{"id":145309,"date":"2020-11-10T13:58:30","date_gmt":"2020-11-10T12:58:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=145309"},"modified":"2020-11-10T14:43:04","modified_gmt":"2020-11-10T13:43:04","slug":"stara-sumava-svatomartinske-posviceni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=145309","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Svatomartinsk\u00e9 posv\u00edcen\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

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U\u017e m\u00e1me posv\u00edcen\u00ed p\u0159ede dve\u0159ma v s\u00edni, jd\u011bte pro \u0159ezn\u00edka a\u0165 bije svini, voda se u\u017e va\u0159\u00ed a z m\u011bd\u011bnce sk\u00e1\u010de a zejtra budeme d\u011blat kol\u00e1\u010de.<\/em><\/h6>\n
(Mikol\u00e1\u0161 Ale\u0161, \u0160pal\u00ed\u010dek n\u00e1rodn\u00edch p\u00edsn\u00ed a \u0159\u00edkadel)<\/h6>\n

Historie svatomartinsk\u00fdch tradic zapo\u010dala ji\u017e b\u011bhem ran\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bku, kdy uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed svat\u00e9ho Martina z\u00edskalo postupem doby evropsk\u00fd rozm\u011br. Kostely zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 sv. Martinovi se z\u00e1hy nal\u00e9zaly od Korutan a\u017e po hanzovn\u00ed m\u011bsta, obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pak na fransk\u00e9m a bavorsk\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. P\u0159ijde-li pozv\u00e1n\u00ed na martinsk\u00e9 hody, du\u0161e labu\u017en\u00edka se blahem zatetel\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed divu, st\u016fl v den sv. Martina pat\u0159il a dodnes pat\u0159\u00ed zejm\u00e9na na venkov\u011b mezi nejbohat\u0161\u00ed v roce. P\u0159ed\u010dil dokonce i slavn\u00e9 hostiny havelsk\u00e9ho a svatov\u00e1clavsk\u00e9ho posv\u00edcen\u00ed. Nav\u00edc za\u010d\u00ednal chladn\u00fd zimn\u00ed \u010das, j\u00edm\u017e kon\u010dil zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fd rok. Sklize\u0148 i ostatn\u00ed venkovn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce byly u\u017e d\u00e1vno dokon\u010deny, tak\u017ee se mohlo slavit. Nejprve hlavn\u011b u stolu. V\u017edy\u0165 se bl\u00ed\u017eil \u0161estit\u00fddenn\u00ed advent s p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdmi posty, kter\u00fd za\u010d\u00ednal pr\u00e1v\u011b po sv. Martinu. A proto se na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 ch\u00e1pali p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti u\u017e\u00edt si dobr\u00e9ho j\u00eddla i z\u00e1bavy je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e nastane ten kru\u0161n\u00fd \u010das. Ne nadarmo tvrdilo star\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed, \u017ee na svat\u00e9ho Martina kou\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 se z kom\u00edna.<\/p>\n

