{"id":150400,"date":"2023-01-19T19:56:58","date_gmt":"2023-01-19T18:56:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=150400"},"modified":"2023-01-19T19:56:58","modified_gmt":"2023-01-19T18:56:58","slug":"stara-sumava-o-slajfkach-a-brusleni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=150400","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: O \u0161lajfk\u00e1ch a bruslen\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Ve 4. a 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159.n.l. se v rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 oblasti dne\u0161n\u00edho Irska, \u0160v\u00fdcarska, Francie, N\u011bmecka i na\u0161eho \u00fazem\u00ed us\u00eddlily kmeny Kelt\u016f. Pr\u00e1v\u011b Keltov\u00e9, v\u00fdborn\u00ed zpracovatel\u00e9 \u017eeleza, za\u010dali novou epochu ve v\u00fdvoji bruslen\u00ed. Kost\u011bn\u00e9 brusle nahradily brusle \u017eelezn\u00e9, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148ovaly d\u00edky \u017eelezn\u00e9mu p\u00e1sku zasazen\u00e9ho do d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 desti\u010dky rychl\u00fd pohyb po led\u011b. <\/span><\/h6>\n

Nejstar\u0161\u00ed nalezen\u00e9 kovov\u00e9 brusle, jejich\u017e st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed je odhadov\u00e1no na 2000 let, jsou ulo\u017eeny v budape\u0161\u0165sk\u00e9m muzeu. Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy o bruslen\u00ed m\u00e1me ze 13.stolet\u00ed. Jsou to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm obrazy slavn\u00fdch holandsk\u00fdch mal\u00ed\u0159\u016f zachycuj\u00edc\u00ed obl\u00edben\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 z\u00e1bavy na zamrzl\u00fdch kan\u00e1lech, na nich\u017e m\u016f\u017eeme vid\u011bt brusla\u0159e v r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u00f3z\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 byly prv\u00fdmi krasobrusla\u0159sk\u00fdmi prvky. \u017delezn\u00e9 brusle se dostaly tak\u00e9 do na\u0161ich zem\u00ed, ale pouze do \u0161lechtick\u00fdch kruh\u016f. Chud\u00fd venkovsk\u00fd lid nad\u00e1le bruslil na brusl\u00edch kost\u011bn\u00fdch. Po\u010d\u00e1tkem roku 1610 byl na dvo\u0159e Rudolfa II. uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1m velk\u00fd karneval na led\u011b. \u0160lo v\u0161ak p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o spole\u010denskou ud\u00e1lost ne\u017e o v\u00fdkony samotn\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bruslen\u00ed se \u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo s velkou oblibou, ale v pr\u016fb\u011bhu let mu byly kladeny ve v\u00fdvoji r\u016fzn\u00e9 p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky. Dokonce i J. A. Komensk\u00fd, jeden z prv\u00fdch propag\u00e1tor\u016f t\u011blesn\u00e9 v\u00fdchovy, \u0159ad\u00ed bruslen\u00ed spolu s plav\u00e1n\u00edm mezi hry \u017eivotu nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 a ned\u016fstojn\u00e9. V 18.stolet\u00ed v Nizozem\u00ed za\u010dali s po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm prvn\u00edch z\u00e1vod\u016f na zamrzl\u00e9m led\u011b v pr\u016fplavech, kter\u00fdch bylo v t\u00e9to zemi nespo\u010det. Z\u00e1vody byly velmi n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 a kdo cht\u011bl z\u00edskat cenu, musel nejm\u00e9n\u011b pades\u00e1tkr\u00e1t zv\u00edt\u011bzit.<\/span><\/p>\n

