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V r\u00e1mci p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch p\u0159edstav byl Slunovrat okam\u017eikem, kdy se st\u00edraj\u00ed ostr\u00e9 hranice mezi re\u00e1ln\u00fdm a nadp\u0159irozen\u00fdm sv\u011btem, dobou plnou \u010dar, kouzel a tajemstv\u00ed. P\u0159echodov\u00e1 magie a ritu\u00e1ly spojen\u00e9 s t\u00edmto dnem m\u011bly p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b eroticko-blahonosn\u00fd a o\u010distn\u00fd charakter.<\/p>\n
Slunce – zdroj tepla, sv\u011btla a ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho \u017eivota – m\u011bli na\u0161i pohan\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159edci ve velk\u00e9 v\u00e1\u017enosti a z\u00e1konitosti jeho pohybu po obloze jim byly zn\u00e1my ji\u017e od doby kamenn\u00e9. Ve snaze projevit mu svou \u00factu a p\u0159i\u017eivit jeho s\u00edlu, p\u00e1lili v dob\u011b slunovratu posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 ohn\u011b a pletli ze sl\u00e1my a r\u00e1kosu kola, kter\u00e1 pak zapalovali a ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed vyhazovali do vzduchu \u010di kut\u00e1leli z kopce. Tomuto ritu\u00e1lu p\u0159edch\u00e1zely o\u010distn\u00e9 koupele, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly m\u00edt l\u00e9\u010debnou a blahod\u00e1rnou moc.<\/p>\n
Sv\u00e1tky ob\u0159adn\u00edch koupel\u00ed na za\u010d\u00e1tku l\u00e9ta, spojen\u00e9 s pleten\u00edm v\u011bnc\u016f, p\u00e1len\u00ed oh\u0148\u016f a sk\u00e1k\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159es n\u011b byly plny zp\u011bvu, tance, nez\u00e1vazn\u00e9ho vesel\u00ed a tak\u00e9 sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed promiskuity. Jejich poz\u016fstatky najdeme po cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b od Britsk\u00fdch ostrov\u016f a\u017e po \u0158ecko. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed oblib\u011b se dodnes t\u011b\u0161\u00ed na Islandu, ve Skandin\u00e1vii, Pobaltsk\u00fdch republik\u00e1ch a v\u00fdchodoevropsk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. Ve star\u00e9 \u010de\u0161tin\u011b se tyto slavnosti naz\u00fdvaly\u00a0kupadla, kter\u00fd\u017eto term\u00edn z\u00e1rove\u0148 ozna\u010doval i m\u00edsto ke koup\u00e1n\u00ed, \u010di svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00fd d\u00e1rek.<\/p>\n
Stejn\u011b jako u jin\u00fdch pohansk\u00fdch zvyk\u016f, do\u0161lo tak\u00e9 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b letn\u00edho slunovratu k jeho postupn\u00e9mu splynut\u00ed s k\u0159es\u0165anskou tradic\u00ed. Podle n\u00ed se v t\u00e9to dob\u011b (p\u0159esn\u011bji 24. \u010dervna) slav\u00ed sv\u00e1tek Narozen\u00ed sv. Jana K\u0159titele – proroka, sou\u010dasn\u00edka a vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9ho Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista. Sv\u00e1tek dolo\u017een\u00fd ji\u017e k po\u010d\u00e1tku 6. stolet\u00ed opl\u00fdv\u00e1 bohatou a promy\u0161lenou symbolikou, kter\u00e1 se vztahuje k ostatn\u00edm k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdm sv\u00e1tk\u016fm i pohansk\u00e9 tradici; rozv\u00edj\u00ed je, p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a p\u0159ekr\u00fdv\u00e1. Narozen\u00ed Jana K\u0159titele zde p\u0159edstavuje d\u016fmysln\u00fd protip\u00f3l k narozen\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista a v kontextu zelen\u011b, ohn\u011b a vody je to pr\u00e1v\u011b Jan K\u0159titel – prorok, kter\u00fd v \u0159ece Jord\u00e1n pok\u0159til i samotn\u00e9ho Mesi\u00e1\u0161e – kdo tyto p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed substance obda\u0159uje jejich zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed moc\u00ed. Proto tak\u00e9 ve\u0161ker\u00e9 magick\u00e9 ob\u0159ady a oby\u010deje konan\u00e9 o vigilii p\u0159ed sv\u00e1tkem Jana K\u0159titele p\u0159ejaly postupn\u011b jeho jm\u00e9no.<\/p>\n
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Edwin Landseer – Sen noci svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9<\/p>\n