Martinsk\u00fd j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dek b\u00fdval ust\u00e1len\u00fd, kralovaly mu p\u011bkn\u00e1 husi\u010dka i zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed martinsk\u00e9 a posv\u00edcensk\u00e9 pe\u010divo. Dohady jako o vzniku martinsk\u00fdch rohl\u00edk\u016f (z \u017eitn\u00e9 mouky vejra\u017eky nebo p\u0161eni\u010dn\u00e9), naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 tak\u00e9 martiny, martinsk\u00e9 podkovy, roh\u00e1\u010de, rohy, zah\u00fdb\u00e1ky, vandrovnice, ale tak\u00e9 \u201eRohl\u00edk Svato-Martinsk\u00fd, Arculaturn Martinale, Martinshorn”, kter\u00e9 se v\u00e1zaly ve tvaru zahnut\u00e9ho v\u00e1le\u010dku; plnily m\u00e1kem, hru\u0161kov\u00fdmi \u010di \u0161vestkov\u00fdmi povidly, o\u0159echy, pern\u00edkem i mrkv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u010ce\u0161t\u00ed obrozene\u010dt\u00ed historici a n\u00e1rodopisci tvrdili, \u017ee sv\u00e1tek sv. Martina polo\u017eila c\u00edrkev pr\u00e1v\u011b do doby slavnost\u00ed Baccha, boha v\u00edna a opilstv\u00ed, zobrazovan\u00e9ho s dv\u011bma r\u016f\u017eky na hlav\u011b, proto za\u010dali peka\u0159i p\u00e9ci pe\u010divo podobn\u00e9 t\u011bmto r\u016f\u017ek\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Martinsk\u00e1 husa. Vyslovte tato slova n\u011bkolikr\u00e1te za sebou a neodol\u00e1te poku\u0161en\u00ed. Nen\u00ed n\u00e1hoda, \u017ee se pr\u00e1v\u011b tenhle pt\u00e1k uhn\u00edzdil v \u010dele martinsk\u00e9ho stolu. Jeho maso je v tomto obdob\u00ed vysloven\u011b chutn\u00e9, nebo\u0165 dom\u00e1c\u00ed dr\u016fbe\u017e m\u011bla za sebou letn\u00ed pastvu na zelen\u00e9m a husy pak i vykrmen\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00edmi \u0161i\u0161kami. Dala se z n\u011bj p\u0159ipravit \u0159ada b\u00e1je\u010dn\u00fdch pochoutek od lahodn\u00e9ho kaldounu (hus\u00ed pol\u00e9vky s dr\u016fbky a mal\u00fdmi knedl\u00ed\u010dky) a\u017e po proslul\u00e1 hus\u00ed jat\u00fdrka s mandlemi, o zlatav\u00e9 pe\u010d\u00ednce ani nemluv\u011b.<\/p>\n

Ko\u0159eny tradice martinsk\u00e9 husy lze dohledat v N\u011bmecku, kde ji\u017e za vl\u00e1dy c\u00edsa\u0159e Karla Velik\u00e9ho byl den sv. Martina podzimn\u00edm term\u00ednem k odv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed \u00farok\u016f a tak\u00e9 b\u00edl\u00e9 vykrmen\u00e9 husy, robotn\u00edch d\u00e1vek vrchnosti. V 16. a 17. stolet\u00ed zachytila martinskou husu mnoh\u00e1 liter\u00e1rn\u00ed d\u00edla: V roce 1595 sepsal Melchior de Fabris, n\u011bmeck\u00fd katolick\u00fd far\u00e1\u0159, k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eVon der Martins Gans\u201d (O martinsk\u00e9 huse), kter\u00fd vyzdvihoval mytologick\u00fd v\u00fdznam martinsk\u00e9 husy pro jej\u00ed bd\u011blost a ostra\u017eitost. Proti martinsk\u00e9mu hodov\u00e1n\u00ed a nest\u0159\u00eddm\u00e9mu poj\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed martinsk\u00e9 husy brojili reforma\u010dn\u00ed far\u00e1\u0159i po celou dobu.<\/p>\n

Z martinsk\u00e9 husy dost\u00e1val nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed sluha k\u0159\u00eddlo, aby pr\u00fd p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci jen l\u00edtal, vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm pod\u00e1valo se stehno. I podle toho, komu co hospod\u00e1\u0159 dal na tal\u00ed\u0159, se pr\u00fd mohlo poznat, zda s chasn\u00edkem \u010di d\u011bve\u010dkou je spokojen a po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 s nimi na dal\u0161\u00ed rok. Takov\u00e9 hus\u00ed stehno bylo jak\u00fdmsi mal\u00fdm vyznamen\u00e1n\u00edm, ale i t\u0159eba k\u016f\u017ee z hus\u00edch pa\u0159\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e1 se podle star\u00e9ho zvyku vkl\u00e1dala do d\u0159ev\u00e1k\u016f, byla znamen\u00edm, \u017ee pot\u0159ebuje, aby se slou\u017e\u00edc\u00edm dob\u0159e chodilo. Smutn\u00ed ale neb\u00fdvali ani ti, kte\u0159\u00ed z n\u011bjak\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f kon\u010dili, a \u010dasto je\u0161t\u011b t\u00fd\u017e den v\u0161e, co dostali, sta\u010dili probendit.<\/p>\n

