{"id":163245,"date":"2020-06-15T08:43:21","date_gmt":"2020-06-15T07:43:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=163245"},"modified":"2020-06-15T08:43:21","modified_gmt":"2020-06-15T07:43:21","slug":"stara-sumava-bourkove-kameny","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=163245","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Bou\u0159kov\u00e9 kameny"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Lid\u00e9 oded\u00e1vna p\u0159i sv\u00e9 ka\u017edodenn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci, jako byly v\u00fdkopy z\u00e1klad\u016f na stavbu domu, obd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pole \u010di klu\u010den\u00ed pa\u0159ez\u016f v les\u00edch, p\u0159ich\u00e1zeli do styku s \u0159adou prav\u011bk\u00fdch \u010di starov\u011bk\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f, o kter\u00fdch si toho nedovedli moc p\u0159edstavit. Ve vztahu k t\u011bmto n\u00e1padn\u00fdm jev\u016fm, p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm r\u00e1mec praktick\u00fdch znalost\u00ed, si lid\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159eli vlastn\u00ed sv\u011bt v\u00fdklad\u016f.<\/h6>\n

N\u00e1hodn\u00e9 archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy se tak p\u0159i\u010dinily ke vzniku \u0159ady pov\u011br, zvyk\u016f, poh\u00e1dek a pov\u011bst\u00ed. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd z\u00e1jem nejen o hromov\u00e9 kl\u00edny, ale o v\u0161echen archeologick\u00fd invent\u00e1\u0159, nastal s n\u00e1stupem romantismu. Samotn\u00fd v\u00fdklad lidov\u00fdch pov\u011br o \u201ehromov\u00fdch kl\u00ednech\u201c<\/em> byl pro \u0159adu z\u00e1jemc\u016f romantismu i badatel\u016f pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed doby dosti nejednotn\u00fd a rozporupln\u00fd. Za zm\u00ednku stoj\u00ed sv\u00e9r\u00e1zn\u00fd n\u00e1zor far\u00e1\u0159e Franti\u0161ka Petera Rozhonick\u00e9ho, kter\u00fd tvrdil, \u017ee: \u201epov\u011bra vznikla v lidu ji\u017e d\u00e1vno za pohansk\u00fdch \u010das\u016f a pohan\u0161t\u00ed kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed tento nesmysl podporovali, vidouce v n\u011bm hojn\u00fd pramen monopolu \u010dili samoprodeje takov\u00fdch kamen\u016f pro m\u011b\u0161ec sv\u016fj. Proto nejsp\u00ed\u0161 d\u00e1vali tajn\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bt vrtan\u00e9 kameny, strkali je pod posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 stromy, tam je pak po bou\u0159ce nach\u00e1zeli a vnutili lidem p\u0159edstavu, \u017ee jsou posv\u00e1tn\u00e9, aby je cht\u011bli d\u00e1vat sv\u00fdm drah\u00fdm do hrob\u016f a kupovali je od nich.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Od druh\u00e9 poloviny 18. stolet\u00ed za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 postupn\u011b p\u0159evl\u00e1dat tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee jde o lidsk\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v dob\u011b prav\u011bk\u00e9. P\u0159esto je\u0161t\u011b Otakar Pertold v polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u00ed:<\/p>\n