Za vl\u00e1dy francouzsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Ludv\u00edka XVI. se bruslilo i v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei a na zamrzl\u00fdch jez\u00edrk\u00e1ch ve Versailles. Velk\u00fdm propag\u00e1torem bruslen\u00ed v N\u011bmecku byl b\u00e1sn\u00edk Klopstock, ale tak\u00e9 J.W.Goethe a F.Schiller, kte\u0159\u00ed \u010dasto o bruslen\u00ed psali ve sv\u00fdch b\u00e1sn\u00edch. V cestopisu pana V\u00e1clava \u0160a\u0161ka z B\u00ed\u0159kova se m\u016f\u017eeme do\u010d\u00edst, \u017ee \u010de\u0161t\u00ed p\u00e1ni v \u010dele s panem Lvem z Ro\u017emit\u00e1lu , kte\u0159\u00ed jeli s poselstvem kr\u00e1le Ji\u0159\u00edho z Pod\u011bbrad k francouzsk\u00e9mu kr\u00e1li, se obdivovali obratnosti brusla\u0159\u016f p\u0159i \u201eexhibici\u201c po\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 na jejich po\u010dest. Hovo\u0159\u00ed o bruslen\u00ed jako o v\u011bci \u010cech\u016fm nezn\u00e1m\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do na\u0161ich zem\u00ed se dostaly i \u017eelezn\u00e9 brusle, ale pouze do \u0161lechtick\u00fdch kruh\u016f. Chud\u00fd venkovsk\u00fd lid bruslil i nad\u00e1le na kost\u011bn\u00fdch brusl\u00edch. V Praze na dvo\u0159e Rudolfa II. byl po\u010d\u00e1tkem roku 1610 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n velk\u00fd karneval na led\u011b, na kter\u00e9m jezdili zejm\u00e9na dvo\u0159an\u00e9. Ne\u0161lo zde o v\u00fdkony, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o spole\u010denskou ud\u00e1lost.<\/span><\/p>\n

Za dlouh\u00fdch zim v n\u011bmeck\u00e9m ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m m\u011bste\u010dku Flensburg se mohli kluci a holky v\u011bnovat zimn\u00edm radov\u00e1nk\u00e1m t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u010dtvrt roku. Krom\u011b t\u011bch obvykl\u00fdch, jako jsou stav\u011bn\u00ed sn\u011bhul\u00e1k\u016f, koulov\u00e1n\u00ed, s\u00e1\u0148kov\u00e1n\u00ed, vznikla i nov\u00e1 z\u00e1bava na \u0159ece, nebo ve Flensburg fjordu. \u0158eka toti\u017e zamrzla \u010dasto u\u017e v polovin\u011b listopadu a led rozt\u00e1val a\u017e v b\u0159eznu. Zamrzl\u00e1 \u0159eka byla vhodn\u00e1 k rychl\u00e9mu cestov\u00e1n\u00ed a na san\u00edch ta\u017een\u00fdch kon\u011bm s “h\u0159ebov\u00fdmi podkovami”, trvala obchodn\u00edk\u016fm cesta mnohem krat\u0161\u00ed dobu, ne\u017e po \u0161patn\u011b udr\u017eovan\u00e9 cest\u011b. \u0158eka toti\u017e byla z v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti v\u011bt\u0161inou i odhrab\u00e1na, aby se mohly d\u011bti klouzat a tak\u00e9 pr\u00e1v\u011b kv\u016fli cestov\u00e1n\u00ed na san\u00edch.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u011bti \u010dasto po\u0159\u00e1daly z\u00e1vody, “kdo dohon\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b proj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed san\u011b” a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b se jim to m\u00e1lokdy povedlo. Ten, kdo san\u011b dohonil, se jich pak podr\u017eel a nechal se t\u00e1hnout, dokud neupadl. Odm\u011bnou za p\u00e1d mu bylo dlouh\u00e9 sklouznut\u00ed se a obdiv ostatn\u00edch d\u011bt\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jednou si Joachim Skate \u0159ekl, \u017ee by nebylo \u0161patn\u00e9, m\u00edt n\u011bco jako san\u011b, ale bez kon\u011b a v n\u00e1valu inspirace zatloukl do prk\u00e9nka starou \u010depel no\u017ee a prk\u00e9nko si potom na \u0159ece p\u0159iv\u00e1zal k bot\u011b. Jednou nohou se pak odr\u00e1\u017eel a po druh\u00e9 s prk\u00e9nkem a no\u017eem jel (podobn\u011b jako na kolob\u011b\u017ece). R\u00e1zem se stal jedin\u00fdm v\u00edt\u011bzem z\u00e1vod\u016f v doh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed san\u00ed a kdy\u017e je dohonil, chytil se a zvedl “odr\u00e1\u017eec\u00ed nohu” sklouzl se tak na sv\u00e9m vyn\u00e1lezu mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b d\u00e1l.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zanedlouho m\u011bly i ostatn\u00ed d\u011bti prk\u00e9nko s no\u017eem a nov\u00e1 z\u00e1bava byla na sv\u011bt\u011b. \u00dapln\u00e1 revoluce v\u0161ak nastala o n\u011bkolik let pozd\u011bji, kdy\u017e za\u010dali prk\u00e9nko s no\u017eem pou\u017e\u00edvat i dosp\u011bl\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed nem\u011bli san\u011b, \u010di kon\u011b k rychl\u00e9mu p\u0159esunu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jen\u017ee n\u016f\u017e se z prk\u00e9nka brzy vyviklal. \u0160ikovn\u00ed kov\u00e1\u0159i pak v t\u00e9 dob\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bli no\u017ee p\u0159id\u011blan\u00e9 k prk\u00e9nku napevno, av\u0161ak st\u00e1le se prk\u00e9nka p\u0159ivazovala k bot\u011b, co\u017e nebylo moc pevn\u00e9. A\u017e teprve Karl Schaifke p\u0159i\u0161el s \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm bez prk\u00e9nka a p\u0159ivazov\u00e1n\u00ed k bot\u011b. N\u016f\u017e se p\u0159id\u011blal p\u0159\u00edmo na botu, kde jej dr\u017eely \u010delisti, kter\u00e9 se stahovaly a roztahovaly kli\u010dkou.<\/span><\/p>\n

