{"id":148355,"date":"2023-12-08T23:52:05","date_gmt":"2023-12-08T22:52:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=148355"},"modified":"2023-12-08T23:52:05","modified_gmt":"2023-12-08T22:52:05","slug":"stara-sumava-o-vanocni-kolede","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=148355","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: O v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed koled\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

Koleda<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"V jesl\u00edch Jezul\u00e1tko d\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 ti\u0161e,\u00a0<\/em>
\nv\u016fl a osel teple na n\u011b d\u00fd\u0161e.<\/em><\/p>\n

Panna Maria sniv\u011b na n\u011b hled\u00ed,\u00a0<\/em>
\nsvat\u00fd Josef ml\u010dky v koutku sed\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n

V tom ta hv\u011bzda vze\u0161la na nebesa\u00a0<\/em>
\na cel\u00fd sv\u011bt ples\u00e1, dary nesa.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00bbDo Betlema poj\u010fme p\u0159evesele\u00a0<\/em>
\npozdraviti sv\u011bta Spasitele!\u00ab<\/em><\/p>\n

Past\u00fd\u0159i jsou p\u0159i\u0161li, muzik\u00e1\u0159i,\u00a0<\/em>
\nlovci, \u017eeny, d\u011bti, mlad\u00ed, sta\u0159\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n

By nesch\u00e1zel nikdo ve pr\u016fvodu,\u00a0<\/em>
\ni tr\u00e9 kr\u00e1l\u016fv p\u0159i\u0161lo od V\u00fdchodu.<\/em><\/p>\n

A jak u jesli\u010dek poklekali,\u00a0<\/em>
\no\u010di Panny Marie zaplakaly.<\/em><\/p>\n

Jen ta d\u00edtka jak tu v \u017easu st\u00e1la,\u00a0<\/em>
\nPanna Maria se na n\u011b pousm\u00e1la.<\/em><\/p>\n

A kdy\u017e pozdrav dali, dary k tomu,\u00a0<\/em>
\node\u0161li jsou zase v\u0161ichni dom\u016f.<\/em><\/p>\n

V jesl\u00edch Jezul\u00e1tko spalo sladce,\u00a0<\/em>
\nsvat\u00fd Josef pravil k Bo\u017e\u00ed matce:<\/em><\/p>\n

Pro\u010d jsi, matko Bo\u017e\u00ed, smutna byla? –\u00a0<\/em>
\n\u00bbO tom d\u0159evu k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee j\u00e1 jsem snila.\u00ab<\/em><\/p>\n

Past\u00fd\u0159ov\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0161li, matko Bo\u017e\u00ed.\u00a0<\/em>
\n\u00bbKorunu mu spletou z trn\u00ed, hlo\u017e\u00ed.\u00ab<\/em><\/p>\n

Ryb\u00e1\u0159i sem p\u0159i\u0161li k tv\u00e9mu synu.\u00a0<\/em>
\n\u00bbZa \u017eezlo mu d\u00e1vat budou t\u0159tinu.\u00ab<\/em><\/p>\n

Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 jsou p\u0159i\u0161li, bo\u017esk\u00e1 m\u00e1ti.\u00a0<\/em>
\n\u00bbBudou v\u017edy jej znovu k\u0159i\u017eovati.\u00ab<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u0159i\u0161li chud\u00ed s hlavou nach\u00fdlenou.\u00a0<\/em>
\n\u00bbZap\u0159ou jej anebo zapomenou.\u00ab<\/em><\/p>\n

Na d\u00edtky jen tv\u00e1\u0159 se usm\u00e1la ti.\u00a0<\/em>
\n\u00bb\u0422y jej budou v\u011b\u010dn\u011b milovati.\u00ab<\/em><\/p>\n

Samotn\u00e9 slovo koleda m\u00e1 p\u016fvod v latinsk\u00e9m “calendae”. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edchodem k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed byl tento v\u00fdraz spojen\u00fd s oslavami zimn\u00edho slunovratu. \u0160lo o zp\u011bvy, kter\u00e9 se zp\u00edvaly, aby p\u0159inesly blahobyt a \u0161\u0165astn\u00e9 dny. \u010cesk\u00e9 v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed p\u00edsn\u011b a koledy velmi dob\u0159e zn\u00e1me, r\u00e1di je zp\u00edv\u00e1me a mnoh\u00e9 z n\u00e1s je u\u010dily u\u017e maminky, kdy\u017e jsme za\u010dali rozum br\u00e1t.<\/h6>\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee zp\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed koled je stejn\u011b jako u n\u00e1s, tak v okoln\u00edch zem\u00edch st\u0159edn\u00ed a z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy, jeden z prastar\u00fdch zvyk\u016f, kter\u00fd jsme p\u0159ebrali od sv\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f, nejsou koledy jedin\u00fdm zdrojem v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed hudby. Jsou, jako ostatn\u00ed v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed hudba, hudbou duchovn\u00ed a dne\u0161n\u00edm generac\u00edm nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed. Zastavme se tedy u nich na chv\u00edli.<\/p>\n

