{"id":139311,"date":"2018-09-03T14:04:17","date_gmt":"2018-09-03T13:04:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=139311"},"modified":"2021-01-12T19:50:35","modified_gmt":"2021-01-12T18:50:35","slug":"nase-dejiny-ceska-skola-a-strucna-historie-povinne-skolni-dochazky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=139311","title":{"rendered":"NA\u0160E D\u011aJINY: \u010cesk\u00e1 \u0161kola a stru\u010dn\u00e1 historie povinn\u00e9 \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zky"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-139315 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/03\/star\u00e1-\u0161kola.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/03\/star\u00e1-\u0161kola.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/03\/star\u00e1-\u0161kola-300x175.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<h6><strong>Prvn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koly byly z\u0159izov\u00e1ny c\u00edrkv\u00ed ji\u017e v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 11. stolet\u00ed. Katolick\u00e9 c\u00edrkv\u00ed, kter\u00e1 dlouho m\u011bla monopol na vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u0161ak nikdy ne\u0161lo o obecn\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatelstva, ale jen o c\u00edlenou v\u00fdchovu budouc\u00edch kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed nebo podporu c\u00edrkevn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu.\u00a0<\/strong><\/h6>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-139319 alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/03\/\u010d\u00edt\u00e1rny-logo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"149\" height=\"50\" \/>Prvn\u00edm skute\u010dn\u00fdm reform\u00e1torem p\u0159\u00edstupu ke vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed byl Jan Amos Komensk\u00fd (1592 \u2013 1670)<br \/>\n<\/strong>Jedine\u010dn\u00fd tv\u016frce filosoficky zalo\u017een\u00e9 pedagogick\u00e9 soustavy, kterou po vyhn\u00e1n\u00ed katol\u00edky ze zem\u011b \u010desk\u00e9 d\u00e1l prosazoval a rozv\u00edjel v Evrop\u011b, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b p\u0159i pobytu ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku. Na svou dobu zast\u00e1val revolu\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1zor, podle kter\u00e9ho by \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b nem\u011blo b\u00fdt vylou\u010deno z v\u00fdchovy, proto\u017ee i to nejm\u00e9n\u011b nadan\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b lze alespo\u0148 pon\u011bkud vychovat. Kladl d\u016fraz na k\u00e1ze\u0148, odm\u00edtal t\u011blesn\u00e9 tresty za neznalost, ale za poru\u0161en\u00ed k\u00e1zn\u011b je v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u011bl. Rovn\u011b\u017e v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed konflikt\u016f mezi n\u00e1rody a kulturami lze dos\u00e1hnout jen v\u00fdchovou a v\u00fdukou ciz\u00edch jazyk\u016f jak kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f k pozn\u00e1n\u00ed.<br \/>\n<strong>Zab\u00fdval se v\u0161eobecnou teori\u00ed v\u00fdchovy, didaktikou, vytvo\u0159il speci\u00e1ln\u00ed metodiku v\u00fduky jazyk\u016f a s\u00e1m p\u0159ipravoval origin\u00e1ln\u00ed u\u010debnice.<\/strong><br \/>\nU\u017e za Komensk\u00e9ho \u017eivota si z\u00edskaly v Evrop\u011b mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou oblibu jeho jazykov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edru\u010dky Janua linguarum reserata (Dv\u00e9\u0159e jazyk\u016f otev\u0159en\u00e9, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako Br\u00e1na jazyk\u016f otev\u0159en\u00e1) a Orbis sensualium pictus (Sv\u011bt v obrazech).<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong>Z jeho knih se pozd\u011bji u\u010dil i Goethe. \u010cetl Komensk\u00e9ho Orbis Pictus, co\u017e sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed nejen o mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 kvalit\u011b t\u00e9to u\u010debnice jazyk\u016f ve sv\u011bt\u011b, ale tak\u00e9 o zcela zjevn\u00e9m \u00fasp\u011bchu Komensk\u00e9ho ve sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-139318 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/03\/komensk\u00fd.