{"id":158753,"date":"2020-04-28T06:58:14","date_gmt":"2020-04-28T05:58:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=158753"},"modified":"2020-04-30T23:01:03","modified_gmt":"2020-04-30T22:01:03","slug":"stara-sumava-filipojakubska-noc-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=158753","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Filipojakubsk\u00e1 noc"},"content":{"rendered":"

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O tom, \u017ee je noc z 30. dubna na 1. kv\u011btna kouzeln\u00e1, sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed ohn\u011b planouc\u00ed na n\u00e1vr\u0161\u00edch kolem na\u0161ich m\u011bst a vesnic. P\u00e1l\u00ed se toti\u017e \u010darod\u011bjnice. Od st\u0159edov\u011bku se v\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee existuj\u00ed dny, kdy maj\u00ed zl\u00e9 s\u00edly v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed moc ne\u017e jindy. A jedn\u00edm z nich byl pr\u00e1v\u011b posledn\u00ed dubnov\u00fd den a hlavn\u011b noc. Tehdy mohly nejv\u00edce \u0161kodit \u010darod\u011bjnice, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 tak\u00e9 bosorky, kter\u00e9 v mysl\u00edch lid\u00ed p\u0159edstavovaly \u010f\u00e1belsk\u00e9 zlo ses\u00edlan\u00e9 na zem. Lid\u00e9 si je p\u0159edstavovali bu\u010f jako nadp\u0159irozen\u00e9 bytosti, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou neviditeln\u00e9 a je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 je odhalit, anebo jako star\u00e9 \u017eeny.<\/h6>\n

V minulosti se 1. kv\u011btna slavil sv\u00e1tek sv. Filipa a Jakuba. Odtud n\u00e1zev filipojakubsk\u00e1 noc, i kdy\u017e dnes u\u017e je ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed kalend\u00e1\u0159 trochu jin\u00fd. V katolick\u00e9m kalend\u00e1\u0159i do\u0161lo k posunu obou apo\u0161tol\u016f na 3. kv\u011btna. Oba sv\u011btci byli u\u010dedn\u00edky Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e. Filipa ukamenovali na k\u0159\u00ed\u017ei a Jakub byl shozen z hradeb Jeruzal\u00e9ma, proto\u017ee odm\u00edtl prohl\u00e1sit Krista za podvodn\u00edka. Byl jeho p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm a \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 se mu Jakub Men\u0161\u00ed. N\u011bkdy se tato noc ozna\u010duje tak\u00e9 jako Valpur\u017eina, a to podle Goethova Fausta, kde se popisuje tajupln\u00fd slet \u010darod\u011bjnic s pekelnickou slavnost\u00ed. N\u00e1zev je odvozen od jm\u00e9na abaty\u0161e Walburgy, kter\u00e1 proslula jako ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b p\u0159ed kouzly a \u010darod\u011bjnictv\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Prost\u00ed lid\u00e9 se p\u0159ed \u00fatoky \u010darod\u011bjnic br\u00e1nili, jak um\u011bli. Proto o filipojakubsk\u00e9 noci a je\u0161t\u011b i n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed den prov\u00e1d\u011bli r\u016fzn\u011b magick\u00e9 praktiky na ochranu domu, hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed i lid\u00ed. Pat\u0159il k nim velk\u00fd \u00faklid, p\u00e1len\u00ed smet\u00ed, hluk zp\u016fsoben\u00fd pr\u00e1sk\u00e1n\u00edm bi\u010dem, tlu\u010den\u00edm \u017eelezem nebo d\u0159evem. Ochranu domu a chl\u00e9v\u016f zaji\u0161\u0165ovaly drny, p\u00edsek nebo plevy, zelen\u00e9 ratolesti a sv\u011bcen\u00e9 ko\u010di\u010dky, tak\u00e9 kresby kruh\u016f nebo k\u0159\u00ed\u017ek\u016f na vratech. Magick\u00fd kruh slou\u017eil jako ochrana p\u0159ed zl\u00fdmi silami od prav\u011bku, je\u0161t\u011b d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e si ho lid\u00e9 zvykli spojovat s p\u0159edstavou \u010darod\u011bjnic. Proto se obch\u00e1zela v kruhu pole i vesnice a n\u011bkdy se zv\u00fdraz\u0148oval vyoranou br\u00e1zdou. Dochovaly se zpr\u00e1vy o star\u00e9m zvyku, kdy na filipojakubskou noc obch\u00e1zely pole a obec nah\u00e9 \u017eeny a t\u00e1hly za sebou pluh. Praktikami bl\u00edzk\u00fdmi \u010darov\u00e1n\u00ed chr\u00e1nily lidi i \u00farodu p\u0159ed zl\u00fdmi silami.<\/p>\n

