{"id":173413,"date":"2022-10-16T18:33:37","date_gmt":"2022-10-16T17:33:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=173413"},"modified":"2022-10-16T18:33:37","modified_gmt":"2022-10-16T17:33:37","slug":"stara-sumava-lesni-hlidac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=173413","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Lesn\u00ed hl\u00edda\u010d"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Od sam\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00e1tku pot\u0159eboval vlastn\u00edk lesa zam\u011bstnance, aby z\u00edsk\u00e1val a h\u00e1jil u\u017eitky z tohoto majetku. Jako z\u00e1stupci ve v\u00fdkonu vlastnick\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va p\u016fsobili lov\u010d\u00ed, co\u017e byl d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad, lesn\u00ed (hajn\u00ed), reprezentuj\u00edc\u00ed bu\u010f velmi d\u016fle\u017eitou, anebo naopak sluhovskou funkci. V 16. a 17. stolet\u00ed se vylep\u0161ovala a vyhra\u0148ovala lesn\u00ed administrativa, a to nejd\u0159\u00edve v kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch, horn\u00edch a c\u00edrkevn\u00edch les\u00edch. Do\u0161lo k rozli\u0161en\u00ed myslivce a lesn\u00edho a nejprve na komorn\u00edch panstv\u00edch se objevili (vrchn\u00ed) lesmist\u0159i. D\u00e1le byli p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1ni lesn\u00ed p\u00edsa\u0159i, oborn\u00edci, ba\u017eantn\u00edci, ml\u00e1denci, hl\u00edda\u010di a sluhov\u00e9.<\/h6>\n

Nejstar\u0161\u00ed zm\u00ednky o osob\u00e1ch, kter\u00fdm panovn\u00edk sv\u011b\u0159oval spr\u00e1vu v oblasti lovu zv\u011b\u0159e, poch\u00e1zej\u00ed na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed z 11. stol., kdy je zn\u00e1ma hodnost lov\u010d\u00edho \u2013 \u201etedy lovce z povol\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fd byl ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch kn\u00ed\u017eete\u201c Pozd\u011bji se lze setkat s mnoha obdobn\u00fdmi dal\u0161\u00edmi ozna\u010den\u00edmi. Tak nap\u0159\u00edklad povinnost\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho lov\u010d\u00edho ji\u017e ve 12. stol. bylo vykon\u00e1vat dozor nad lesy. Pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdmi lov\u010d\u00edch pak byli hajn\u00ed. Hajn\u00fd v\u011bt\u0161inou slou\u017eil za natur\u00e1lie, mohl u\u017e\u00edvat pansk\u00e9ho pole a v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b nepodl\u00e9hal robotn\u00ed povinnosti. Mezi c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdmi na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi lze uv\u00e9st nap\u0159. Mysliveck\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d c\u00edsa\u0159e Karla VI. vydan\u00fd dne 16. srpna 1732, ve kter\u00e9m se ji\u017e setk\u00e1v\u00e1me se skl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159\u00edsahy za \u00fa\u010delem v\u00fdkonu ochrany myslivosti. P\u0159\u00edsaha myslivc\u016f a hajn\u00fdch pak dle tohoto \u0159\u00e1du zn\u011bla n\u00e1sledovn\u011b:<\/p>\n