Mezi v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed kratochv\u00edle, pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u0161ak \u017eivotn\u00ed nutnost\u00ed, pat\u0159ila i koleda (\u010di podomn\u00ed \u017eebrota). Nejstar\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1znamy o v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed hudb\u011b, v takzvan\u00fdch Mari\u00e1nsk\u00fdch chv\u00e1l\u00e1ch, poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z 11. a\u017e 12. stolet\u00ed a najdeme je v rukopisu z knihovny Metropolitn\u00ed kapituly pra\u017esk\u00e9. V\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed koledy m\u016f\u017eeme v historii za\u0159adit do 13. stolet\u00ed. Tehdy je\u0161t\u011b ne\u0161lo o \u010dist\u011b v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed koledy, ale zp\u00edvaly se p\u00edsn\u011b s k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdmi n\u00e1m\u011bty. Ve 14. stolet\u00ed, v dob\u011b gotiky a st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho d\u016frazu na k\u0159es\u0165anskou \u010distotu du\u0161e se za\u010daly v dob\u011b adventu zp\u00edvat p\u00edsn\u011b s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi motivy. V takov\u00fdch p\u00edsn\u00edch byla p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm op\u011bvov\u00e1na sl\u00e1va Panny Marie a jej\u00edho neposkvrn\u011bn\u00e9ho po\u010det\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Um\u011ble tvo\u0159en\u00e9 latinsk\u00e9 texty byly podmalov\u00e1ny bohatou melodi\u00ed a byly bez v\u00fdjimky hran\u00e9 i zp\u00edvan\u00e9 dnes by se \u0159eklo, profesion\u00e1ly. \u010casem mnoho z t\u011bchto na n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou objedn\u00e1vku vznikl\u00fdch text\u016f zlidov\u011blo a prost\u00ed lid\u00e9 z t\u011bchto text\u016f vy\u0161li a za\u010dali zp\u00edvat lidov\u00e9 n\u00e1p\u011bvky \u2013 koledy.<\/p>\n

Zpr\u00e1vy z 1. pol. 14. stolet\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee se v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edho koledov\u00e1n\u00ed v Praze \u00fa\u010dastnili prel\u00e1ti, kanovn\u00edci a ostatn\u00ed duchovenstvo, ale i \u017e\u00e1ci a studenti. Krom\u011b vysok\u00e9ho kl\u00e9ru se koled\u011b odd\u00e1vali i p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci profes\u00ed ne\u010destn\u00fdch – pacholci, bi\u0159ici, kati, prostitutky. Jejich koledn\u00ed pr\u016fvody z\u0159ejm\u011b nem\u011bly p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 v\u00e1\u017en\u00fd r\u00e1z; proto se k nim r\u00e1di p\u0159id\u00e1vali i studenti. Lidov\u00e9 veselice vyvol\u00e1valy na r\u016fzn\u00fdch stran\u00e1ch vd\u011b\u010dn\u00fd ohlas i v\u00e1\u0161niv\u00e9 a pohor\u0161en\u00e9 rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed. Roku 1390 proto byla \u00fa\u010dast na koled\u011b osob\u00e1m nectn\u00e9ho \u0159emesla \u010di p\u016fvodu zak\u00e1z\u00e1na. Chud\u00ed \u2013 \u017eebr\u00e1ci, nemocn\u00ed, sta\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9, potuln\u00ed mni\u0161i a studenti a dal\u0161\u00ed \u2013 b\u00fdvali v tuto dobu obdarov\u00e1v\u00e1ni nejen hospod\u00e1\u0159i a hospodyn\u011bmi, ale i ve \u0161pit\u00e1lech a \u00fatulc\u00edch. Obvykl\u00fdmi almu\u017enami b\u00fdvaly pom\u011brn\u011b v\u00fd\u017eivn\u00e9 potraviny \u2013 kroupy, mouka, vejce, kousek m\u00e1sla \u010di s\u00e1dla, b\u00edl\u00fd chl\u00e9b, med, pol\u00e9vky a ka\u0161e. N\u011bkter\u00e9 \u0161pit\u00e1ly vyd\u00e1valy tyto potravinov\u00e9 bal\u00ed\u010dky pravideln\u011b o V\u00e1noc\u00edch a Velikonoc\u00edch a m\u011bly svou st\u00e1lou klientelu.<\/p>\n

Koledov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u0159ejm\u011b m\u011blo sv\u00e1 pevn\u00e1 pravidla \u2013 alespo\u0148 odm\u011bna za n\u011b. Za Karla IV. m\u011bli vysoc\u00ed c\u00edrkevn\u00ed hodnost\u00e1\u0159i v\u010d. pra\u017esk\u00e9ho arcibiskupa zaru\u010den pevn\u00fd koledn\u00ed plat. Arcibiskup byl povinen “d\u00e1ti prel\u00e1t\u016fm a kanovn\u00edk\u016fm 4 kopy, slu\u017eebn\u00edk\u016fm kostela, tj. vik\u00e1\u0159\u016fm a olt\u00e1\u0159n\u00edk\u016fm a jin\u00fdm 2 kopy, \u017eok\u016fm a k\u016frn\u00edm 20 a bonifant\u016fm 10 gro\u0161\u016f, ov\u0161em jen t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed osobn\u011b do domu arcibiskupova p\u0159i\u0161li a koledn\u00ed zp\u011bv p\u0159ed n\u00edm vykonali”.<\/p>\n