Velk\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos “rychl\u00e9mu pohybu na led\u011b” pak bylo to, kdy\u017e si Ludwig Laufer p\u0159id\u011blal schlaifkeho no\u017ee na ob\u011b boty a stal se tak nejrychlej\u0161\u00edm. Schlaifkeho vyn\u00e1lez se brzy roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il po cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b. V Holandsku dokonce zkou\u0161eli rychl\u00fd p\u0159esun vojensk\u00fdch jednotek po kan\u00e1lech, jen\u017e byly opat\u0159eny no\u017ei, av\u0161ak nesetkalo se to s \u00fasp\u011bchem, proto\u017ee se propadla skrz prolomen\u00fd led t\u0159etina tis\u00edcihlav\u00e9ho pluku p\u0159i p\u0159esunu z Leidenu do Utrechtu. Mo\u017en\u00e1 to bylo i t\u00edm, \u017ee se v Holandsku d\u011blaly no\u017ee o dost del\u0161\u00ed (tzv. dlouh\u00e9 no\u017ee) a voj\u00e1ci vp\u0159edu hodn\u011b “rozryli” led na kan\u00e1lu.<\/span><\/p>\n

V Americe pak “brusle na kli\u010dku” vylep\u0161il a nechal si patentovat E. V. Bushnell z Philadelphie.
\nV severn\u00ed Anglii pohyb po led\u011b vylep\u0161il Jilmy Jackson (d\u017eeksny), jen\u017e p\u0159id\u011blal no\u017ee napevno k bot\u00e1m a v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch zase propag\u00e1tor a nad\u0161enec, \u010dast\u00fd spolustolovn\u00edk J\u00e1ry Cimrmana v Lipt\u00e1kov\u011b, Jan Brusle, jen\u017e se p\u0159est\u011bhoval do Podol\u00ed a j\u00edm propagovan\u00e9 schlaifkeho “no\u017ee na kli\u010dku” byly na \u010desk\u00fdch rybn\u00edc\u00edch k vid\u011bn\u00ed dokonce i sto let od vynalezen\u00ed – v sedmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dapln\u011b nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159inos m\u011bl v\u0161ak pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b Kana\u010fan Francis Nelson, jen\u017e nez\u00e1visle na Evrop\u011b vymyslel “vysok\u00e9 no\u017ee” (u n\u00e1s zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako kanady) na kter\u00fdch se dalo dob\u0159e jezdit, i kdy\u017e nebyl led odhrab\u00e1n. Inspirovaly ho k tomu eskym\u00e1ck\u00e9 vylep\u0161en\u00e9 sn\u011b\u017enice, kdy si Eskym\u00e1ci zespodu p\u0159id\u011bl\u00e1vali mro\u017e\u00ed kly. V m\u011bkk\u00e9m sn\u011bhu slou\u017eila sn\u011b\u017enice norm\u00e1ln\u011b a na zledovat\u011bl\u00e9m zase p\u011bkn\u011b “jela” po klu.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\nZdroj:<\/strong> Ladislav Kratochv\u00edl<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

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