Rady, kter\u00e9 se n\u00e1m zachovaly, p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed spoustu mo\u017enost\u00ed, jak \u010darod\u011bjnici odhalit a zahnat. V ka\u017ed\u00e9m kraji to d\u011blali jinak. Vychytral\u00fd zp\u016fsob byl zalo\u017een na tom, \u017ee se ke vchodu polo\u017eil drn nebo vysypala hromada p\u00edsku. P\u0159epo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm st\u00e9bel tr\u00e1vy nebo zrnek p\u00edsku se \u010darod\u011bjnice zdr\u017eela a\u017e do r\u00e1na, kdy jej\u00ed moc pominula. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tak nemohla proj\u00ed p\u0159es pichlav\u00e9 trn\u00ed \u010di nastra\u017een\u00e9 vidle a ko\u0161\u0165ata. B\u00e1la se sv\u011bcen\u00e9 vody i sv\u011bcen\u00fdch v\u011btvi\u010dek, nepro\u0161la p\u0159es znamen\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee ani do ochrann\u00e9ho kruhu namalovan\u00e9ho na zemi.<\/p>\n

Venkov\u0161t\u00ed lid\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee \u010darod\u011bjnice mohou o\u010darovat dobytek, kter\u00fd se stal nedu\u017eiv\u00fd a m\u00e1lo dojil. B\u00e1li se p\u016fj\u010dovat \u010derstv\u011b nadojen\u00e9 ml\u00e9ko a hl\u00eddali, aby se neztratil ani kousek hnoje z chl\u00e9va. Na obranu m\u011bli i za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, v nich\u017e si brali na pomoc Krista, Marii a r\u016fzn\u00e9 svat\u00e9. Nikdo nevysv\u011btl\u00ed pro\u010d, ale lid\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee se \u010darod\u011bjnice ob\u00e1vaj\u00ed hluku. Proto se na ochranu i st\u0159\u00edlelo. V\u011bt\u0161inou jen do vzduchu, ale zachovala se zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 vzpom\u00ednka ze \u0160umavy, kde hospod\u00e1\u0159 vyst\u0159elil do ml\u00e9ka od u\u0159knut\u00e9 kr\u00e1vy, \u010darod\u011bjnice se pr\u00fd polekala a kr\u00e1vu nechala na pokoji.<\/p>\n

Takov\u00e9 pov\u011bry u\u017e t\u011bsn\u011b hrani\u010d\u00ed s poh\u00e1dkami, ale lid\u00e9 v jejich \u00fa\u010dinnost v\u011b\u0159ili. Ostatn\u011b poh\u00e1dky tak\u00e9 nebyly v\u017edy jen vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edm pro d\u011bti. Kdysi vznikaly jako pom\u011brn\u011b krut\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy popisuj\u00edc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e1 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, \u010d\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed v les\u00edch i jinde na bezbrann\u00e9 lidi a hlavn\u011b d\u011bti. Poslucha\u010de m\u011bly v\u00fdhr\u016f\u017eky vychov\u00e1vat a m\u011bly je odradit od toul\u00e1n\u00ed se d\u00e1l od domova. \u010casto v nich vystupovaly \u010darod\u011bjnice, divo\u017eenky, lesn\u00ed d\u00e9moni a dal\u0161\u00ed zl\u00e9 nadp\u0159irozen\u00e9 bytosti. Teprve v dob\u011b, kdy za\u010dali tyto p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy sb\u00edrat a upravovat spisovatel\u00e9 jako K. J. Erben nebo B. N\u011bmcov\u00e1, zm\u011bnily se poh\u00e1dky v laskav\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed dobra nad zlem.<\/p>\n

