{"id":154175,"date":"2024-01-11T23:10:21","date_gmt":"2024-01-11T22:10:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=154175"},"modified":"2024-01-11T23:11:34","modified_gmt":"2024-01-11T22:11:34","slug":"stara-sumava-karneval-a-masopust","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=154175","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Karneval a masopust"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi karnevalem a masopustem? I na to v\u00e1m odpov\u00edme v dne\u0161n\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku. Jak jsme tedy zm\u00ednili v\u00fd\u0161e, mezi karnevalem a masopustem je sice rozd\u00edl, ale nic nen\u00ed tak jednozna\u010dn\u00e9, jak to na prvn\u00ed pohled vypad\u00e1. D\u00e1 se \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee ob\u011b slavnosti maj\u00ed stejn\u00fd p\u016fvod. N\u011bkdy v \u0161ir\u00e9m d\u00e1vnov\u011bku to byla touha lid\u00ed oslavit n\u00e1vrat slunce, p\u0159iv\u00edtat jaro po dlouh\u00e9 zim\u011b. Rozd\u00edl je pouze ve form\u011b proveden\u00ed.<\/h6>\n

Karneval, tak jak je po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n v Ben\u00e1tk\u00e1ch a v dal\u0161\u00edch m\u011bstech, se vyzna\u010duje v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed honosnost\u00ed. Jsou to zejm\u00e9na n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 masky a krom\u011b pr\u016fvodu, se v\u0161e odb\u00fdv\u00e1, v galeri\u00edch, muze\u00edch, pal\u00e1c\u00edch, salonech, restaurac\u00edch \u010di divadlech. Karneval je noblesn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, kde\u017eto masopust je lidov\u00e1 veselice. V\u0161e je bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed, a tomu odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed i masopustn\u00ed masky. A\u0165 u\u017e je tento sv\u00e1tek mezi lidmi zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako karneval, fastnacht, fasching nebo f\u00fcnfte Jahreszeit (p\u00e1t\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed), p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed dny karnevalu ka\u017ed\u00fd rok dobu, b\u011bhem kter\u00e9 je n\u00e1rod rozd\u011blen.<\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco v mnoha oblastech N\u011bmecka vl\u00e1dne b\u011bhem \u0161esti karnevalov\u00fdch dn\u016f t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd stav, v jin\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech se v\u016fbec neslav\u00ed. Fastnacht nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm pohansk\u00fdm zvykem, n\u00fdbr\u017e pevnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho roku pozdn\u00edho st\u0159edov\u011bku. Takzvan\u00e9 \u201eTolle Tage\u201c neboli \u201ezt\u0159e\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 dny\u201c ohla\u0161ovaly 40ti denn\u00ed p\u016fst za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed Popele\u010dn\u00ed st\u0159edou a trvaj\u00edc\u00ed a\u017e do Velikonoc. D\u016fkazem je jak v\u00fdraz \u201efastelovend\u201c v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b Doln\u00edho Por\u00fdn\u00ed, tak i fastnacht: tedy noc=Nacht p\u0159ed p\u016fstem=Fasten. Stejn\u011b tak italsk\u00e9 \u201ecarnevale\u201c je vlastn\u011b zkr\u00e1cenina latinsk\u00e9ho \u201ecarnislevamen\u201c, tedy z\u0159eknut\u00ed se masa\u2026<\/p>\n

P\u016fst se ov\u0161em nevztahoval jen na maso, n\u00fdbr\u017e i na konzumaci alkoholu. Tedy v\u00edna, ale ne piva. To bylo kdysi v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b \u201etekut\u00fdm chlebem\u201c- u\u017e proto, \u017ee m\u011blo mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b alkoholu ne\u017e dnes a i proto, \u017ee bylo zdrav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed alternativou \u010dasto zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 vody. B\u011bhem p\u016fstu byla dokonce vy\u017eadov\u00e1na i sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed abstinence. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku katolickou c\u00edrkv\u00ed tolerovan\u00e1 fastnacht byla tud\u00ed\u017e p\u0159ed t\u00fddny v\u0161emo\u017en\u00e9ho od\u0159\u00edk\u00e1n\u00ed nejen posledn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b se naj\u00edst a nap\u00edt , ale i pobavit se, \u010deho\u017e se i pat\u0159i\u010dn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvalo. A tak nen\u00ed divu, \u017ee v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 15. stolet\u00ed za\u010dala c\u00edrkev m\u011bnit postoj a \u017eiveln\u00e9 rejd\u011bn\u00ed, pitky a bujar\u00e9 vesel\u00ed ozna\u010dovat za h\u0159\u00edch, bezbo\u017enost a d\u00edlo \u010f\u00e1bla. Reakce lidu byla nejen trefn\u00e1, ale nav\u00edc pln\u00e1 fantazie: masky \u010darod\u011bjnic, \u010f\u00e1bl\u016f, hloup\u00fdch osl\u016f a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm vysm\u011bva\u010dn\u00fdch \u0161a\u0161k\u016f \u2013 postav, kter\u00e9 u\u017e Bible ozna\u010dovala jako bezboha. A tak stejn\u011b jako \u010dert, coby nejstar\u0161\u00ed maska \u0161v\u00e1bsko-alemansk\u00e9, fastnacht, je i \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed postava \u0161a\u0161ka plodem lidov\u00e9ho protestu proti netolerantnosti c\u00edrkve.<\/p>\n

