{"id":139214,"date":"2024-08-28T19:43:29","date_gmt":"2024-08-28T18:43:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=139214"},"modified":"2024-08-28T19:43:29","modified_gmt":"2024-08-28T18:43:29","slug":"z-archivu-a-kronik-cukrovy-kornout-a-skolni-brasna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=139214","title":{"rendered":"Z ARCHIV\u016e A KRONIK: Cukrov\u00fd kornout a \u0161koln\u00ed bra\u0161na"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Cesti\u010dka k domovu<\/em>
\nzn\u00e1m\u011b se vine.<\/em>
\nHez\u010d\u00ed je kr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed<\/em>
\nne\u017e v\u0161ecky jin\u00e9.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dou\u0161ka a \u0161alv\u011bje<\/em>
\nkolem n\u00ed von\u00ed,<\/em>
\nnikde se nechod\u00ed<\/em>
\ntak jako po n\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n

A kdybych na sv\u011bte<\/em>
\nb\u016fhv\u00ed kam za\u0161el,<\/em>
\ntu cestu k domovu<\/em>
\nv\u017edycky bych na\u0161el.<\/em><\/p>\n

A kdybych ve sv\u011bt\u011b<\/em>
\nsmutn\u011b se m\u00edval,<\/em>
\nna t\u00e9hle cesti\u010dce<\/em>
\nv\u017edy bych si zp\u00edval.<\/em><\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed \u0161koln\u00ed den je tady a pro prv\u0148\u00e1\u010dky p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed slavnostn\u00ed chv\u00edle, kdy se s aktovkou na z\u00e1dech poprv\u00e9 vydaj\u00ed do \u0161koln\u00edch lavic. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u0161ak nos\u00ed i kornouty (Schult\u00fcte, Wundert\u00fcte). Kde se tato tradice vlastn\u011b vzala a co se v nich ukr\u00fdv\u00e1?<\/h6>\n

Zat\u00edmco v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech d\u011bti s kornouty do \u0161koly nechod\u00ed, jinde si zase n\u00e1stup do prvn\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy bez nich ani nedovedou p\u0159edstavit. N\u011bkde si nos\u00ed d\u011bti kornouty i na m\u0161i p\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm \u0161koly a kn\u011bz jim je po\u017eehn\u00e1. Kde se vlastn\u011b tradice kornout\u016f vzala a pro\u010d se nos\u00ed? I kdy\u017e je \u0159ada lid\u00ed dodnes p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dena, \u017ee kornouty k n\u00e1m dorazily z Ameriky, nen\u00ed tomu tak.<\/p>\n

Tradice kornout\u016f toti\u017e p\u0159i\u0161la z N\u011bmecka. Jde p\u016fvodn\u011b o saskou tradici, kter\u00e1 se postupn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila do cel\u00e9 zem\u011b a pozd\u011bji i k n\u00e1m, hlavn\u011b do pohrani\u010d\u00ed \u0160umavy a Kru\u0161n\u00fdch hor. D\u011btem se \u0159\u00edkalo, \u017ee na strom\u011b zvan\u00e9m kornoutovn\u00edk, kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v zahrad\u011b pana u\u010ditele, rostou cukrov\u00e9 kornouty. Kdy\u017e u\u017e jsou d\u011bti dost velik\u00e9, aby mohly j\u00edt do \u0161koly, mohou si jeden utrhnout. Kornout tak vlastn\u011b symbolizoval \u0161koln\u00ed zralost d\u00edt\u011bte.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkdy se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee kornouty vznikly vlastn\u011b tak trochu ze z\u00e1visti. Z\u00e1kladem tradice byl toti\u017e zvyk v \u017eidovsk\u00fdch komunit\u00e1ch v N\u011bmecku d\u00e1vat d\u011btem v den, kdy dos\u00e1hly zralosti na studium T\u00f3ry, sladk\u00e9 pe\u010divo ve tvaru p\u00edsmen jako upomenuti slov \u017ealmu: \u201eDein Wort ist in meinem Munde s\u00fc\u00dfer als Honig\u201c (Tvoje slovo je v m\u00fdch \u00fastech slad\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e med). Ne\u017eidovsk\u00e9 d\u011bti tak m\u00edsto toho za\u010daly dost\u00e1vat kornouty, kter\u00e9 tak\u00e9 obsahovaly sladkosti. Kornouty tu p\u0159e\u017eily jak vyhn\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fdch obyvatel na konci druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, tak i l\u00e9ta komunismu, kter\u00e9mu cukr\u00e1tka nijak nevadila. Dnes to mnoz\u00ed pova\u017euj\u00ed za zkomercializovanou novotu. Dv\u011b st\u011b let star\u00fd zvyk je ale mnohem v\u00edc dokladem prol\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eidovsko-n\u011bmecko-\u010desk\u00e9ho elementu na mal\u00e9m prostoru Sudet, odkud jen tak odsunout nejde.<\/p>\n

