{"id":165816,"date":"2023-09-12T21:02:01","date_gmt":"2023-09-12T20:02:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=165816"},"modified":"2023-09-12T21:02:01","modified_gmt":"2023-09-12T20:02:01","slug":"stara-sumava-zanikle-remeslo-mlatec","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=165816","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Zanikl\u00e9 \u0159emeslo mlatec"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Mlatci, \u0159emeslo u\u017e d\u00e1vno zanikl\u00e9 a p\u0159ich\u00e1zeli po \u017en\u00edch, a\u017e bylo obil\u00ed vyschl\u00e9. S ml\u00e1cen\u00edm obil\u00ed po\u010dalo se hned po \u017en\u00edch. St\u00e1valo se v\u0161ak, \u017ee i ve \u017en\u00edch se muselo ml\u00e1tit n\u011bco obili na sp\u011bch, kdy\u017e doch\u00e1zel chl\u00e9b a pro dobytek nebyla sl\u00e1ma ke krmen\u00ed. Jindy se st\u00e1valo, \u017ee na ml\u00e1t\u011b le\u017eely vedle sebe dvoje obiln\u00e9 pohrabiny, nebo\u0165 se na vrstev ji\u017e neve\u0161ly; a aby se mohl t\u0159et\u00ed druh obil\u00ed do stodoly sv\u00e1\u017eet, musely b\u00fdt pohrabiny z mlatu odklizeny.<\/h6>\n

Lze si p\u0159edstavit, za letn\u00edch parn\u00fdch dn\u016f co to znamenalo ml\u00e1tit cepem a k tomu pohrabiny; jak\u00e1 to byla nev\u00e1biv\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce! A nebylo pomoci! Nap\u0159ed snopy jsou sv\u00e1zan\u00e9, potom se obil\u00ed rozlo\u017eilo do v\u011bnce a cepy za\u010daly vy\u0165uk\u00e1vat rytmus. Mlatci dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed po vyml\u00e1cen\u00ed jak v pansk\u00fdch dvo\u0159\u00edch, tak u men\u0161\u00edch hospod\u00e1\u0159\u016f des\u00e1tou neb dvan\u00e1ctou m\u011b\u0159ici z vyml\u00e1cen\u00e9ho obil\u00ed. Kde se pen\u011bzi plat\u00ed, dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed 12\u201415 gro\u0161\u016f na den beze stravy a pracovati musej\u00ed od sedm\u00e9 r\u00e1no do poledne a od 2 hodin do tmy…..<\/p>\n

\u201eRaz dva t\u0159i, raz dva t\u0159i \u2026 \u201c<\/p>\n

\u201eKa\u017ed\u00fd z mlatc\u016f pohyboval cepem krou\u017eiv\u00fdm pohybem. Cep se p\u0159itom musel ve vzduchu oto\u010dit, aby nedo\u0161lo k zasukov\u00e1n\u00ed jeho ko\u017een\u00e9ho \u00favazu. V chycen\u00e9m rytmu se neust\u00e1le bu\u0161ilo do klas\u016f. T\u00edm se zrno postupn\u011b uvol\u0148ovalo z klas\u016f a propadlo na hlin\u011bnou podlahu mlatu. Po klasech se muselo ml\u00e1tit jemn\u011b a s citem, aby se zrno prudk\u00fdmi \u00fadery nerozdrtilo. Rozdrcen\u00ed tak\u00e9 zabr\u00e1nil hlin\u011bn\u00fd povrch mlatu. Po doml\u00e1cen\u00ed se sl\u00e1ma odhrnula a zrno se smetlo. Pot\u00e9 se zrno i s plevami nasypalo do fukaru, kde se za pomoc\u00ed proud\u00edc\u00edho vzduchu zrno pro\u010distilo. Plevy pak padaly jednou v\u00fdsypkou a t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed hl\u00edna druhou. V\u00fdm\u011bnou s\u00edt s r\u016fznou velikost\u00ed ok se zrno dalo rozd\u011blit i do n\u011bkolika t\u0159\u00edd podle velikosti a kvality. Ml\u00e1tit cepem nebyla v\u016fbec \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 hra\u010dka. Tato na pohled jednoduch\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce se musela um\u011bt. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed zp\u016fsob v\u00fdmlatu se v\u011bnoval \u017eitu. To se muselo ml\u00e1tit cepy tak, aby se nepoma\u010dkala st\u00e9bla, pon\u011bvad\u017e se z nich vyr\u00e1b\u011bla pov\u0159\u00edsla.<\/p>\n