I Jan z Hole\u0161ova popisuje koledov\u00e1n\u00ed kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed a \u017e\u00e1k\u016f, a to o V\u00e1noc\u00edch i na Mikul\u00e1\u0161e. \u017d\u00e1ci farn\u00edch \u0161kol chodili na mikul\u00e1\u0161skou koledu i se sv\u00fdmi spr\u00e1vci. Nosili s sebou velkou figuru biskupa. Sami si obl\u00e9kali bohat\u011b zdoben\u00e9 \u0161aty, jezdili na kon\u00edch a vozech.<\/p>\n

Koleda ozna\u010duje p\u016fvodn\u011b p\u00edse\u0148, kterou d\u011bti zp\u00edvaly b\u011bhem velk\u00fdch k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch sv\u00e1tk\u016f p\u0159i obch\u00e1zen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch dom\u016f, kdy koledovaly o v\u00fdslu\u017eku, kterou p\u0159edstavovalo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm j\u00eddlo nebo pit\u00ed, tento zvyk se dnes udr\u017eel u\u017e pouze na vs\u00edch. P\u0159itom se zp\u00edvaly p\u00edsn\u011b liturgick\u00e9 i lidov\u00e9. V jejich obsahu je zachycena n\u00e1lada zimn\u00edho \u010dasu, vesel\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 muzikantstv\u00ed, mnohdy i soci\u00e1ln\u00ed skladba obyvatel venkova. Nav\u00edc koleda obsahuje p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161eho dobra: zdrav\u00ed, \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed, po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed, \u00farodu na poli, hojnost dobytka ve chl\u00e9v\u011b. N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 koledy op\u011bvuj\u00ed cestu do Betl\u00e9ma, narozen\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ka, starost o jeho \u017eivot. Postupn\u011b se v\u0161ak slovo koleda stalo ozna\u010den\u00edm p\u00edsn\u011b s v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed tematikou, p\u016fvodn\u011b s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm obsahem, v posledn\u00edm stolet\u00ed v\u0161ak i bez n\u011bho.<\/p>\n

Historie K\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch koled sah\u00e1 do 13. stolet\u00ed, podle legendy je autorem prvn\u00ed koledy svat\u00fd Franti\u0161ek z Assissi (1181 – 1226). Jednou ze zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed je, \u017ee v 15. stolet\u00ed bylo v Polsku p\u0159elo\u017eeno hodn\u011b koled z \u010de\u0161tiny, \u0161lo o koledy Jednoty bratrsk\u00e9. V\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed koledy se zp\u00edvaly p\u016fvodn\u011b pouze b\u011bhem doby v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed, v posledn\u00edm p\u016flstolet\u00ed se v\u0161ak oproti p\u016fvodn\u00ed tradici zp\u011bvu adventn\u00edch p\u00edsn\u00ed za\u010daly koledy zp\u00edvat ji\u017e b\u011bhem adventu.<\/p>\n

Bohatstv\u00ed \u010desk\u00fdch v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch koled je zaznamen\u00e1no v \u010desk\u00fdch kancion\u00e1lech, kter\u00e9 ovlivnily styl tzv. pastorel \u2013 drobn\u00fdch v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch jedno i v\u00edcehlas\u00fdch zp\u011bv\u016f s doprovodem smy\u010dcov\u00fdch i dechov\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f. V pastorel\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 hojn\u011b skl\u00e1dali \u010de\u0161t\u00ed kanto\u0159i, se prol\u00ednaj\u00ed n\u00e1p\u011bvn\u00e9 prvky koled a sv\u011btsk\u00fdch lidov\u00fdch p\u00edsn\u00ed s hudbou um\u011blou. N\u011bkter\u00e9 pastorely, zejm\u00e9na \u010desk\u00e1 v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed m\u0161e Jakuba Jana Ryby \u201eHej mist\u0159e, vsta\u0148 byst\u0159e\u201c pat\u0159\u00ed dodnes ke st\u00e1l\u00e9mu v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edmu reperto\u00e1ru kosteln\u00edch k\u016fr\u016f.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zdroj:<\/strong> \u010cesk\u00e1 v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed hudba. V zimn\u00edm slunci – Josef V\u00e1clav Sl\u00e1dek, Koleda In: Spisy b\u00e1snick\u00e9: Souborn\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed ve dvou d\u00edlech. Praha, J. Otto 1907. s. 307 \u2013 308.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Koleda V <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":293243,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/08\/ram-o-kolede.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/148355"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=148355"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/148355\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":293244,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/148355\/revisions\/293244"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/293243"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=148355"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=148355"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=148355"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}