{"id":168936,"date":"2024-08-05T17:53:59","date_gmt":"2024-08-05T16:53:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=168936"},"modified":"2024-08-07T19:36:35","modified_gmt":"2024-08-07T18:36:35","slug":"z-archivu-a-kronik-o-poutovem-pendreku-a-sumaku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=168936","title":{"rendered":"Z ARCHIV\u016e A KRONIK: O pou\u0165ov\u00e9m pendreku a \u0161um\u00e1ku"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u010cern\u00e9 \u0161lahouny jsou – jak zn\u00e1mo – sladk\u00e9, ale i trochu p\u00e1liv\u00e9. To ov\u0161em spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm kluk\u016fm nikdy nevadilo. Snad ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo uvid\u00ed podlouhlou \u010dernou ty\u010dinku s typicky nasl\u00e1dlou v\u016fn\u00ed, jen na chv\u00edli zap\u00e1tr\u00e1 v pam\u011bti a pak vzdechne: \u201eNo jasn\u011b, pendrek!\u201c Star\u00fd gramofon a obl\u00edben\u00e9 p\u00edsni\u010dky na\u0161\u00ed babi\u010dky. P\u0159iznejme si nyn\u00ed, \u017ee ten \u010das let\u00ed opravdu neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b rychle. Tak copak m\u00e1me na t\u00e9to desce? Chvili\u010dku p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161l\u00edme, jak to ud\u011blat, abychom si tu desku mohli p\u0159ehr\u00e1t. Opravdu ale jenom chvili\u010dku. Rozhod jsem se l\u00e9\u010dit l\u00e1sku l\u00e9ko\u0159ic\u00ed, objedn\u00e1m si aspo\u0148 tis\u00edc odno\u017e\u00ed…<\/h6>\n

Trochu nostalgie po star\u00fdch \u010dasech? Pochopiteln\u011b. Vzpom\u00ednky na p\u00edsni\u010dky, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m vyloud\u00ed na rtech \u00fasm\u011bv. Ne, to nen\u00ed staromilstv\u00ed. Star\u00e9 \u010dasy maj\u00ed jedin\u00e9 a neoddiskutovateln\u00e9 plus, o kter\u00e9m nen\u00ed pochyb. Byli jsme mlad\u0161\u00ed. Jak to pokra\u010duje d\u00e1l? Rostlo by napravo, rostlo by nalevo, pro tebe m\u00e1 d\u011bvo, jen to sladk\u00fd d\u0159evo\u2026\u2026\u010cern\u00e1, leskl\u00e1 a sladk\u00e1 hmota, charakteristick\u00e9 chuti. Nezbytn\u00e1 cukrovinka na\u0161eho d\u011btstv\u00ed. L\u00e9ko\u0159icov\u00e9 sladk\u00e9 d\u0159evo \u017ev\u00fdkali francouz\u0161t\u00ed hrdinov\u00e9 v rom\u00e1nu Knofl\u00edkov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka se stejnou slast\u00ed jako prvorepublikov\u00ed pra\u017e\u0161t\u00ed uli\u010dn\u00edci.<\/p>\n

A slabost pro l\u00e9ko\u0159ici v propadli\u0161ti d\u011bjin nezmizela. Jeden z prvn\u00edch bonbon\u016f z manufaktury rodiny Amarelli ochutnal pr\u00fd i c\u00edsa\u0159 Napoleon. Aspo\u0148 jsem to sly\u0161el od pr\u016fvodkyn\u011b v rossansk\u00e9m muzeu. K vid\u011bn\u00ed jsou zde i historick\u00e9 stroje a n\u00e1stroje. Tak\u00e9 rozli\u010dn\u00e9 formy a formi\u010dky ur\u010den\u00e9 ke kone\u010dn\u00e9mu tvarov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 sm\u011bsi l\u00e9ko\u0159ice a arabsk\u00e9 gumy. Pendrek. N\u00e1zev i p\u0159es dvojsmysln\u00fd v\u00fdznam zlidov\u011bl. Pochoutka i l\u00e9k. Pod\u00edvejme se na l\u00e9ko\u0159ici trochu zbl\u00edzka. Nen\u00ed to pochopiteln\u011b \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 novinka.<\/p>\n