K v\u00fdmlatu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me v na\u0161em hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed dva d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 cepy. Jeden v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed chlapsk\u00fd a druh\u00fd men\u0161\u00ed, babsk\u00fd. \u010c\u00edm m\u00ed\u0148 je mlatc\u016f, t\u00edm je tempo v\u00fdmlatu svi\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a tak\u00e9 rychlej\u0161\u00ed. Nejl\u00e9pe se ml\u00e1t\u00ed ve t\u0159ech mlatc\u00edch. P\u0159i ml\u00e1cen\u00ed si \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me nahlas, nebo v duchu toto po\u0159ekadlo\u201c:<\/p>\n

\u201eRaz \u2013 dva \u2013 t\u0159i, raz \u2013 dva \u2013 t\u0159i \u2026 \u201c<\/p>\n

nebo jin\u00e9 po\u0159ekadlo:<\/p>\n

\u201eJed \u2013 na \u2013 dv\u011b, Hon \u2013 za \u2013 jde\u201c.<\/p>\n

\u201eBohat\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159i si mlatce naj\u00edmali za pen\u00edze. Pak se mohlo ml\u00e1t\u00edvat i v osmi mlatc\u00edch a p\u0159itom se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 jin\u00e9 po\u0159ekadlo zn\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed takto\u201c:<\/p>\n

\u201e\u010cert \u2013 na \u2013 pat \u2013 \u0159e, sho\u010f \u2013 ho \u2013 brat \u2013 \u0159e\u201c<\/p>\n

Podobn\u00fdch \u0159\u00edkanek je na v\u00edce zp\u016fsob\u016f. Li\u0161\u00ed se vesnice od vesnice. Platilo-li u \u0159emesel p\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed \u00bbu\u010dedn\u00edk – mu\u010dedn\u00edka, platilo toto dvojn\u00e1sob u u\u010dedn\u00edka-mlatce. Neudr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm rytmick\u00e9ho taktu sr\u00e1\u017eel se \u00fader cep\u016f v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch mlatc\u016f. T\u011b\u017eko nesli vy\u0161kolen\u00ed mlatci ka\u017ed\u00e9 zakulh\u00e1n\u00ed u\u010dedn\u00edka \u00bbklas\u00e1ka\u00ab, – v\u017edy\u0165 to lid\u00e9 v sousedstv\u00ed sly\u0161\u00ed a p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti se jim budou sm\u00e1t! A p\u0159ece ten u\u010dedn\u00edk-klas\u00e1k byl tehdy oby\u010dejn\u011b 121et\u00fd chlapec neb d\u011bv\u010de. Kdy\u017e vzal n\u011bkter\u00fd nezku\u0161en\u00fd mlatec cep do ruky u cepu naho\u0159e, pouze za cepovku, hned p\u0159ito\u010dil se nen\u00e1padn\u011b druh\u00fd mlatec a rukou stiskl cep k cepovce tak, \u017ee posti\u017een\u00fd bolest\u00ed vyk\u0159ikl, proto\u017ee m\u011bl prsty sk\u0159\u00edpnut\u00e9.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1sad\u011b cep\u016f se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 cepi\u0161t\u011b. To je na konci osazeno kov\u00e1n\u00edm zakon\u010den\u00fdm okem. J\u00edm je provle\u010den o\u010depek, kter\u00fd spojuje cepi\u0161t\u011b s bij\u00e1kem. O\u010depek je z vep\u0159ovice a ko\u017een\u00fdmi \u0159em\u00ednky, takzvan\u00fdm ouvazem, je oto\u010dn\u011b propojen s bij\u00e1kem. Bij\u00e1k je vyroben z tvrd\u00e9ho d\u0159eva. Obil\u00ed se ml\u00e1tilo po celou zimu. Rovn\u00e1 sl\u00e1ma z \u017eita se pou\u017e\u00edvala do stro\u017eok\u016f-slamn\u00edk\u016f, na span\u00ed, dob\u0159e n\u00e1s h\u0159\u00e1la. Je\u0161t\u011b se vr\u00e1t\u00edme k ml\u00e1cen\u00ed. Obil\u00ed se je\u0161t\u011b muselo pro\u010distit, aby se mohlo seml\u00edt na krupici-dne\u0161n\u00ed grahamov\u00e1 mouka a up\u00e9ci chleba.<\/p>\n