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V\u0161echny rostliny sesb\u00edran\u00e9 o svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9 noci jsou\u00a0svat\u00fdm J\u00e1nem k\u0159t\u011bn\u00fd. Takov\u00e9to svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9 ko\u0159en\u00ed dok\u00e1\u017ee zah\u00e1n\u011bt r\u016fzn\u00e9 nemoci, chr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed zl\u00fdmi silami a s jeho pomoc\u00ed se d\u00e1 i v\u011b\u0161tit a \u010darovat. Samotn\u00fd sb\u011br svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho ko\u0159en\u00ed se \u0159\u00eddil p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdmi pravidly a bylo p\u0159i n\u011bm pot\u0159eba zachov\u00e1vat nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazy a omezen\u00ed. P\u0159edpokladem \u00fa\u010dinnosti nasb\u00edran\u00fdch bylin tak bylo nap\u0159. neposkvrn\u011bn\u00e9 panenstv\u00ed, ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed nahota a dokonal\u00e9 ml\u010den\u00ed, naopak zapov\u011bzeno bylo se po cest\u011b ohl\u00e9dnout \u010di dot\u00fdkat se bylin holou rukou. N\u011bkde se rostliny sb\u00edraly p\u0159ed v\u00fdchodem slunce, jinde p\u0159i poledn\u00edm zvon\u011bn\u00ed o svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9m sv\u00e1tku.<\/p>\n
Skladba svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho ko\u0159en\u00ed se kraj od kraje li\u0161ila. Dobov\u00e1 literatura zmi\u0148uje v t\u00e9to souvislosti zejm\u00e9na pelyn\u011bk \u010dernob\u00fdl, kv\u00edt\u00ed svat\u00e9ho J\u00e1na (t\u0159ezalka), kaprad\u00ed, plavu\u0148 vidla\u010dku (jelen\u00ed skok), mydlici l\u00e9ka\u0159skou (ko\u010di\u010d\u00ed myjdlo), lnici kv\u011btel (bludn\u00ed\u010dek), rozchodn\u00edk (svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9 zel\u00ed), chrpu, mate\u0159\u00eddou\u0161ku, dev\u011btsil, dobromysl, he\u0159m\u00e1nek, \u0159eb\u0159\u00ed\u010dek, \u0161\u00edpkovou r\u016f\u017ei \u010di zvonek. V lidov\u00e9m vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed se t\u00e9\u017e tradovalo, \u017ee se v tuto noc d\u00e1 z\u00edskat b\u00e1jn\u00fd kv\u011bt zlat\u00e9ho kaprad\u00ed, d\u00edky kter\u00e9mu lze porozum\u011bt \u0159e\u010di zv\u00ed\u0159at, naj\u00edt skryt\u00e9 poklady \u010di se st\u00e1t neviditeln\u00fdm. A\u010dkoliv se ke konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed skladb\u011b svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho ko\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159istupovalo celkem le\u017e\u00e9rn\u011b, co do po\u010dtu mluvila pravidla jasn\u011b – svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9 ko\u0159en\u00ed mus\u00ed sest\u00e1vat p\u0159esn\u011b z dev\u00edti rostlinn\u00fdch druh\u016f (n\u011bkde tak\u00e9 sedmi).<\/p>\n
Svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9 byliny slou\u017eily p\u0159i mnoh\u00fdch magick\u00fdch praktik\u00e1ch. Z \u010dernob\u00fdlu se pletly v\u011bnce a p\u00e1sy na ochranu p\u0159ed \u010darod\u011bjnicemi a dok\u00e1zal tak\u00e9 ochr\u00e1nit obil\u00ed od my\u0161\u00ed. Kr\u00e1vy krmen\u00e9 tr\u00e1vou z dev\u00edti mez\u00ed hodn\u011b dojily, po blatouchu bylo m\u00e1slo hezky \u017elut\u00e9 a vyt\u0159en\u00ed \u017elabu ko\u0159enem Janovy ruky (v\u0161edobr) uchr\u00e1nilo dobytek p\u0159ed uhranut\u00edm. Svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9 zel\u00ed vlo\u017een\u00e9 za tr\u00e1m dok\u00e1zalo ur\u010dit, kdo z rodiny bude \u017eiv a kdo zem\u0159e, v\u011bnce a ratolesti z jetele, d\u0159\u00ednu, l\u00edpy a mate\u0159\u00eddou\u0161ky ochra\u0148ovaly dom\u00e1cnost i polnosti p\u0159ed zl\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1rami a kouzly, a tak d\u00e1le a tak podobn\u011b. Nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u0161ak m\u011blo svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9 ko\u0159en\u00ed v oblasti milostn\u00e9ho \u017eivota a mezilidsk\u00fdch vztah\u016f. D\u00edvce, kter\u00e1 si svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9 bylinky vlo\u017eila pod pol\u0161t\u00e1\u0159, se ve snu zjevil jej\u00ed nast\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed. Kter\u00e1 dok\u00e1zala za\u0161\u00edt sv\u00e9mu vyvolen\u00e9mu do pol\u0161t\u00e1\u0159e laskavec, ta se za n\u011bj jistojist\u011b provdala. V\u011bne\u010dky pu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 po vod\u011b dok\u00e1zaly sv\u00fdm majitelk\u00e1m p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bt, zda-li se vdaj\u00ed \u010di z\u016fstanou na ocet. N\u011bkde se v\u011bne\u010dky za stejn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delem vyhazovaly na stromy, odkud si je pak v noci odnesli zamilovan\u00ed ml\u00e1denci.<\/p>\n