Tato rostlina a jej\u00ed l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 i \u0161kodliv\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky jsou lidstvu zn\u00e1my u\u017e n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc let a byla u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na ve v\u0161ech sv\u011btad\u00edlech. Ji\u017en\u00ed Evropa, Asie, m\u00e9n\u011b ji\u017e ty ostatn\u00ed. L\u00e9ko\u0159ici si vzal na svoji v\u011b\u010dnou cestu i faraon Tutancham\u00f3n. Svazek l\u00e9ko\u0159icov\u00fdch ty\u010dinek byl nalezen v jeho hrobce. Nechyb\u011bla na stolech \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch c\u00edsa\u0159\u016f. V Indii se konzumovala v ml\u00e9ce, jako \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 afrodiziakum. V\u00fdraz pendrek byl p\u0159evzat z n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho symbolick\u00e9ho vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed pro tuto cukrovinku. Tedy \u201eB\u00e4rendreck\u201c neboli medv\u011bd\u00ed exkrement.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edkov\u00e9 dne\u0161n\u00ed rodiny kal\u00e1brijsk\u00fdch v\u00fdrobc\u016f byli majiteli rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch pozemk\u016f a v osmn\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed se pokusili vyu\u017e\u00edt i divoce rostouc\u00ed l\u00e9ko\u0159ice. Tradi\u010dn\u011b byla uplat\u0148ov\u00e1na nejen v lidov\u00e9m l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed, n\u00fdbr\u017e i jako sladidlo. Po vylouhov\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u0159ene ve vrouc\u00ed vod\u011b vznik\u00e1 sladk\u00e1 \u0161\u0165\u00e1va, a pr\u00e1v\u011b ta se stala z\u00e1kladem v\u00fdroby prvn\u00edch l\u00e9ko\u0159icov\u00fdch bonbon\u016f a v\u016fbec cukrovinek. Nechyb\u011bla na stolech \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch c\u00edsa\u0159\u016f. V Indii se konzumovala v ml\u00e9ce, jako \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 afrodiziakum. A co Evropa?<\/p>\n

Otec v\u0161ech l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f Hippokrates (460 p\u0159. n. l. \u2013 cca 377 p\u0159. n. l.) ozna\u010dil l\u00e9ko\u0159ici jako sladk\u00fd ko\u0159en. V \u0159e\u010dtin\u011b glukos riza, a n\u00e1sledn\u011b se z toho spojen\u00ed vyvinulo dne\u0161n\u00ed rodov\u00e9 jm\u00e9no l\u00e9ko\u0159ice Glycyrrhiza. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku byla p\u011bstov\u00e1na hlavn\u011b v kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00edch zahrad\u00e1ch a byla obl\u00edbenou drogou mnoha l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f. Pou\u017e\u00edvala se k l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed ka\u0161le, d\u00fdchac\u00edch obt\u00ed\u017e\u00ed, nachlazen\u00ed a onemocn\u011bn\u00ed pr\u016fdu\u0161ek. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je l\u00e9ko\u0159ice ve v\u0161ech kultur\u00e1ch vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na jako \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd prost\u0159edek v boji s rakovinou. Pochopiteln\u011b nechyb\u00ed ve zn\u00e1m\u00e9m Matthioliho herb\u00e1\u0159i. A nyn\u00ed? Na\u0161la rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed i v takov\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch pr\u016fmyslu, ve kter\u00fdch byste ji rozhodn\u011b nehledaly. A kde ji tedy m\u016f\u017eeme naj\u00edt? Krom\u011b l\u00e9k\u00e1ren a cukr\u00e1ren? P\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 se nap\u0159\u00edklad do ho\u0159k\u00fdch \u017ealude\u010dn\u00edch lik\u00e9r\u016f, jako je fernet stomachico nebo do kofoly, kter\u00e1 d\u00edky l\u00e9ko\u0159ici m\u00e1 svoji nezam\u011bnitelnou chu\u0165.<\/p>\n

Pendrek je zahu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd a upraven\u00fd extrakt z l\u00e9ko\u0159icov\u00e9ho ko\u0159ene. Tak\u00e9 se p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 do piva, kde p\u016fsob\u00ed jako p\u011bn\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsada. Vyva\u0159en\u00edm such\u00fdch oloupan\u00fdch ko\u0159en\u016f a po zfiltrov\u00e1n\u00ed tmav\u00e9 ka\u0161e se z\u00edsk\u00e1 leskl\u00e1 hladk\u00e1 hmota zvan\u00e1 l\u00e9ko\u0159ina nebo l\u00edznice, lidov\u011b pendrek. L\u00e9ko\u0159ice i pendrek se d\u0159\u00edve prod\u00e1valy v kr\u00e1mech, na jarmarc\u00edch i o pout\u00edch tak\u00e9 u n\u00e1s.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00edm spot\u0159ebitelem sladk\u00e9ho d\u0159eva je Indie, jej\u00ed\u017e obyvatel\u00e9 se\u017ev\u00fdkaj\u00ed skoro v\u0161echen ro\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdvoz l\u00e9ko\u0159ice, poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z ostrova Zanzibaru, kde se urod\u00ed skoro 80% jej\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00ed produkce. Od 16. stolet\u00ed byly men\u0161\u00ed kultury l\u00e9ko\u0159ice zavedeny u n\u00e1s na ji\u017en\u00ed Morav\u011b, ale zanikly u\u017e za\u010d\u00e1tkem 20. stolet\u00ed. Pokud se v\u00e1m tedy p\u00edsni\u010dka o l\u00e9ko\u0159ici l\u00edbila, pus\u0165te si ji znovu. Budete se na ni ji\u017e d\u00edvat \u00fapln\u011b jinak.<\/p>\n