\u201eJe\u0161t\u011b kdy\u017e jsem byl mal\u00fd chlapec, ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch velmi cen\u011bn\u00fd feti\u0161 byl hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men. B\u00fdvala to spe\u010denina k\u0159emenit\u00e9ho p\u00edsku, z\u0159ejm\u011b utvo\u0159en\u00e1 za zna\u010dn\u00e9ho \u017e\u00e1ru. Nen\u00ed vylou\u010deno, \u017ee snad opravdu to b\u00fdval produkt \u00faderu blesku do k\u0159emenit\u00e9 p\u016fdy. Nasv\u011bd\u010dovalo by tomu, \u017ee to b\u00fdval p\u0159edm\u011bt velmi vz\u00e1cn\u00fd a \u017ee m\u00edval n\u011bkdy podobu rourovitou. S\u00e1m jsem vid\u011bl jeden exempl\u00e1\u0159 dokonce ko\u0159enovit\u011b rozv\u011btven\u00fd. V\u011b\u0159ilo se o n\u011bm, \u017ee chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed v\u0161emi mo\u017en\u00fdmi \u0161kodami a vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 \u010darovn\u00e9 s\u00edly.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men nebo kl\u00edn byl m\u00edstn\u011b naz\u00fdv\u00e1n i hromov\u00e1 st\u0159ela, co\u017e znamenalo paprsek. Hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men p\u0159edstavuje v lidov\u00e9m pod\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt, kter\u00fd p\u0159i bou\u0159ce pad\u00e1 spolu s bleskem. \u010c\u00edm je blesk siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, t\u00edm je k\u00e1men v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, t\u00edm hloub\u011bji se zar\u00fdv\u00e1 do zem\u011b a t\u00edm tak\u00e9 del\u0161\u00ed dobu stoup\u00e1 k povrchu. N\u011bkter\u00fd se zjev\u00ed v sedmi dnech, jin\u00fd v sedmi m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch, a nebo v sedmi letech. Hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men let\u00ed k zemi tak obrovskou rychlost\u00ed, \u017ee jak prol\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 vzduchem nelze jej prakticky ani spat\u0159it. Pouze je vid\u011bt z\u00e1blesk, kter\u00fd je ve fin\u00e1ln\u00ed podob\u011b
\nch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako blesk. Tento k\u00e1men, a\u010d je pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00fd, dovede rozb\u00edt \u010di zap\u00e1lit v\u0161e, co mu p\u0159ijde do cesty. N\u011bkdy se m\u016f\u017ee objevit prakticky hned po dopadu.<\/p>\n

Proto n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 d\u016fsledn\u011b bou\u0159i pozorovali a spat\u0159ili-li blesk, \u0161li hledat m\u00edsto dopadu. V jeho okol\u00ed pak k\u00e1men hledali na povrchu, nebo \u010dasto i pod ko\u0159eny bleskem roztrhan\u00e9ho stromu. Toto m\u00edsto bylo u\u017e od nejstar\u0161\u00edch dob ch\u00e1p\u00e1no jako posv\u00e1tn\u00e9, a ne v\u017edy si \u010dlov\u011bk dovolil s t\u00edmto m\u00edstem zahr\u00e1vat.<\/p>\n

Jedna z pov\u011br tak tvrdila, \u017ee odnese-li si n\u011bkdo dom\u016f na topen\u00ed d\u0159evo nebo t\u0159eba jen t\u0159\u00edsku ze stromu, kter\u00fd byl pora\u017een bleskem, mus\u00ed jeho d\u016fm za dal\u0161\u00ed bou\u0159ky ur\u010dit\u011b padnout popelem. V\u0161e \u010deho se blesk dotkl, bylo u\u017e od dob prastar\u00fdch pova\u017eov\u00e1no za nedotknuteln\u00e9. Jako hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men je z dne\u0161n\u00edho hlediska ch\u00e1p\u00e1n p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm prav\u011bk\u00fdm \u010dlov\u011bkem vytvo\u0159en\u00fd artefakt v podob\u011b kl\u00ednu, sekery \u010di sekeromlatu, ale t\u0159eba i kuli\u010dky. Hromov\u00e9 kuli\u010dky se hled\u00e1valy po prvn\u00ed jarn\u00ed bou\u0159ce. Tyto kuli\u010dky mohly m\u00edt p\u016fvodn\u00ed funkci prav\u011bk\u00e9ho
\np\u0159eslenu \u010di setrva\u010dn\u00edku v\u0159etena. O hromov\u00e9m kl\u00ednu ve tvaru sekeromlatu se ob\u010das v\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee otvor v n\u011bm provrtan\u00fd pro nasazen\u00ed top\u016frka je vyra\u017een \u00faderem blesku a k\u00e1men t\u00edm z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed magickou moc.<\/p>\n

Hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men mohl b\u00fdt i meteorit. V ran\u00e9m st\u0159edov\u011bku se s oblibou sestavovala a \u010detla tzv. \u201elapid\u00e1ria\u201c<\/em>, knihy o kamenech a jejich vlastnostech. Hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men tu zast\u00e1val m\u00edsto z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a jeho magick\u00e9 vlastnosti m\u011bly usnad\u0148ovat porod, d\u00e1le m\u011bly m\u00edt dobr\u00fd vliv na r\u016fst d\u011btsk\u00fdch zub\u016f, chr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edzraky a p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed. Ten, kdo nosil hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men p\u0159i sob\u011b, m\u011bl b\u00fdt chr\u00e1n\u011bn proti zasa\u017een\u00ed bleskem. Ochrana se vztahovala i na d\u016fm, dokonce i pr\u00fd na celou obec.<\/p>\n

Hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men d\u00e1val sv\u00e9mu majiteli ur\u010ditou presti\u017e a nalezneme jej i mezi vz\u00e1cn\u00fdmi dary. Tak nap\u0159. Jind\u0159ich IV. dostal roku 1181 mezi jin\u00fdmi dary od c\u00edsa\u0159e Alexia Komnena tak\u00e9 hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men zasazen\u00fd do zlata. Prav\u011bk\u00fd sekeromlat vsazen\u00fd do st\u0159\u00edbra naz\u00fdvan\u00fd \u201ekladivo sv. Martina\u201c<\/em> byl uschov\u00e1n v kostele v holandsk\u00e9m Utrechtu v polovin\u011b 14. stolet\u00ed. N\u011bkolik hromov\u00fdch kl\u00edn\u016f se uv\u00e1d\u011blo i v seznamu sb\u00edrky Rudolfa II. Hromov\u00fd kl\u00edn byl uzn\u00e1v\u00e1n prakticky po cel\u00fd st\u0159edov\u011bk i novov\u011bk v\u011bt\u0161inou u\u010denc\u016f i laick\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti. Co se t\u00fd\u010de p\u016fvodu hromov\u00fdch kamen\u016f, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed prav\u00ed, \u017ee: \u201ekdy\u017e hromov\u00e1 st\u0159ela v let\u011bn\u00ed na zem jak\u00fdkoliv k\u00e1men trefila, jej svou ohnivou moc\u00ed prorazila a v ten oby\u010dejn\u00fd zp\u016fsob, mal\u00e9ho \u010dern\u00e9ho brouska prom\u011bn\u00ed.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Jin\u00ed zase vypravuj\u00ed, \u017ee: \u201ehromov\u00fd k\u00e1men nic jin\u00e9ho nen\u00ed ne\u017e ta sama st\u0159ela, kterou\u017e rozhn\u011bvan\u00fd B\u016fh, bu\u010fto po zl\u00e9m duchu, jen\u017e v pov\u011bt\u0159\u00ed vich\u0159\u00ed a kroupy pro \u010darod\u011bjnice tlu\u010de \u2013 aneb tak\u00e9 po zl\u00fdch lidech \u2013 v prchlivosti bije a pere, v kame\u0148 zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e1 jest, a proto\u017e prej tak\u00e9, pon\u011bvad\u017e p\u0159\u00edmo z ruky bo\u017e\u00ed na zem p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed tak znamenit\u00e9 byly k hojen\u00ed jak lidsk\u00fdch, tak i hovadsk\u00fdch neduh\u016f nab\u00fdv\u00e1.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd pov\u011bre\u010dn\u00fd hospod\u00e1\u0159 a hospodyn\u011b pe\u010dovali o to, aby mohli z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fd hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men vlastnit. Toho vyu\u017e\u00edvali i r\u016fzn\u00ed podvodn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed vyr\u00e1b\u011bli kameny podobn\u00e9 hromov\u00fdm, ty o\u010duzovali, aby m\u011bli tmav\u0161\u00ed, m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159irozenou barvu, a za draho pak pov\u011bre\u010dn\u00fdm hospod\u00e1\u0159\u016fm prod\u00e1vali. K\u00e1men bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 koupit na jarmarc\u00edch, na pouti nebo t\u0159eba od podomn\u00edho obchodn\u00edka.<\/p>\n

Prav\u00fd hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men se ani na nejparn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm slunci nezah\u0159eje, p\u0159ed bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00ed bou\u0159kou se m\u011bl potit a p\u0159i bou\u0159ce se m\u011bl h\u00fdbat. Pravost kamene se dala rozpoznat i t\u00edm, \u017ee se omotal prov\u00e1zkem, vlo\u017eil do ohn\u011b a prov\u00e1zek z\u016fstal ohn\u011bm neporu\u0161en\u00fd, K\u00e1men se dal tak\u00e9 poznat po sirn\u00e9m z\u00e1pachu. Kdo takov\u00fd k\u00e1men zd\u011bdil, koupil nebo nalezl, m\u011bl m\u00edt zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed. Ke kameni se choval jak k jist\u00e9 sv\u00e1tosti a \u010dasto jej schov\u00e1val jako klenot spolu s nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi sv\u00fdmi v\u011bcmi do truhly \u010di pokladnice.<\/p>\n

