{"id":130655,"date":"2018-05-18T12:11:03","date_gmt":"2018-05-18T11:11:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=130655"},"modified":"2021-05-23T14:53:42","modified_gmt":"2021-05-23T13:53:42","slug":"zive-tradice-letnice-svatodusni-svatky-byvaly-zdrojem-pestrych-projevu-lidove-zboznosti-a-kultury","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=130655","title":{"rendered":"\u017dIV\u00c9 TRADICE: Letnice, svatodu\u0161n\u00ed sv\u00e1tky, b\u00fdvaly zdrojem pestr\u00fdch projev\u016f lidov\u00e9 zbo\u017enosti\u00a0a kultury"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Kv\u011bten, staro\u010desky\u00a0trnopuk\u00a0\u010di\u00a0tr\u00e1ve\u0148, je m\u011bs\u00edcem pln\u00e9ho rozpuku. Kraj je ji\u017e zcela zahalen bujnou j\u00e1savou zelen\u00ed a vesnick\u00e9 agr\u00e1rn\u00ed obyvatelstvo, jeho\u017e byt\u00ed i n\u00e1lady b\u00fdvaly v\u017edy \u00fazce spjaty s p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm kolob\u011bhem, se raduje spolu s n\u00edm. Je to m\u011bs\u00edc zasv\u011bcen\u00fd kult\u016fm vody a zelen\u011b, vrchol\u00edc\u00ed letnicemi, kter\u00e9 jsou t\u00e9\u017e p\u0159\u00edzna\u010dn\u011b naz\u00fdv\u00e1ny\u00a0zelen\u00fdmi sv\u00e1tky.<\/h6>\n

Sta\u0159\u00ed Slovan\u00e9 slavili na p\u0159elomu jara a l\u00e9ta tzv. sv\u00e1tky\u00a0rusaln\u00e9,\u00a0spojen\u00e9 s ob\u011b\u0165mi zem\u0159el\u00fdm p\u0159edk\u016fm. Jejich n\u00e1zev byl odvozen od staro\u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch\u00a0dies rosae\u00a0(dne r\u016f\u017e\u00ed,\u00a0rosalia), sv\u00e1tk\u016f spojen\u00fdch s ochrannou a prosperitn\u00ed magi\u00ed\u00ed, jejich\u017e poz\u016fstatky\u00a0m\u016f\u017eeme naj\u00edt v cel\u00e9m evropsk\u00e9m kulturn\u00edm okruhu.<\/p>\n

P\u016fvodn\u011b pohansk\u00e9 tradice se pozd\u011bji chopil k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fd hegemon a letnice byly za\u0159azeny do c\u00edrkevn\u00edho kalend\u00e1\u0159e jako\u00a0svatodu\u0161n\u00ed sv\u00e1tky. (Nutno dodat, \u017ee i p\u016fvodn\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e9 letnice, ze kter\u00fdch ty k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmo vych\u00e1zej\u00ed, jsou sv\u00e1tky prosperitn\u00edho typu. Jejich podstatou je toti\u017e ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed prvn\u00edch chleb\u016f z nov\u00e9 mouky jako d\u00edk\u016fvzd\u00e1n\u00ed za \u017en\u011b.)<\/p>\n