S povinnou \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zkou vyvstala pot\u0159eba pravideln\u011b p\u0159emis\u0165ovat u\u010debn\u00ed prost\u0159edky z domu do \u0161koly a zp\u011bt. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku byla hlavn\u00ed \u0161kol\u00e1kovou v\u00fdbavou b\u0159idlicov\u00e1 tabulka s kam\u00ednkem na psan\u00ed. Se\u0161ity v dne\u0161n\u00edm slova smyslu vznikly a\u017e se zaveden\u00edm levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed strojn\u00ed v\u00fdroby pap\u00edru v polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed. Dom\u00e1c\u00ed \u00fakoly se tehdy zad\u00e1valy v daleko men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e, proto se\u0161ity v\u011bt\u0161inou z\u016fst\u00e1valy ve \u0161kole. Psac\u00ed pot\u0159eby byly umis\u0165ov\u00e1ny do men\u0161\u00edch, pevn\u00fdch d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch pen\u00e1l\u016f. \u0160koln\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d z roku 1870 stanovil, \u017ee knihy a se\u0161ity po\u0159izuj\u00ed d\u011btem rodi\u010de nebo z\u00e1stupci \u017e\u00e1k\u016f. Je\u0161t\u011b na konci 19. stolet\u00ed nebylo u\u010debnic mnoho a na jejich p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed sta\u010dilo sv\u00e1zat je \u0159em\u00ednky nebo um\u00edstit do dr\u00e1t\u011bn\u00e9ho dr\u017e\u00e1ku. Na vesnici bylo dlouho roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u017een\u00fdch nebo textiln\u00edch bra\u0161en, levn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ta\u0161ek pleten\u00fdch ze sl\u00e1my \u010di jin\u00fdch dostupn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f. Chlapci m\u011bli bra\u0161ny p\u0159es rameno, d\u00edvky nosily ta\u0161ky v ruce.<\/p>\n

Se zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edm se po\u010dtem \u0161koln\u00edch pot\u0159eb byly z praktick\u00fdch a zdravotn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f k v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ko\u017een\u00e9 bra\u0161ni\u010dce p\u0159ichyceny \u0159em\u00ednky k no\u0161en\u00ed na z\u00e1dech. Tento zlep\u0161ov\u00e1k byl patrn\u011b inspirov\u00e1n tornami voj\u00e1k\u016f a k sou\u010dasn\u00fdm tvarovan\u00fdm popruh\u016fm m\u011bl daleko. V roce 1880 byla v denn\u00edm tisku inzerov\u00e1na \u201emodern\u00ed v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e1 \u0161koln\u00ed bra\u0161na s \u0159emenem pro hochy na z\u00e1da, pro d\u00edvky do ruky\u201c. Bra\u0161na nem\u011bla \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 d\u011blen\u00ed na p\u0159ihr\u00e1dky ani postrann\u00ed kapsy. M\u00edsto toho d\u011bti \u010dasto nosily je\u0161t\u011b mal\u00e9, v\u011bt\u0161inou ko\u017een\u00e9 kabelky p\u0159es rameno.<\/p>\n

Podle fotografi\u00ed z po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed za\u010dala tak\u00e9 d\u011bv\u010data nosit bra\u0161nu na z\u00e1da. Nad v\u00fdhodami p\u0159enesen\u00ed v\u00e1hy b\u0159emene z ruky na z\u00e1da ve 20. a 30. letech 20. stolet\u00ed p\u0159evl\u00e1dla m\u00f3da aktovek, ta\u0161ek do ruky. N\u00e1zev i tvar byly odvozeny od men\u0161\u00ed ta\u0161ky na spisy (akta), kterou p\u0159edt\u00edm nosili pouze advok\u00e1ti, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci. P\u016fvodn\u011b nem\u011bla dr\u017eadlo a nosila se v podpa\u017e\u00ed nebo p\u0159elo\u017eena v kapse svrchn\u00edku. Po vzniku \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 republiky se zv\u00fd\u0161il po\u010det \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f a ka\u017ed\u00fd nosil aktovku s dr\u017eadlem v ruce.<\/p>\n

Aktovky do ruky za\u010dali nosit tak\u00e9 \u0161kol\u00e1ci, zejm\u00e9na d\u011bv\u010data, ale najdeme je i u chlapc\u016f. Ve 30. letech 20. stolet\u00ed se objevuj\u00ed doporu\u010den\u00ed, aby m\u00f3dn\u00ed ta\u0161ku do ruky vyst\u0159\u00eddala op\u011bt prakti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bra\u0161na na z\u00e1da, kter\u00e1 \u201ed\u011btsk\u00e9 t\u011blo p\u011bkn\u011b nap\u0159\u00edm\u00ed a p\u0159i tom z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed ru\u010dky voln\u00e9.\u201c U men\u0161\u00edch d\u011bt\u00ed se skute\u010dn\u011b ke slovu znovu dostala bra\u0161na na z\u00e1da, ov\u0161em s dr\u017eadlem ve vrchn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti, tak\u017ee se dala nosit i v ruce. Pou\u017e\u00edval se pro ni i p\u0159enesen\u00fd n\u00e1zev aktovka. Star\u0161\u00ed studenti, a\u0165 nosili sebev\u00edc u\u010debnic a se\u0161it\u016f, aktovku do ruky opustit necht\u011bli. Pozd\u011bji ji vym\u011bnili za ta\u0161ky p\u0159es rameno.<\/p>\n

A\u017e do 70. let 20. stolet\u00ed se vyr\u00e1b\u011bly aktovky, tentokr\u00e1t ji\u017e s d\u011blen\u00fdm prostorem a postrann\u00edmi kapsami, z k\u016f\u017ee. Pot\u00e9 se ke slovu dostaly um\u011bl\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly (ko\u017eenka, syntetick\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zdroj:<\/strong> Helena Kov\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1, Z k\u0159i\u0161\u0165\u00e1lov\u00e9 stud\u00e1nky – Karel V\u00e1clav Rais<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Cesti\u010dka <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":319396,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[74],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/28\/ram-kornout.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/139214"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=139214"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/139214\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":319395,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/139214\/revisions\/319395"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/319396"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=139214"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=139214"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=139214"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}