A jen pro zaj\u00edmavost. Listopadov\u00e9 lampi\u00f3nov\u00e9 pr\u016fvody, je\u017e se u n\u00e1s kon\u00e1valy v souvislosti s jist\u00fdm v\u00fdro\u010d\u00edm, rozhodn\u011b nebyly novinkou 20. stolet\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b naopak. U\u017e d\u00e1vno p\u0159edt\u00edm p\u0159evzali na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u011b n\u011bmeck\u00fd zvyk vyr\u00e1b\u011bt na den sv. Martina r\u016fzn\u011b zdoben\u00e9 lucerny a lampi\u00f3ny z pr\u016fsvitn\u00e9ho pap\u00edru. Jeden\u00e1ct\u00e9ho listopadu pak podzimn\u00ed tmu rozz\u00e1\u0159il pr\u016fvod sv\u011bt\u00fdlek, kter\u00fd se vydal hledat do nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed zimy martinsk\u00e9 poselstv\u00ed dobra a sv\u011btla. Ve sv\u011bt\u011b maj\u00ed lampi\u00f3nov\u00e9 pr\u016fvody \u010dasto n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd charakter. V N\u011bmecku se do nich p\u0159em\u011bnil Martinsk\u00fd prad\u00e1vn\u00fd pr\u016fvod sv\u011btel, na kter\u00fd se kdysi chodilo se zap\u00e1len\u00fdmi lou\u010demi. V \u010dele pr\u016fvodu jede svat\u00fd Martin na koni ve v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 zbroji, rozd\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u011btem sladkosti, zapaluj\u00ed se ohn\u011b a hraje muzika.<\/p>\n

V dob\u011b kolem sv\u00e1tku sv. Martina ukon\u010dili sv\u016fj \u00fakol i past\u00fd\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed dost\u00e1vali odm\u011bnou obil\u00ed, jeho\u017e bylo u sedl\u00e1k\u016f po vyml\u00e1cen\u00ed dostatek a je\u017e sedl\u00e1ci odm\u011b\u0159ovali v ur\u010dit\u00fd den, oby\u010dejn\u011b v den svatomartinsk\u00fd, v\u0161em obecn\u00edm slu\u017eebn\u00edk\u016fm (ponocn\u00e9mu, hajn\u00e9mu, u\u010diteli). Oby\u010dejn\u011b se tak d\u011blo za \u00fa\u010dasti obecn\u00ed hromady, kdy obec skl\u00e1dala \u00fa\u010dty a kdy sedl\u00e1ci oslavovali konec sklizn\u011b, z\u016f\u010dtov\u00e1n\u00ed i nov\u00e9 volby. Za obil\u00ed, kter\u00e9 po v\u00fdplat\u011b slu\u017eebn\u00edk\u016fm zbylo, sedl\u00e1ci hodovali a pili a v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech p\u0159isp\u00edvali k hod\u016fm i past\u00fd\u0159 a ostatn\u00ed slu\u017eebn\u00edci a n\u011bkdy i chalupn\u00edci s domk\u00e1\u0159i.<\/p>\n

Ve 30. a 40. letech 20. stolet\u00ed bylo v \u010ceskoslovensku zn\u00e1mo na pades\u00e1t druh\u016f hus (divok\u00e9 a dom\u00e1c\u00ed, b\u00edl\u00e9 a \u0161ed\u00e9, pomo\u0159ansk\u00e9, emdensk\u00e9, toulousk\u00e9, labut\u00ed neboli \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9, kade\u0159av\u00e9, kanadsk\u00e9 a tak\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9). \u010cesk\u00e9 hospodyn\u011b a kucha\u0159ky nakupovaly hlavn\u011b husy libu\u0161sk\u00e9 a sadsk\u00e9. Husy libu\u0161sk\u00e9 byly vykrmov\u00e1ny ovsem na maso, sadsk\u00e9 \u0161i\u0161kami na s\u00e1dlo. \u010cesk\u00e1 husa, i kdy\u017e pon\u011bkud men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy ze z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy, byla zn\u00e1mkou prvo\u0159ad\u00e9 jakosti a co do jakosti masa a s\u00e1dla, velikosti a chuti jater i jakosti pe\u0159\u00ed nedosti\u017en\u00e1. Libu\u0161sk\u00e1 v\u00fdkrmna (zalo\u017eena Franti\u0161kem \u0160\u0165astn\u00fdm), nakupovala dom\u00e1c\u00ed husy z r\u016fzn\u00fdch kout\u016f ji\u017en\u00edch \u010cech a Po\u0161umav\u00ed, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1sledn\u011b po dobu t\u0159\u00ed a\u017e \u010dty\u0159 ned\u011bl vykrmovala, \u0161kubala (t\u00e9\u017e t\u0159\u00eddila pe\u0159\u00ed na prachov\u00e9, drobn\u00e9 a brky) a rozv\u00e1\u017eela na trhy do Prahy a cel\u00e9 \u0159ady dal\u0161\u00edch m\u011bst.<\/p>\n