Svatodu\u0161n\u00ed sv\u00e1tky se slav\u00ed pades\u00e1t dn\u00ed po Velikonoc\u00edch, deset dn\u00ed po sv\u00e1tku Nanebevstoupen\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b. Jsou to tedy sv\u00e1tky pohybliv\u00e9 a mohou prob\u00edhat v rozmez\u00ed mezi 10. kv\u011btnem a 13. \u010dervnem. V leto\u0161n\u00edm roce p\u0159ipadnou na 4. \u010dervna. K\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 si v nich p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed sestoupen\u00ed Ducha svat\u00e9ho na apo\u0161toly po Kristov\u011b zmrtv\u00fdchvst\u00e1n\u00ed a zalo\u017een\u00ed c\u00edrkve. Podle knihy Skutk\u016f apo\u0161tol\u016f se v\u0161e odehr\u00e1lo tak, \u017ee za mocn\u00e9ho hukotu vichru z nebe vy\u0161lehly ohniv\u00e9 jazyky, kter\u00e9 se rozd\u011blily a ozna\u010dily ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z apo\u0161tol\u016f. Tyto okolnosti se \u017eiv\u011b prom\u00edtaly v kulis\u00e1ch Svatodu\u0161n\u00ed m\u0161e. Kn\u011bz tento den celebroval v rud\u00e9m rouchu – p\u0159edstavuj\u00edc\u00edm nebesk\u00fd plamen – a za zvuk\u016f trub, zastupuj\u00edc\u00edch bou\u0159en\u00ed vichru, byla z chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 klenby spou\u0161t\u011bna d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 holubice (n\u011bkde dokonce \u017eiv\u00e1) – symbol Ducha svat\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

P\u016fvodn\u011b trvaly svatodu\u0161n\u00ed sv\u00e1tky cel\u00fd t\u00fdden. B\u00fdvaly term\u00ednem hromadn\u00fdch k\u0159t\u016f, bi\u0159mov\u00e1n\u00ed, sv\u011bcen\u00ed vody a konfirmac\u00ed. V obdob\u00ed baroka je v\u0161ak postupn\u011b zast\u00ednily pomp\u00e9zn\u00ed oslavy sv\u00e1tku Bo\u017e\u00edho t\u011bla. Jejich v\u00fdznam i nad\u00e1le klesal a po druh\u00e9m vatik\u00e1nsk\u00e9m koncilu (1958-63) zbyl z kdysi t\u0159et\u00edch nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch sv\u00e1tk\u016f jen pouh\u00fd ned\u011bln\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00ed hod svatodu\u0161n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Letnice v\u0161ak byly tak\u00e9 zdrojem pestr\u00fdch projev\u016f lidov\u00e9 zbo\u017enosti\u00a0a kultury. Bo\u017e\u00ed hod svatodu\u0161n\u00ed, pota\u017emo i cel\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br jara, byl vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 \u0161\u0165astn\u00fd \u010das. D\u011bti narozen\u00e9 v t\u00e9to dob\u011b m\u011bla \u010dekat z\u00e1\u0159iv\u00e1 budoucnost, v kv\u011btnu narozen\u00e1 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata byla pova\u017eov\u00e1na za mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b vhodn\u00e1 k chovu a kv\u011btnov\u00e9 de\u0161t\u00edky byly prav\u00fdm po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00edm pro budouc\u00ed \u00farodu, jak o tom dodnes vypov\u00edd\u00e1 \u0159ada pranostik. I smrt s sebou v tuto dobu nesla \u0161\u0165astn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edslib. Kdo zem\u0159el b\u011bhem tzv.\u00a0radostn\u00e9ho \u010dasu, musel pr\u00fd b\u00fdt v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b dobr\u00fdm \u010dlov\u011bkem, nebo\u0165 v tuto dobu jsou nebesk\u00e9 br\u00e1ny doko\u0159\u00e1n a peklo zcela uzav\u0159eno.
\nV\u00fdjimku z tohoto pravidla tvo\u0159il posledn\u00ed t\u00fdden p\u0159ed letnicemi, tzv.\u00a0\u010dern\u00fd. V tuto dobu nebylo z\u00e1hodno uzav\u00edrat s\u0148atky, smlouvy, st\u011bhovat se ani d\u011blat jin\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed kroky. \u010cetn\u00e1 tabu se v\u00e1zala i k samotn\u00fdm letnic\u00edm. Kdo by na letnice vyjel na pole, nebo kosil tr\u00e1vu, poru\u0161il by tak moc sv\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f proti nep\u0159\u00edzni po\u010das\u00ed a \u0161k\u016fdc\u016fm.<\/p>\n