\u201eJ\u00e1, p\u0159\u00edsah\u00e1m P\u00e1nu Bohu v\u0161emohouc\u00edmu, blahoslaven\u00e9 a od h\u0159\u00edchu po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00e9ho neposkvrn\u011bn\u00e9 Pann\u011b Marii, matce bo\u017e\u00ed, a v\u0161em bo\u017e\u00edm svat\u00fdm, \u017ee v tom m\u011b sv\u011b\u0159en\u00e9m rev\u00edru zv\u011b\u0159 h\u00e1jiti, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9mu, bu\u010f on kdo bu\u010f, myslivost v n\u011bm provozovati, ani\u017e k tomu pom\u00e1hati, tolik\u00e9\u017e \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 pen\u00edze, ani\u017e cokoliv jin\u00e9ho p\u0159ij\u00edmati, s hospodsk\u00fdmi \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 podez\u0159el\u00e9 srozum\u011bn\u00ed m\u00edti, n\u00fdbr\u017e jeviti, rev\u00edry taky piln\u011b zhl\u00ed\u017eeti, p\u0159ed pytl\u00e1\u0159stv\u00edm opatrovati, s\u00e1m sebe ale do takov\u00e9ho pytl\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed neb schov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9ho\u017e nedopou\u0161t\u011bti, n\u00fdbr\u017e jak na poctiv\u00e9ho myslivce neb respektive hajn\u00fdho slu\u0161\u00ed a n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed, se chovati chci a m\u00e1m. Jako\u017e mi tomu dopom\u00e1hej B\u016fh v\u0161emohouc\u00ed, Panna Maria, nepo\u0161kvrn\u011bn\u00e1 matka bo\u017e\u00ed a v\u0161ichni svat\u00ed. Amen.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Lesn\u00ed hl\u00edda\u010d, tak byla zakotvena jako person\u00e1l po\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed po slo\u017een\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsahy postaven\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 str\u00e1\u017ee s pr\u00e1vem nosit oby\u010dejnou zbra\u0148, kterou mohla v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9 nutn\u00e9 obrany pou\u017e\u00edt. Dle lesn\u00edho z\u00e1kona musel ka\u017ed\u00fd uposlechnout jeho v\u00fdzvy ve slu\u017eb\u011b u\u010din\u011bn\u00e9. Lesn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017e byla p\u0159i v\u00fdkonu sv\u00e9 slu\u017eby povinna nosit \u201ep\u0159edepsan\u00fd od\u011bv slu\u017eebn\u00ed nebo alespo\u0148 ustanovenou p\u00e1sku na ruce neb pokr\u00fdvku na hlav\u011b\u201c. Mezi jejich hlavn\u00ed opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed pat\u0159ilo vyhostit z lesa osoby, u nich\u017e by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ob\u00e1vat se, \u017ee zp\u016fsob\u00ed \u00fajmu ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti nebo na lesn\u00edm majetku. Dal\u0161\u00ed opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edvalo v prevenci proti lesn\u00edmu pychu, kdy osob\u011b p\u0159isti\u017een\u00e9 mimo ve\u0159ejnou cestu s n\u00e1strojem, kter\u00fd se \u201eoby\u010dejn\u011b u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed nebo odkl\u00edzen\u00ed d\u0159\u00edv\u00ed a jin\u00fdch plodin lesn\u00edch\u201c, m\u011bl b\u00fdt tento n\u00e1stroj odejmut a p\u0159ed\u00e1n m\u00edstn\u00edmu chudobinci. Nutno podotknout, \u017ee n\u00e1stroj byl p\u0159isti\u017een\u00e9 osob\u011b odejmut pouze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee tato osoba neuvedla n\u011bjakou omluvitelnou p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu, pro\u010d m\u00e1 n\u00e1stroj u sebe.<\/p>\n

Stejn\u011b jako n\u00e1stroje u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 k lesn\u00edmu pychu mohla lesn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017e zabavit i \u201epodez\u0159el\u00e9 plodiny lesn\u00ed\u201c osobou p\u0159ivlastn\u011bn\u00e9. Osobu p\u0159isti\u017eenou p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159i p\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161kody na lesn\u00edm majetku nebo tu, kter\u00e1 se postavila lesn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ei na odpor atd., pak lesn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017e m\u011bla opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed zatknout a bez odkladu j\u00ed pak odevzdat p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9mu \u00fa\u0159adu. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u00faprku pak mohla tuto osobu lesn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017e st\u00edhat i mimo lesy. Je nutn\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee tato pravidla, na kter\u00e1 dohl\u00ed\u017eel, m\u011bla celkov\u011b za \u00fakol zlep\u0161it stav les\u016f a p\u0159\u00edrody. V tomto sv\u011btle pak ozna\u010den\u00ed za \u201eochr\u00e1nce \u2013 str\u00e1\u017ece p\u0159\u00edrody\u201c ji\u017e nezn\u00ed tak nadnesen\u011b. Jeho p\u016fsobnost se p\u0159itom neomezovala pouze na zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed lovu zv\u011b\u0159e, ale ji\u017e tehdy mu byla c\u00edsa\u0159em sv\u011b\u0159ena p\u016fsobnost \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u2013 toti\u017e zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed les\u016f a p\u0159\u00edrody jako celku v cel\u00e9 sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b. O stavu \u0161umavsk\u00fdch les\u016f v horn\u00edm povod\u00ed Vltavy zase vypov\u00edd\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va lesmistra Dreschera z Kadan\u011b, datovan\u00e1 r. 1719. Uv\u00e1d\u00ed: \u2026 lze nal\u00e9zt jen m\u00e1lo zachoval\u00fdch lesn\u00edch parti\u00ed. Poddan\u00ed k\u00e1cej\u00ed stromy nevyb\u00edrav\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, kdekoliv se jim zachce, dobytek se po les\u00edch bez dozoru toul\u00e1 a listnat\u00e9 i jehli\u010dnat\u00e9 n\u00e1lety sp\u00e1s\u00e1.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> K\u00e1nsk\u00fd, Zden\u011bk: Z\u00e1kon o myslivosti. Pr\u00e1vnick\u00e9 knihkupectv\u00ed a nakladatelstv\u00ed V. Linhart. Praha 1948. Masaryk\u016fv slovn\u00edk nau\u010dn\u00fd: lidov\u00e1 encyklopedie v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch v\u011bdomost\u00ed. Praha: \u010ceskoslovensk\u00fd kompas, 1925-1933. 7 sv. Josef No\u017ei\u010dka: P\u0159ehled v\u00fdvoje na\u0161ich les\u016f, SZN, Praha 1957<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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