Byliny ur\u010den\u00e9 k su\u0161en\u00ed byly rozprost\u00edr\u00e1ny po podlaze uvnit\u0159 staven\u00ed, kter\u00e1\u017eto praxe se postupn\u011b vyvinula v roztomil\u00fd d\u011btsk\u00fd nad\u00edlkov\u00fd oby\u010dej. Je\u0161t\u011b dnes se v oblasti severn\u00edho podh\u016f\u0159\u00ed setk\u00e1me s tradic\u00ed\u00a0stlan\u00ed svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00fdch post\u00fdlek.\u00a0D\u011bti den p\u0159ed svat\u00fdm J\u00e1nem nasb\u00edraj\u00ed svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9 bylinky a ud\u011blaj\u00ed z nich l\u016f\u017eko, do kter\u00e9ho vlo\u017e\u00ed svat\u00e9 obr\u00e1zky \u010di so\u0161ku sv. Jana K\u0159titele. Hotovou post\u00fdlku postav\u00ed mezi trno\u017ee stolu u kter\u00e9ho cel\u00e1 rodina ob\u011bdv\u00e1. V\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee sv. Jan chod\u00ed v tuto dobu po sv\u011bt\u011b a v post\u00fdlce, kterou pro n\u011bj p\u0159ipravily, si tak m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159es noc odpo\u010dinout (ov\u0161em za p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee p\u0159i jej\u00edm chyst\u00e1n\u00ed neh\u0159e\u0161ily a modlily se). Druh\u00fd den r\u00e1no se d\u011bti cel\u00e9 zv\u011bdav\u00e9 b\u011b\u017e\u00ed pod\u00edvat, je-li v post\u00fdlce vyle\u017een\u00fd dol\u00edk. V\u011bt\u0161inou tam je a krom\u011b n\u011bj i drobn\u00e9 cukrov\u00ed, ovoce a pen\u00edzky \u00a0– d\u016fkaz sv\u011btcovy p\u0159\u00edtomnosti a pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed za nocleh. Svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e1 post\u00fdlka pod stolem tak\u00e9 p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed do staven\u00ed a po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed na pol\u00edch.<\/p>\n
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Svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e1 post\u00fdlka<\/p>\n
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Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky se p\u0159ipisovaly tak\u00e9 svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9 rose. V\u00e1len\u00ed se a b\u011bh\u00e1n\u00ed v rann\u00ed rose p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161elo zdrav\u00ed a sv\u011b\u017eest, jej\u00ed pit\u00ed rozpou\u0161t\u011blo \u017elu\u010dov\u00e9 kameny a pot\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed o\u010d\u00ed rosou navlh\u010den\u00fdm \u0161\u00e1tkem m\u011blo uchr\u00e1nit od jejich bolen\u00ed. Krom\u011b toho byla tak\u00e9 hojn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 i jin\u00e1, velmi \u0161kodolib\u00e1 praktika stahov\u00e1n\u00ed rosy (a tedy i \u00farody) ze sousedova pole na sv\u00e9. Ta u\u017e se ale ze sv\u00e9 podstaty nach\u00e1z\u00ed n\u011bkde na pomez\u00ed \u010dern\u00e9 magie.<\/p>\n
Stejn\u011b mocn\u00e1 jako svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e1 rosa byla i svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e1 voda. Na svat\u00e9ho J\u00e1na byl ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroj vody pova\u017eov\u00e1n za posv\u011bcen\u00fd, vhodn\u00fd k ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed o\u010distn\u00e9 koupeli. Takov\u00e9to koupele prob\u00edhaly zejm\u00e9na v noci, pron\u00e1\u0161ely se p\u0159i nich nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed modlitby a za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1n\u00ed a lid\u00e9 v nich spat\u0159ovali nejen prost\u0159edek k o\u010dist\u011b a ozdraven\u00ed t\u011bla, ale tak\u00e9 ducha. Koneckonc\u016f paralela se k\u0159tem P\u00e1n\u011b v \u0159ece Jord\u00e1n je zde v\u00edce ne\u017e z\u0159ejm\u00e1.<\/p>\n