\"\"Synt\u00e9zou k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch a p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch vliv\u016f bylo tzv.\u00a0slaven\u00ed pod zelen\u00fdm. Na venkov\u011b b\u00fdvalo zvykem vyzdobit okna a dve\u0159e zelen\u00fdmi ratolestmi (obvykle lipov\u00fdmi), n\u011bkde se v\u011btvi\u010dky zastrk\u00e1valy za svat\u00e9 obr\u00e1zky ve sv\u011btnici, nebo tak\u00e9 pod do\u0161ky po cel\u00e9m obvodu st\u0159echy. V\u00a0p\u0159edve\u010der sv\u00e1tku se pak po cel\u00e9 vsi oz\u00fdvalo pr\u00e1sk\u00e1n\u00ed bi\u010d\u016f, st\u0159\u00edlen\u00ed z pu\u0161ek a pistol\u00ed a racht\u00e1n\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010di. Jak ji\u017e v\u00edme z n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159edchoz\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f, zele\u0148 i hluk byly v r\u00e1mci p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch p\u0159estav ch\u00e1p\u00e1ny jako magick\u00fd prost\u0159edek ochrany proti temn\u00fdm a \u010darod\u011bjn\u00fdm sil\u00e1m. Tyto v\u00fdznamy v\u0161ak byly \u010dasem zapomenuty a oba zvyky z\u00edskaly nov\u00fd v\u00fdklad. Podle n\u011bj rachot p\u0159ipom\u00ednal ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd hukot vichru a zelen\u00e9 v\u011btvi\u010dky slou\u017eily k tomu, aby se na nich mohl v podob\u011b holubi\u010dky usadit Duch svat\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b letnic se m\u011bstsk\u00e1 a venkovsk\u00e1 tradice roze\u0161ly mnohem v\u00edc, ne\u017e je tomu u jak\u00fdchkoliv jin\u00fdch v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00edch sv\u00e1tk\u016f.<\/p>\n

M\u011bstsk\u00e9 slavnosti se nesly v duchu ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9ho odkazu a jejich hlavn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u00ed tak byla r\u016fzn\u00e1 st\u0159eleck\u00e1 a sportovn\u00ed z\u00e1polen\u00ed (st\u0159elba ku pt\u00e1ku, ostrost\u0159elci<\/i>), spojen\u00e1 s veselicemi a tancem pod \u0161ir\u00fdm nebem.
\nNa venkov\u011b byly nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm prvkem\u00a0oslav tzv.\u00a0kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 hry<\/i>, jejich\u017e typickou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed jsou dodnes velice bohat\u00e9 a kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 masky. I p\u0159es n\u011bkter\u00e9 shodn\u00e9 rysy s oslavami m\u011bstsk\u00fdmi, je p\u016fvod oslav vesnick\u00fdch mnohem star\u0161\u00ed, spadaj\u00edc\u00ed a\u017e do dob mytick\u00e9ho d\u00e1vnov\u011bku. Krom\u011b sout\u011b\u017eiv\u00fdch prvk\u016f a tane\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1bav s poho\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm, byla jejich sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tak\u00e9 volba kr\u00e1le, pr\u016fvod vs\u00ed a r\u016fzn\u00e9 dramatick\u00e9 sc\u00e9nky. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech se tak\u00e9 a\u017e teprve v tuto dobu stav\u011bly m\u00e1je.<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b p\u016fsobiv\u00fdch kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch obch\u016fzek bylo sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed vesnick\u00fdch letnic tak\u00e9 mnoho oby\u010dej\u016f past\u00fd\u0159sk\u00fdch. Pas\u00e1ci po p\u016flnoci o svatodu\u0161n\u00ed vigilii vyhnali dobytek na prvn\u00ed sez\u00f3nn\u00ed pastvu a sout\u011b\u017eili ve sv\u00fdch dovednostech. Podle dosa\u017een\u00e9ho um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed pro sebe z\u00edsk\u00e1vali funkce, od\u00a0otv\u00edra\u010de br\u00e1ny<\/i>\u00a0(kr\u00e1le<\/i>) po\u00a0lenocha\u00a0<\/i>(ocasn\u00edka, piky\u0161vonce<\/i>), kter\u00e9 m\u011bly ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdznam spojen\u00fd s magi\u00ed prvn\u00edho (viz vyn\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed smrti, \u010derven\u00e9 pond\u011bl\u00ed) a ur\u010dovaly hierarchii jejich dr\u017eitel\u016f, d\u016fle\u017eitou pro dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1bavy. Po cel\u00fd zbytek noci pak toti\u017e prob\u00edhaly dlouh\u00e9 oslavy, pln\u00e9 ochrann\u00fdch magick\u00fdch praktik. R\u00e1no se pas\u00e1ci vraceli s ov\u011bn\u010den\u00fdm a napasen\u00fdm dobytkem zp\u00e1tky dom\u016f, kde od hospodyn\u00ed dost\u00e1vali za odm\u011bnu nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pe\u010divo.<\/p>\n