\u0160um\u00e1ky TIKI, vzpom\u00edn\u00e1te? Kdy\u017e jste je rozkousli v puse, \u0161la v\u00e1m p\u011bna i nosem. Pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 generace si jist\u011b r\u00e1da zavzpom\u00edn\u00e1 na sv\u00e9 d\u011btstv\u00ed a sladk\u00e1 pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 ho doprov\u00e1zela. Jedn\u00edm z nich byl v t\u00e9 dob\u011b d\u011btmi velmi cen\u011bn\u00fd kosti\u010dkov\u00fd \u0161um\u00e1k TIKI. Po vysloven\u00ed jeho jm\u00e9na se ur\u010dit\u011b mnoh\u00fdm z pam\u011btn\u00edk\u016f vybav\u00ed, jakou m\u011bl chu\u0165, barvu a tak\u00e9 co v\u0161echno se s t\u00edmto pamlskem dalo za\u017e\u00edt. \u0160um\u00e1k byl ur\u010den p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro dom\u00e1c\u00ed v\u00fdrobu osv\u011b\u017euj\u00edc\u00edho n\u00e1poje, ale d\u011bti jej sp\u00ed\u0161e u\u017e\u00edvaly jako zaj\u00edmavou sladkost.<\/p>\n

Kosti\u010dka \u0161um\u00e1ku se vzala do \u0161pinav\u00fdch prst\u016f a rukou se za\u010dalo se jezdit po jazyku. P\u0159\u00ed\u0161ern\u011b to barvilo, p\u011bnilo, \u0161um\u011blo a \u0161t\u00edpalo a jazyk byl za chv\u00edli kr\u00e1sn\u011b barevn\u00fd. Kyselina v \u0161um\u00e1ku obsa\u017een\u00e1 vy\u017e\u00edrala chu\u0165ov\u00e9 poh\u00e1rky tak, \u017ee nakonec byl jazyk jako struhadlo, a to teprve bylo to prav\u00e9 o\u0159echov\u00e9! Nebo se kosti\u010dka rovnou rozkousla a p\u011bna v\u00e1m pak \u0161la nejen z pusy a nosu, ale m\u00e1lem tak\u00e9 u\u0161ima. Maminky tehdej\u0161\u00edch mal\u00fdch konzument\u016f v\u0161ak nerady vid\u011bly sv\u00e9 d\u011bti \u0161um\u00e1k l\u00edzat a cumlat, proto\u017ee se obecn\u011b v\u011bd\u011blo, \u017ee leptaj\u00ed \u017ealude\u010dn\u00ed st\u011bnu. To, \u017ee ne\u0161lo o nic moc zdrav\u00e9ho, dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 slo\u017een\u00ed, kdy z\u00e1kladem pro jeho v\u00fdrobu byla sm\u011bs kyseliny citronov\u00e9 a hydrogenuhli\u010ditanu sodn\u00e9ho, v\u0161eobecn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho sp\u00ed\u0161e jako jedl\u00e1 soda. K tomu byl p\u0159id\u00e1n cukr a trocha potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho barviva.<\/p>\n

\u0160um\u00e1k TIKI se prod\u00e1val v balen\u00ed po dvou krychli\u010dk\u00e1ch \u2013 jedn\u00e9 b\u00edl\u00e9 a druh\u00e9 barevn\u00e9 \u2013 a st\u00e1l 20 hal\u00e9\u0159\u016f. Pozd\u011bji byly ob\u011b kosti\u010dky stejn\u00e9 hn\u011bd\u011b mel\u00edrovan\u00e9 barvy. V polovin\u011b osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let tento obl\u00edben\u00fd v\u00fdrobek z nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din z na\u0161ich prodejen zmizel. Dnes v\u0161ak nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 p\u00e1trat, pro\u010d se tak stalo, d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je, \u017ee z\u016fstal uchov\u00e1n v srdc\u00edch pam\u011btn\u00edk\u016f, nebo\u0165 je vzpom\u00ednkou na \u010das d\u011btstv\u00ed, prvn\u00ed kamar\u00e1dy a \u0161koln\u00ed l\u00e9ta.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> V\u00e1clav Jir\u00e1sek, Franti\u0161ek Proch\u00e1zka: Rostliny zn\u00e1m\u00e9 nezn\u00e1m\u00e9, nakladatelstv\u00ed Albatros, edice Oko, rok vyd\u00e1n\u00ed 1985 V\u00e1clav Pokorn\u00fd Extra story<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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