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/03\/komensk\u00fd.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/03\/komensk\u00fd-300x175.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Komensk\u00fd navrhoval tento \u0161koln\u00ed syst\u00e9m:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>od narozen\u00ed do 6 let m\u00e1 b\u00fdt d\u00edt\u011b vychov\u00e1v\u00e1no doma. Obsah v\u00fduky stanovil v p\u0159\u00edru\u010dce pro rodi\u010de Informatorium \u0161koly mate\u0159sk\u00e9<\/li>\n<li>od 6 do 12 let nav\u0161t\u011bvuj\u00ed d\u011bti \u0161kolu obecnou, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt v ka\u017ed\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b i vesnici. \u0160kola je pro chlapce i d\u00edvky. Vyu\u010duje se \u010dten\u00ed, psan\u00ed, po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed, n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, re\u00e1lie (u\u010den\u00ed o p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b a spole\u010dnosti), zp\u011bv, ru\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce. Vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 dv\u011b hodiny dopoledne a dv\u011b hodiny odpoledne.<\/li>\n<li>od 12 do 18 m\u00e1 ml\u00e1de\u017e nav\u0161t\u011bvovat \u0161kolu latinskou, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt v ka\u017ed\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b. Z\u00e1kladem vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed je sedmero svobodn\u00fdch u\u010den\u00ed (gramatika, r\u00e9torika, dialektika, aritmetika, geometrie, astronomie a m\u00fazika), p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed v\u011bdy, zem\u011bpis, d\u011bjepis, matematika a jazyky jako latina a \u0159e\u010dtina. Komensk\u00fd ov\u0161em doporu\u010duje i jin\u00fd jazyk, aby se ka\u017ed\u00fd dorozum\u011bl se sv\u00fdmi sousedy (n\u011bm\u010dina).<\/li>\n<li>od 18 do 24 let slou\u017e\u00ed ke vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed akademie, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt v ka\u017ed\u00e9 zemi. Jde o vysokou \u0161kolu, kde by se studovalo bohoslov\u00ed, pr\u00e1va nebo medic\u00edna. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je i vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a filosofick\u00e9. Vysokou \u0161kolu naz\u00fdv\u00e1 akademie, proto\u017ee univerzity byly katolick\u00e9, cht\u011bl je tedy odli\u0161it od protestantsk\u00fdch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Mimo Komensk\u00e9ho existovaly i dal\u0161\u00ed velmi vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 v\u00fdjimky. Nap\u0159\u00edklad opat augustiniansk\u00e9ho kl\u00e1\u0161t\u011bra v Zahani Ign\u00e1c Felbiger (1744 \u2013 1788).<br \/>\n<\/strong>Ten ji\u017e v dob\u011b sv\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed v Zahani zavedl ve v\u00fduce hromadn\u00e9 vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed, sepsal na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed o povinnostech u\u010ditel\u016f a pod\u00edlel se na z\u00e1sadn\u00ed reform\u011b prusk\u00e9ho \u0161kolstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Povinnou doch\u00e1zku do z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koly pro v\u0161echny d\u011bti v \u010cech\u00e1ch ustanovila poprv\u00e9 Marie Terezie v roce 1774.<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0160kolsk\u00e1 reforma, formulovan\u00e1 V\u0161eobecn\u00fdm \u0161koln\u00edm \u0159\u00e1dem ze dne 6.12.1774, vyj\u00e1d\u0159ila poprv\u00e9 v historii z\u00e1jem st\u00e1tu na vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho obyvatelstva. V\u0161eobecn\u00fd \u0161koln\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d, kter\u00fd slovy c\u00edsa\u0159ovny vyz\u00fdval rodi\u010de, aby sv\u00e9 d\u011bti ve v\u011bku 6 \u2013 12 let pos\u00edlali do \u0161koly, samoz\u0159ejm\u011b po\u010d\u00edtal s t\u00edm, \u017ee v nov\u011b z\u0159izovan\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch bude z\u00e1kladn\u00ed metodou hromadn\u00e1 v\u00fduka.<br \/>\nV t\u00e9 dob\u011b se jednalo o v\u00fdraznou pedagogickou novinku, nebo\u0165 v dosavadn\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 praxi p\u0159eva\u017eovala v\u00fduka individu\u00e1ln\u00ed. U\u010ditel hovo\u0159il s jedn\u00edm \u017e\u00e1kem, tomu kladl ot\u00e1zky, d\u00e1val mu ur\u010dit\u00fd \u00fakol a ten pak kontroloval.