Martinsk\u00e1 husa neunikla ani reklam\u011b. \u010ceskoslovensko nav\u00e1zalo na zavedenou praxi z monarchie a vyu\u017e\u00edvalo obl\u00edben\u00fd reklamn\u00ed plak\u00e1t, plechov\u00e9 \u010di smaltov\u00e9 cedule, reklamn\u00ed sd\u011blen\u00ed s tradi\u010dn\u00ed kombinac\u00ed obrazu a n\u00e1paditou ver\u0161ovanou pob\u00eddkou. Pokrok a modernizace s sebou od poloviny 30. let p\u0159inesl reklamn\u00ed filmy, reklamu v rozhlase, na gramofonov\u00fdch desk\u00e1ch \u010di diapozitivech. Z\u00edskat sv\u00e9 pravideln\u00e9 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e se pokou\u0161ely tak\u00e9 \u010dasopisy a noviny. Kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 intermezzo p\u0159ineslo op\u011bt prvorepublikov\u00e9 \u201eposv\u00edcensk\u00e9 z\u00e1bavy\u201d.<\/p>\n

Martinsk\u00e9 oslavy a hodov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u011b\u017eovalo (tak jako za 2. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky) v\u00e1zan\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed s p\u0159\u00edd\u011bly potravin, kter\u00e9 trvalo a\u017e do roku 1953. Dom\u00e1c\u00ed por\u00e1\u017eka vep\u0159\u016f se je\u0161t\u011b roku 1946 povolovala sedl\u00e1k\u016fm (samoz\u00e1sobitel\u016fm) jen tehdy, pokud splnil p\u0159edepsan\u00e9 dod\u00e1vky a d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed kontingent. Na podzim roku 1946 povolilo ministerstvo v\u00fd\u017eivy prodej \u201ev\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed\u201d husy. Cena za vykrmenou husu se pohybovala u polotu\u010dn\u00e9 kolem 72 K\u010ds za 1 kg (1 kg s\u00e1dla z 1 kg s \u010derven\u00fdm raz\u00edtkem), u plnotu\u010dn\u00e9 kolem 80 K\u010ds za 1 kg (3 kg s\u00e1dla z 1 kg s \u010dern\u00fdm raz\u00edtkem). Po komunistick\u00e9m pu\u010di v roce 1948 z\u016fstal za\u010d\u00e1tek listopadu vyhrazen \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm v\u00fdborem KS\u010c oslav\u00e1m Velk\u00e9 \u0159\u00edjnov\u00e9 socialistick\u00e9 revoluce, kdy rok co rok 7. listopadu vyr\u00e1\u017eely do ulic m\u011bst a obc\u00ed lampionov\u00e9 pr\u016fvody za povinn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dasti cel\u00fdch \u0161kol. V roce 1951 komunist\u00e9 zru\u0161ily v\u0161echny c\u00edrkevn\u00ed sv\u00e1tky (z\u00e1kon \u010d. 93\/1951).<\/p>\n

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Zdroj: Eva Mullerov\u00e1, Pestr\u00fd t\u00fdden, V. Neubert a synov\u00e9, Praha XV., 26.8.1939, \u010d. 34, s. 16-17; 10.11.1928. Lum\u00edr, 1853, t\u00e9\u017e \u010cen\u011bk Z\u00edbrt: Staro\u010desk\u00e9 v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00ed oby\u010deje, pov\u011bry, slavnosti a z\u00e1bavy proston\u00e1rodn\u00ed, 1889, \u010cen\u011bk Z\u00edbrt: Vesel\u00e9 chv\u00edle v \u017eivot\u011b lidu \u010desk\u00e9ho, Z\u00e1bavy na svat\u00e9ho Martina<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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