Postupem \u010dasu se k mask\u00e1m za\u010daly p\u0159id\u00e1vat podle regionu nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tane\u010dn\u00ed, divadeln\u00ed a hudebn\u00ed prvky, nap\u0159\u00edklad Guggenmusik – extr\u00e9mn\u011b hlasit\u00e1, rytmick\u00e1 dechovka hran\u00e1 kapelami doprov\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edmi karnevalisty, a to z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b s fale\u0161n\u00fdmi t\u00f3ny. S p\u0159\u00edchodem reformace v 16.stolet\u00ed byl s masopustn\u00edmi oslavami ale konec – tedy aspo\u0148 na nov\u00fdch protestanstk\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch. \u00dapadek masopustu v 17. a 18.stolet\u00ed byl samoz\u0159ejm\u011b i d\u016fsledkem \u010detn\u00fdch v\u00e1lek. Obnoven\u00ed star\u00e9 tradice v 19.stolet\u00ed datuje prvn\u00ed karnevalov\u00fd pr\u016fvod na R\u016f\u017eov\u00e9 pond\u011bl\u00ed roku 1823, kde vznik\u00e1 jak nov\u00e1 forma slaven\u00ed v s\u00e1lech ve stylu ma\u0161karn\u00edch ples\u016f, tak i nov\u00e1 postava \u201ekarnevalov\u00e9ho prince\u201c.<\/p>\n

Od 19. stolet\u00ed se fastnacht slav\u00ed vlastn\u011b u\u017e od 11. 11., kdy pro karnevalov\u00e9 nad\u0161ence za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 \u201ep\u00e1t\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed\u201c. Jedn\u00e1 se ale jen o ve\u010dern\u00ed slavnosti. Vlastn\u00ed fastnacht \u2013 tedy jeho vyvrcholen\u00ed- se kon\u00e1 od poloviny \u00fanora. Rej masek za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 u\u017e od \u010dty\u0159 hodin r\u00e1no, p\u0159esn\u011b v 11. hodin 11 minut pak karnevalist\u00e9 vtrhnou do radnic, kde radn\u00edm ust\u0159\u00edhnou kravaty, \u010d\u00edm\u017e na p\u00e1r dn\u00ed symbolicky p\u0159evezmou moc. Pot\u00e9 jdou ze sp\u00e1r\u016f (kost\u00fdmovan\u00fdch) u\u010ditel\u016f vysvobodit ze \u0161kol a \u0161kolek d\u011bti \u2013 tedy v\u0161echny ty princezny, mimozem\u0161\u0165any a \u010dernokn\u011b\u017en\u00edky \u2013 a propust\u00ed je na svobodu, do t\u00fddenn\u00edch karnevalov\u00fdch pr\u00e1zdnin…<\/p>\n

Vyvrcholen\u00edm fastnacht je jednozna\u010dn\u011b Rosenmontag (R\u016f\u017eov\u00e9 pond\u011bl\u00ed) a Fialkov\u00e9 \u00fater\u00fd, kdy se konaj\u00ed spektakul\u00e1rn\u00ed pr\u016fvody. B\u00e1je\u010dn\u011b zt\u0159e\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 dny kon\u010d\u00ed Popele\u010dn\u00ed st\u0159edou \u2013 symbolem pom\u00edjivosti lidsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota….Posledn\u00ed l\u00e9ta za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 fastnacht vylo\u017een\u00fd rozkv\u011bt. V\u017edy\u0165 dokonce i v regionech, kde se je\u0161t\u011b ned\u00e1vno v\u016fbec neslavila, rostou karnevalov\u00e9 spolky jak houby po de\u0161ti. Zat\u00edmco v roce 1924 jich v cel\u00e9m jihoz\u00e1padn\u00edm N\u011bmecku existovalo 40, dnes jich je p\u0159es 1700! Podle odborn\u00edk\u016f je hlavn\u00edm d\u016fvodem p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm touha uniknout z anonymity dne\u0161n\u00ed spole\u010dnosti pomoc\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti k n\u011b\u010demu – v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b karnevalov\u00e9mu cechu. Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou je i pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee zachov\u00e1n\u00ed lidov\u00fdch tradic je v ka\u0161i sv\u011bta d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem k zachov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00ed identity.<\/p>\n

V Popele\u010dn\u00ed st\u0159edu pak hlasitou Guggenmusik vyst\u0159\u00edd\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b hlasit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1\u0159ek a pl\u00e1\u010d \u0161a\u0161k\u016f lou\u010d\u00edc\u00edch se s \u201eb\u00e1je\u010dn\u00fdmi dny\u201c. Ale jak se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201ePo fastnacht, je vlastn\u011b p\u0159ed fastnacht\u2026\u201c<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zdroj:<\/strong> Christina Frohnov\u00e1: Organizovan\u00fd bl\u00e1zen. Karneval v C\u00e1ch\u00e1ch, D\u00fcsseldorfu a Kol\u00edna nad R\u00fdnem od 1823 do 1914, Wolfgang Herborn: Historie karnevalu<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Jak\u00fd <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":295095,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/11\/ram-karneval.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/154175"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=154175"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/154175\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":295098,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/154175\/revisions\/295098"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/295095"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=154175"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=154175"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=154175"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}