Tak\u00e9 archaick\u00e1 tradice p\u00e1len\u00ed oh\u0148\u016f z\u016fstala v k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch zachov\u00e1na. Sep\u011bt\u00ed s kultem slunce se v\u0161ak vytratilo a jej\u00ed prvky z\u00edskaly zcela nov\u00e9 v\u00fdznamy. Ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed hranice se stala symbolem sv\u011btla n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a zap\u00e1len\u00e1 pometla upom\u00ednkou sv. Jana za\u017eehuj\u00edc\u00edho sv\u011btlo v\u00edry v srdc\u00edch h\u0159\u00ed\u0161n\u00edk\u016f. Zaj\u00edmavou interpretaci p\u016fvodn\u00edho v\u00fdznamu svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00fdch oh\u0148\u016f nab\u00edz\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e1 pov\u011bst zachycen\u00e1 kazatelem Havlem \u017dalansk\u00fdm. Podle n\u00ed pr\u00fd pohan\u00e9 p\u00e1lili ohn\u011b, aby tak odehnali draky otravuj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u00fdm jedem studn\u011b a prameny. Dal\u0161\u00ed z motiv\u016f, kter\u00e9 se do p\u00e1len\u00ed svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00fdch oh\u0148\u016f prom\u00edtly, byly ran\u011b novov\u011bk\u00e9 \u010darod\u011bjnick\u00e9 procesy. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech se tak na vrchol svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9 hranice za\u010dala m\u00edsto svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9 m\u00e1je \u010di ozdoben\u00e9ho smr\u010dku –\u00a0tzv. janka<\/i>\u00a0– usazovat slam\u011bn\u00e1 figur\u00edna p\u0159edstavuj\u00edc\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnici.<\/p>\n
V\u00edra v ochrannou a o\u010distnou moc ohn\u011b tak\u00e9 pom\u00e1hala udr\u017eovat zvyk p\u0159eskakov\u00e1n\u00ed hranice, kter\u00fd byl z\u00e1rove\u0148 demonstrac\u00ed s\u00edly a obratnosti. Ze stejn\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu byly udr\u017eov\u00e1ny i zvyky koulen\u00ed zap\u00e1len\u00fdch sud\u016f a kol a vyhazov\u00e1n\u00ed ho\u0159\u00edc\u00edch smoln\u00fdch ko\u0161\u0165at, p\u016fvodn\u011b zt\u011bles\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edstavu slune\u010dn\u00ed pouti oblohou. Tyto kratochv\u00edle m\u011bly bohu\u017eel a\u017e p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u010dasto za n\u00e1sledek po\u017e\u00e1ry \u010di v\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 zran\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vedly k jejich opakovan\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm z\u00e1kaz\u016fm a jejich povlovn\u00e9mu upad\u00e1n\u00ed. V 19. stolet\u00ed byla tradice svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00fdch oh\u0148\u016f na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b na\u0161eho \u00fazem\u00ed nahrazena p\u00e1len\u00edm oh\u0148\u016f o filipojakubsk\u00e9 noci. Na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Morav\u011b a ve Slezsku se v\u0161ak jejich kontinuita udr\u017eela dodnes a d\u00edky z\u00e1jmu nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch spolk\u016f a sdru\u017een\u00ed se jejich sl\u00e1va op\u011bt za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 \u0161\u00ed\u0159it po cel\u00e9 na\u0161\u00ed zemi.<\/p>\n
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KROLMUS, V\u00e1clav\u00a0Staro\u010desk\u00e9 pov\u011bsti, zp\u011bvy, hry, oby\u010deje, slavnosti a n\u00e1p\u011bvy, d\u00edl 2.<\/i> Text a obrazov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edlohy:\u00a0Eva DOLEJ\u0160OV\u00c1 VALACHOV\u00c1<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 24. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":133667,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[89],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/22\/r\u00e1me\u010dek-svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e1-noc.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/133080"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=133080"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/133080\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":281702,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/133080\/revisions\/281702"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/133667"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=133080"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=133080"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=133080"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n1. vyd. Praha: PLOT, 2013, 338 str., ISBN 978-80-7428-200-3
\nVE\u010cERKOV\u00c1, Eva\u00a0Oby\u010deje a slavnosti v \u010desk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 kultu\u0159e<\/i>
\n1. vyd. Praha: Vy\u0161ehrad, 2015, 512str. ISBN 978-80-7429-627-7
\nJANOVSK\u00dd, Rudolf\u00a0Lidov\u00e9 z\u00e1bavy, oby\u010deje a pov\u011bry na den sv. Jana K\u0159titele<\/i><\/a><\/strong>
\nSOUKUP, Jan\u00a0Post\u00fdlka svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e1<\/i><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
\n