{"id":139156,"date":"2018-09-01T16:24:52","date_gmt":"2018-09-01T15:24:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=139156"},"modified":"2018-09-01T16:24:52","modified_gmt":"2018-09-01T15:24:52","slug":"dejinne-okamziky-v-evrope-zacala-druha-svetova-valka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=139156","title":{"rendered":"D\u011aJINN\u00c9 OKAM\u017dIKY: V Evrop\u011b za\u010dala druh\u00e1 sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka"},"content":{"rendered":"

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N\u011bmeck\u00e1 p\u011bchota kdesi v severn\u00edm Rusku<\/p>\n

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Druh\u00e1 sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka<\/b>\u00a0byl\u00a0glob\u00e1ln\u00ed vojensk\u00fd konflikt, jeho\u017e se z\u00fa\u010dastnila v\u011bt\u0161ina st\u00e1t\u016f sv\u011bta a jen\u017e se stal s\u00a0v\u00edce ne\u017e 60\u00a0miliony ob\u011bt\u00ed dosud nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm a nejv\u00edc zni\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdm st\u0159etnut\u00edm v\u00a0d\u011bjin\u00e1ch lidstva. V\u00e1lka v\u00a0Evrop\u011b za\u010dala\u00a01.\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed\u00a01939, kdy\u017e\u00a0nacistick\u00e9 N\u011bmecko\u00a0napadlo\u00a0Polsko. Kr\u00e1tce pot\u00e9 vyhl\u00e1sily\u00a0Francie,\u00a0Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie\u00a0a st\u00e1ty\u00a0Commonwealthu N\u011bmecku v\u00e1lku. 17. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed napadl Polsko i\u00a0Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz.<\/h6>\n

V\u00a0Asii\u00a0je za\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1tek druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky\u00a0pova\u017eov\u00e1no\u00a0p\u0159epaden\u00ed \u010c\u00edny Japonskem, kter\u00e9 za\u010dalo ji\u017e\u00a07.\u00a0\u010dervence\u00a01937. Konec v\u00e1lky v\u00a0Evrop\u011b nastal 8.\u00a0kv\u011btna\u00a01945\u00a0kapitulac\u00ed\u00a0N\u011bmecka. Po\u00a0americk\u00e9m svr\u017een\u00ed\u00a0atomov\u00fdch bomb\u00a0na m\u011bsta\u00a0Hiro\u0161ima\u00a0a\u00a0Nagasaki\u00a0kapitulovalo\u00a0Japonsko\u00a02.\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed\u00a0t\u00e9ho\u017e roku.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00ed\u010diny v\u00e1lky b\u00fdvaj\u00ed hled\u00e1ny v\u00a0d\u016fsledc\u00edch ideologi\u00ed a politick\u00fdch sm\u011br\u016f, jako jsou\u00a0nacionalismus\u00a0a\u00a0imperialismus. Podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch historik\u016f byla p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou nespokojenost N\u011bmecka s\u00a0Versailleskou smlouvou, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla prohloubit jeho pocit pon\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, a v dopadech\u00a0velk\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize\u00a0na p\u0159elomu dvac\u00e1t\u00fdch a\u00a0t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch let. Tyto vlivy z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem oslabily mnoho evropsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, \u010d\u00edm\u017e umo\u017enily vzestup\u00a0nacismu\u00a0(pod veden\u00edm nap\u0159.\u00a0Adolfa Hitlera),\u00a0fa\u0161ismu\u00a0(pod veden\u00edm nap\u0159.\u00a0Benita Mussoliniho) a\u00a0komunismu\u00a0(pod veden\u00edm nap\u0159.\u00a0Josifa Vissarionovi\u010de Stalina) a dal\u0161\u00edch totalitn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f mimo Evropu.<\/p>\n

N\u011bmeck\u00e9 invazi do Polska p\u0159edch\u00e1zela\u00a0smlouva\u00a0o\u00a0ne\u00fato\u010den\u00ed se\u00a0Sov\u011btsk\u00fdm svazem\u00a0(SSSR), takzvan\u00fd\u00a0Pakt Ribbentrop-Molotov, podepsan\u00e1\u00a024.\u00a0srpna\u00a01939\u00a0(av\u0161ak datovan\u00e1 o\u00a0jeden den d\u0159\u00edve, tedy\u00a023.\u00a0srpna\u00a01939). T\u00edmto\u00a0paktem\u00a0si tyto dva st\u00e1ty \u2013 mimo jin\u00fdch ustanoven\u00ed \u2013 rozd\u011blily sf\u00e9ry vlivu. V\u00a0d\u016fsledku toho byl\u00a0de facto\u00a0uvoln\u011bn prostor pro vojenskou expanzi obou stran. 17.\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed\u00a01939, tedy \u0161estn\u00e1ct dn\u00ed po n\u011bmeck\u00e9m \u00fatoku,\u00a0za\u00fato\u010dil na Polsko\u00a0tak\u00e9 SSSR. V\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm pr\u016fb\u011bhu ud\u00e1lost\u00ed byl v\u0161ak\u00a022.\u00a0\u010dervna\u00a01941\u00a0Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz s\u00e1m p\u0159epaden N\u011bmeckem a\u00a0jeho spojenci (tzv.\u00a0Operace Barbarossa).<\/p>\n

Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty americk\u00e9, kter\u00e9 u\u017e d\u0159\u00edve poskytovaly n\u011bkter\u00fdm\u00a0Spojenc\u016fm\u00a0v\u00a0po\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00e1lce pomoc, vstoupily aktivn\u011b do v\u00e1lky\u00a07.\u00a0prosince\u00a01941\u00a0pot\u00e9, co\u00a0Japonsko\u00a0ude\u0159ilo na jejich n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed z\u00e1kladnu\u00a0v\u00a0Pearl Harboru.<\/p>\n

Druhou sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lku prov\u00e1zely v\u00a0dosud nev\u00eddan\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e\u00a0zlo\u010diny proti lidskosti,\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 zlo\u010diny\u00a0a nehum\u00e1nn\u00ed zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdmi zajatci. Oproti v\u0161em dosavadn\u00edm konflikt\u016fm bylo pr\u016fb\u011bhem boj\u016f podstatn\u011b zasa\u017eeno rovn\u011b\u017e civiln\u00ed obyvatelstvo, je\u017e utrp\u011blo obrovsk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty. P\u0159\u00edkladem\u00a0genocidy\u00a0se stal\u00a0holokaust, kter\u00e9mu na z\u00e1klad\u011b nacistick\u00e9\u00a0rasov\u00e9\u00a0ideologie\u00a0padlo za ob\u011b\u0165 \u0161est milion\u016f evropsk\u00fdch\u00a0\u017did\u016f. Dal\u0161\u00ed milionov\u00e9 ob\u011bti byly ze strany slovansk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva na \u00fazem\u00edch v\u00fdchodn\u00ed fronty, kde bylo na 8\u00a0milion\u016f civiln\u00edch ob\u011bt\u00ed. Civiln\u00ed ob\u011bti podlehly nemocem a\u00a0hladu vyvolan\u00fdmi v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdmi operacemi n\u011bmeck\u00e9 a sov\u011btsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy a\u00a0masakr\u016fm nebo genocid\u011b p\u00e1chan\u00fdmi n\u011bmeck\u00fdmi a sov\u011btsk\u00fdmi komandy na obsazen\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch. Milion\u016fm ob\u011bt\u00ed se poda\u0159ilo p\u0159edej\u00edt spojeneck\u00fdmi dod\u00e1vkami nejen potravin do\u00a0SSSR\u00a0na z\u00e1klad\u011b\u00a0Z\u00e1kona o\u00a0p\u016fj\u010dce a pron\u00e1jmu. V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed pohlcovalo ve\u0161ker\u00fd lidsk\u00fd, ekonomick\u00fd, pr\u016fmyslov\u00fd a\u00a0v\u011bdeck\u00fd potenci\u00e1l v\u0161ech z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, lze tak hovo\u0159it o\u00a0veden\u00ed\u00a0tot\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00e1lky. Takt\u00e9\u017e pohled na \u201ecivilizovan\u00e9\u00a0metody v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed\u201c se v\u00a0mnoha ohledech v\u00fdrazn\u011b prom\u011bnil, nebo\u0165 zat\u00edmco v\u00a0roce\u00a01940\u00a0demokratick\u00e9\u00a0st\u00e1ty v\u00a0\u010dele s\u00a0Velkou Brit\u00e1ni\u00ed a\u00a0USA odm\u00edtaly\u00a0plo\u0161n\u00e9 n\u00e1lety\u00a0na nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e1 m\u011bsta, posl\u00e9ze se k\u00a0nim samy uch\u00fdlily.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0samotn\u00e9m z\u00e1v\u011bru v\u00e1lky byla ustavena\u00a0Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, jej\u00edm\u017e \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm c\u00edlem byla prevence vzniku jak\u00e9hokoli dal\u0161\u00edho podobn\u00e9ho konfliktu. Po v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed Spojenc\u016f se zrodily dv\u011b vedouc\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 supervelmoci: Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz a\u00a0Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty americk\u00e9. Jejich st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vz\u00e1jemn\u00fd antagonismus vedl k\u00a0bipol\u00e1rn\u00edmu rozd\u011blen\u00ed sv\u011bta a\u00a0k\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1tku\u00a0studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, kdy\u017e\u00a0Josif Stalin\u00a0spustil nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d evropsk\u00fdm kontinentem\u00a0\u017eeleznou oponu, kter\u00e1 od sebe odd\u011blila svobodn\u00fd\u00a0z\u00e1padn\u00ed sv\u011bta\u00a0komunistick\u00e9\u00a0st\u00e1ty ve\u00a0V\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b\u00a0poddan\u00e9 Sov\u011bt\u016fm. Vedlej\u0161\u00edm efektem v\u00e1lky byl tak\u00e9 vzr\u016fst po\u017eadavk\u016f na\u00a0pr\u00e1vo na sebeur\u010den\u00ed\u00a0mezi n\u00e1rody ovl\u00e1dan\u00fdmi\u00a0koloni\u00e1ln\u00edmi\u00a0mocnostmi, co\u017e vedlo k\u00a0akceleraci\u00a0dekoloniza\u010dn\u00edch\u00a0hnut\u00ed v\u00a0Asii a\u00a0v\u00a0Africe.<\/p>\n

Text a foto: WIKIPEDIE<\/strong><\/p>\n

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N\u011bmeck\u00fd postup ve Stalingradu<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u011bmeck\u00e1 p\u011bchota <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":139166,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[74],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/01\/r\u00e1me\u010dek-za\u010dala-v\u00e1lka.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/139156"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=139156"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/139156\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":139167,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/139156\/revisions\/139167"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/139166"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=139156"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=139156"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=139156"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}