Ve stodole se pros\u00e9valo p\u0159es velk\u00e9 s\u00edto. Na s\u00edtu z\u016fstaly ograbky. Byly to zbytky klas\u016f, st\u00e9bel a tr\u00e1vy. Na humno propadlo obil\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se pr\u00e1v\u011b ml\u00e1tilo a nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tvary semen. To v\u0161echno, co z\u016fstalo na humn\u011b, se p\u0159imetlo k okraj\u016fm humna a ml\u00e1til se stejn\u00fd druh obil\u00ed, kolik hospod\u00e1\u0159 pot\u0159eboval. Ograbky se d\u00e1valy zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165, p\u0159ipa\u0159ily se horkou vodou a po vychlazen\u00ed se jimi krmil dobytek. Obil\u00ed z humna se d\u00e1le \u010distilo v burdaku. Byla to takov\u00e1 kuka\u0148, kde se vym\u011b\u0148ovala \u010dty\u0159i s\u00edta s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi oky. Po \u010dtvrt\u00e9m proto\u010den\u00ed se vysypalo obil\u00ed s kulat\u00fdmi semeny koukolu a chrpy. Maminka \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eTakov\u00e9 plugastvo zaplevelilo cel\u00e9 pole.\u201c My jsme jako mal\u00e9 d\u011bti museli tento plevel s kulat\u00fdmi semeny vytrh\u00e1vat ji\u017e na poli, aby nedozr\u00e1lo.<\/p>\n

Obil\u00ed se je\u0161t\u011b muselo d\u00e1l \u010distit ve vykulova\u010di, to se prosyp\u00e1valo i n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t. Posledn\u00ed \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed obil\u00ed od semen kuli\u010dek koukolu byl, \u017ee se \u010distilo ru\u010dn\u011b na stole. To si p\u0159edstavte, kolikr\u00e1t obil\u00ed pro\u0161lo rukama, aby se mohlo vys\u00edt na dvouhektarov\u00e9 pole. Brzy p\u0159i\u0161ly ml\u00e1ti\u010dky. Nejd\u0159\u00edve to byly oby\u010dejn\u00e9 a pak \u010disti\u010dky. Tak\u00e9 u v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch usedlost\u00ed za\u010dali z\u0159izovat tzv. geply, aby se \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b usnadnilo ml\u00e1cen\u00ed pomoc\u00ed cep\u016f. Z ml\u00e1ti\u010dek \u0161la sl\u00e1ma zma\u010dkan\u00e1, \u010dili mrva, ta se nehodila na pov\u0159\u00edsla a do slamn\u00edk\u016f \u2013 stro\u017eok\u016f, kter\u00e1 se na podzim, jednou v roce, m\u011bnila. Tak\u00e9 rovn\u00e1, \u010dist\u00e1, \u017eitn\u00e1 sl\u00e1ma se prod\u00e1vala ciz\u00edm lidem a voj\u00e1k\u016fm do kas\u00e1ren na vycp\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed slamn\u00edk\u016f. Je\u0161t\u011b dlouho se ml\u00e1tilo cepy. Pozd\u011bji se staly dal\u0161\u00edmi pomocn\u00edky geply, kr\u00e1vy a ml\u00e1ti\u010dky. Krav\u00e1m se daly chomouty, \u010dili postroje. Zapojily se u stodoly do geplu pomoc\u00ed ta\u017een\u00ed po kruhu se rozt\u00e1\u010dela ozuben\u00e1 kola geplu a pomoc\u00ed n\u011bho i ml\u00e1ti\u010dka ve stodole.<\/p>\n

D\u011bkuji Ti Bo\u017ee, \u017ees po\u017eehnal moudr\u00fdm lidem, aby vymysleli za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 jim usnadnila pr\u00e1ci. Ty se \u010dlov\u011bka nikdy nevzd\u00e1\u0161, proto\u017ee ho miluje\u0161, na rozd\u00edl od lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed se T\u011b bezd\u016fvodn\u011b vzd\u00e1vaj\u00ed a opou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista jako zachr\u00e1nce. T\u00edm se p\u0159ipravuj\u00ed o \u017eivot v Bo\u017e\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti. Teprve a\u017e se podruh\u00e9, ve sl\u00e1v\u011b vr\u00e1t\u00ed, aby n\u00e1s soudil, poznaj\u00ed, kdo je Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 Kristus, na vlastn\u00ed o\u010di ho uvid\u00ed a pokleknou.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zdroj:<\/strong> Ned\u011bln\u00ed listy noviny, kter\u00e9 se ne\u010dtou jen v ned\u011bli Ho\u0161kov\u00e1<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Mlatci, <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":286805,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/12\/ram-mlatec.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/165816"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=165816"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/165816\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":286806,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/165816\/revisions\/286806"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/286805"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=165816"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=165816"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=165816"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}