<br \/>\nPovinn\u00e1 doch\u00e1zka byla tehdy \u0161estilet\u00e1, s v\u00fdjimkou pro letn\u00ed obdob\u00ed, kdy d\u011bti na vesnici pom\u00e1haly p\u0159i poln\u00edch prac\u00edch, a proto se nemusely \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zky z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148ovat.<\/p>\n<p>Cel\u00fd n\u00e1zev historick\u00e9ho v\u00fdnosu c\u00edsa\u0159ovny ze dne 6. prosince 1774 zn\u011bl (samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b) V\u0161eobecn\u00fd \u0161koln\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d pro n\u011bmeck\u00e9 norm\u00e1ln\u00ed, hlavn\u00ed a trivi\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161koly ve v\u0161ech c.k. d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00fdch zem\u00edch. Jak\u00e1koliv zm\u00ednka o jin\u00fdch ne\u017e n\u011bmeck\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch \u010di o vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed v n\u011bkter\u00e9m mate\u0159sk\u00e9m (nen\u011bmeck\u00e9m) jazyce v n\u011bm chyb\u011bla.<\/p>\n<p><strong>11. srpna 1805 \u0161kolsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon op\u011btovn\u011b vyhl\u00e1sil povinnou \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zku<\/strong>\u00a0(od terezi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 doby podruh\u00e9) pro d\u011bti od 6 do 12 let. Ustanoven\u00ed v\u0161ak nebylo dodr\u017eov\u00e1no. Mnoh\u00e9 d\u011bti doch\u00e1zely do \u0161koly nepravideln\u011b, nebo\u0165 musely pom\u00e1hat v hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, a asi t\u0159etina d\u011bt\u00ed nenav\u0161t\u011bvovala \u0161kolu v\u016fbec.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Po roce 1918<\/strong>\u00a0byla povinn\u00e1 \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zka ustanovena dev\u00edtilet\u00e1 a z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koly byly rozd\u011bleny na dva stupn\u011b. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161kola se tehdy naz\u00fdvala z\u00e1kladn\u00ed dev\u00edtilet\u00e1 \u0161kola.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dev\u00e1t\u00e1 t\u0159\u00edda byla zru\u0161ena v 70. letech 20. stolet\u00ed,<\/strong>\u00a0\u010d\u00edm\u017e do\u0161lo ke zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koly na 8 ro\u010dn\u00edk\u016f. Povinn\u00e1 \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zka byla ov\u0161em prodlou\u017eena na 10 let, tedy ka\u017ed\u00fd absolvent z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koly musel pokra\u010dovat ve studiu na gymn\u00e1ziu, st\u0159edn\u00edm odborn\u00e9m u\u010dili\u0161ti nebo st\u0159edn\u00ed odborn\u00e9 \u0161kole.<\/p>\n<p><strong>V roce 1990<\/strong>\u00a0byla povinn\u00e1 desetilet\u00e1 doch\u00e1zka op\u011bt zkr\u00e1cena na 9 let a postupn\u011b byla na z\u00e1kladn\u00edch \u0161kol\u00e1ch zavedena zp\u011bt dev\u00e1t\u00e1 t\u0159\u00edda, nejprve nepovinn\u00e1, od roku 1996 (v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b a\u017e 1997) pak povinn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Text a foto: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.citarny.cz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u010c\u00cdT\u00c1RNY<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Prvn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":139323,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[74],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/03\/r\u00e1me\u010dek-\u010desk\u00e1-\u0161kola.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/139311"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=139311"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/139311\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":213108,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/139311\/revisions\/213108"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/139323"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=139311"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=139311"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=139311"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}