00edch aktivit v bl\u00edzkosti hranice. Je to on se sv\u00fdm zbo\u017e\u00edm, kdo n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t b\u011bhem kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho \u010dasu p\u0159ekra\u010duje hranice, \u010dasto s nasazen\u00edm \u017eivota. V naprost\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f se pa\u0161er\u00e1ky st\u00e1vaj\u00ed nemajetn\u00ed roln\u00edci nebo lid\u00e9 neur\u010dit\u00e9ho vedlej\u0161\u00edho zam\u011bstnan\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed pa\u0161er\u00e1ctv\u00edm \u017eiv\u00ed sebe a \u010dasto i po\u010detnou rodinu.<\/p>\n

Zdroj:<\/strong> \u0160UBRT, F. A.: \u010cechy I. Za domovem: Vlastiv\u011bda \u010deskoslovensk\u00e1 1. Praha, 1926, s. 97. ANTOINETTI, T.: Kein Volk von Hirten: Alpwirtschaft im Wallis. Baden, 2006, s. 31-32. KADOCH, F.: Pa\u0161er\u00e1ci, pytl\u00e1ci, podloudn\u00edci a jin\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy ze \u0160umavy. Vimperk, 2005, s. 112<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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