Vedle ochrann\u00e9 funkce byl hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed a zah\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ech mo\u017en\u00fdch neduh\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b zl\u00fdch duch\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou byly p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou v\u0161ech nemoc\u00ed. N\u011bkdy tento k\u00e1men dostal i druhotn\u00e9 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201el\u00e9kuj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c.<\/em> M\u00edsty se u\u017e\u00edvalo p\u0159i l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed dobytka \u010dern\u00fdch kl\u00edn\u016f a p\u0159i l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed lid\u00ed \u0161ed\u00fdch, ale obecn\u011b se v\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee prav\u00fd hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men zastane ob\u011b funkce. Pr\u00e1\u0161ek na\u0161kraban\u00fd z hromov\u00e9ho kamene a vypit\u00fd s vodou, v\u00ednem \u010di ko\u0159alkou, m\u011bl stejnou moc jako k\u00e1men s\u00e1m a u\u017e\u00edval se jako l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fd prost\u0159edek. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed m\u011bl hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men v celkov\u00e9 podob\u011b. Hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men d\u00e1le z\u00edskal na s\u00edle, byl-li pot\u00edr\u00e1n sv\u011bcenou vodou nebo vodou z l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 stud\u00e1nky.<\/p>\n

Nemocn\u00e9 m\u00edsto se kl\u00ednem pot\u00edralo, nebo se mohl na posti\u017een\u00e9 m\u00edsto dlouhodob\u011b upevnit. K\u00e1men se mohl i nam\u00e1\u010det \u010di va\u0159it, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vznikla l\u00e9\u010div\u00e1 voda \u010di n\u00e1poj. K\u00e1men se d\u00e1val d\u011btem do kol\u00e9bky, rodi\u010dk\u00e1m p\u0159i porodu do ruky a \u0161estined\u011blk\u00e1m do postele. T\u0159\u00edska ze stromu, kam uhodil hromov\u00fd kl\u00edn, m\u011bla pom\u00e1hat proti bolesti zub\u016f. Pot\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm sp\u00e1nk\u016f hromov\u00fdm kamenem se l\u00e9\u010dila bolest hlavy. Hromov\u00fd kl\u00edn se u\u017e\u00edval i p\u0159i onemocn\u011bn\u00edch krku, p\u0159i krtic\u00edch, zvan\u00fdch t\u00e9\u017e boule na krku a tuberkul\u00f3za m\u00edzn\u00edch uzlin. Tato nemoc se l\u00e9\u010dila p\u0159ilo\u017een\u00edm kamene, pot\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00edm a k\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm, \u010dasto i dopln\u011bn\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men pom\u00e1hal p\u0159i bouli na hlav\u011b i r\u016fzn\u00fdch oteklin\u00e1ch, ty se j\u00edm zpravidla zatla\u010dovaly. Velkou \u00falohu sehr\u00e1l hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men tak\u00e9 p\u0159i l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edho zv\u00ed\u0159ectva, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm dobytka. Na rozd\u00edl od l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed lid\u00ed byla tahle praktika v\u00edce utajov\u00e1na a za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edce st\u0159e\u017eena. P\u0159i l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed lid\u00ed tak\u00e9 \u010dasto doch\u00e1zelo k situaci, \u017ee si hromov\u00fd k\u00e1men p\u016fj\u010dovali i od p\u0159espoln\u00edho souseda.<\/p>\n

Zdroj:<\/strong> \u010cervinka, I. L.: Por\u016fznu nalezen\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje kamenn\u00e9 (tzv. \u201ehromov\u00e9 kameny\u201c). \u010casopis Vlastiv\u011bdn\u00e9ho spolku muzejn\u00edho v Olomouci 9, 1892, Klecanda, J.: Hromov\u00e9 kameny (p\u0159edhistorick\u00e9 mlaty) v 15.a 16. v\u011bku. \u010cesk\u00fd lid 10, 1901, Hrab\u011b, V.: Za\u017eehn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nemoc\u00ed, kouzel a bou\u0159liv\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed. \u010cesk\u00fd lid 12, 1903,<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Z cyklu Star\u00e1 \u0160umava)<\/em><\/p>\n

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