Ohn\u011b se kdysi zapalovaly tak\u00e9 v jin\u00e9 dny a byly spojen\u00e9 s oslavou letn\u00edho slunovratu. Tento velmi star\u00fd zvyk souvisel jak s uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm ohn\u011b, tak i s v\u00edrou v jeho ochrannou moc. Postupem \u010dasu se p\u00e1len\u00ed oh\u0148\u016f soust\u0159edilo hlavn\u011b na noc na p\u0159elomu dubna a kv\u011btna. V ka\u017ed\u00e9 vesnici bylo m\u00edsto k p\u00e1len\u00ed na n\u00e1vr\u0161\u00ed nebo na bl\u00edzk\u00e9 st\u00e1ni, dob\u0159e viditeln\u00e9 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 bezpe\u010dn\u00e9, aby nehrozil po\u017e\u00e1r.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edprava d\u0159eva a postaven\u00ed hranice b\u00fdv\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed ml\u00e1de\u017ee, k zap\u00e1len\u00ed se v\u0161ak sejdou v\u0161ichni v\u010detn\u011b dosp\u011bl\u00fdch a d\u011bt\u00ed. Star\u00fdm zvykem je vyhazov\u00e1n\u00ed zap\u00e1len\u00fdch ko\u0161\u0165at do v\u00fd\u0161ky, pr\u00fd proto, aby byly vid\u011bt \u010darod\u011bjnice l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed na ko\u0161\u0165atech, anebo se mohla n\u011bkter\u00e1 i srazit. Lid\u00e9 po cel rok schov\u00e1vaj\u00ed star\u00e1 ko\u0161\u0165ata, aby jich k ohni bylo co nejv\u00edc.<\/p>\n

Nelze p\u0159esn\u011b \u0159\u00edci, jak star\u00fd je oby\u010dej p\u00e1len\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnic. Ochrann\u00e9 ohn\u011b, p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed obecn\u011b proti zl\u00fdm nadp\u0159irozen\u00fdm mocnostem poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch dob. Lidov\u00e1 v\u00edra v nekalou moc t\u011bchto bytost\u00ed se z\u00e1sluhou c\u00edrkve \u010dasem soust\u0159edila hlavn\u011b na \u010darod\u011bjnice, kter\u00e9 na zemi zastupuj\u00ed peklo \u010f\u00e1bla. A tak se i v\u0161echny magick\u00e9 praktiky obr\u00e1tily postupn\u011b proti nim. Samotn\u00e9 p\u00e1len\u00ed oh\u0148\u016f v\u0161ak p\u0159i\u0161lo pozd\u011bji. T\u011b\u017eko si toti\u017e m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee v dob\u00e1ch, kdy prob\u00edhaly \u010darod\u011bjnick\u00e9 procesy a na hranic\u00edch ho\u0159eli skute\u010dn\u00ed lid\u00e9, by se n\u011bkdo mohl bavit \u201eupalov\u00e1n\u00edm \u010darod\u011bjnic\u201c. Tato z\u00e1bava vznikla pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b a\u017e n\u011bkdy koncem 18. stolet\u00ed, kdy byl zru\u0161en dohled jezuitsk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du nad \u010distotou v\u00edry lidu.<\/p>\n

Zdroj: Vondru\u0161kov\u00e1 Alena, Skopov\u00e1 Kamila: \u010cESK\u00c9 ZVYKY A OBY\u010cEJE (Albatros)<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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