Jin\u00e9 letni\u010dn\u00ed ritu\u00e1ly, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00e1len\u00ed se mlad\u00fdch man\u017eelsk\u00fdch p\u00e1r\u016f v osen\u00ed, obch\u016fzky pol\u00ed, \u010di st\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed letni\u010dn\u00ed rosy, m\u011bly p\u0159in\u00e9st ochranu pol\u00ed a luk, nebo, pon\u011bkud \u0161kodolib\u011b, st\u00e1hnout u\u017eitek ze sousedov\u00fdch polnost\u00ed na vlastn\u00ed pozemky.<\/p>\n

Starobyl\u00e9 zvyky se pojily tak\u00e9 k vodn\u00edmu \u017eivlu. Ob\u0159adn\u00ed om\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje a kon\u010detin bylo provozov\u00e1no ji\u017e v p\u0159edvelikono\u010dn\u00edm\u00a0obdob\u00ed. Na svat\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00ed pak m\u011bla voda ztr\u00e1cet\u00a0svou jedovatost (ta vstoupila do had\u016f, \u0161\u0165\u00edr\u016f a jin\u00e9 \u017eou\u017eele) a o svat\u00e9m Duchu si u\u017e tedy lid\u00e9 mohli\u00a0dop\u0159\u00e1t prvn\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dnou koupel ve voln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b. Mezi dal\u0161\u00ed zvyky spojen\u00e9 s vodou pat\u0159ily n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdch pramen\u016f, pit\u00ed z kouzeln\u00fdch stud\u00e1nek, ale tak\u00e9 jejich \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a zdoben\u00ed kv\u00edt\u00edm, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt mlhavou vzpom\u00ednkou na ob\u011btiny prastar\u00fdm bo\u017estv\u016fm a bytostem.<\/p>\n

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SPOLEK AUTOR\u016e,\u00a0Lidov\u00e1 kultura – n\u00e1rodopisn\u00e1 encyklopedie \u010cech, Moravy a Slezska<\/i>\u00a0<\/i>
\n1. vyd. Praha: Mlad\u00e1 fronta, 2007, 636 str., ISBN 978-80-2041-712-1
\nVE\u010cERKOV\u00c1, Eva\u00a0Oby\u010deje a slavnosti v \u010desk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 kultu\u0159e<\/i>
\n1. vyd. Praha: Vy\u0161ehrad, 2015, 512str. ISBN 978-80-7429-627-7
\nSPOLEK AUTOR\u016e,\u00a0Velk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny zem\u00ed Koruny \u010cesk\u00e9 – tematick\u00e1 \u0159ada Lidov\u00e1 kultura\u00a0<\/i>
\n1. vyd. Praha: Paseka, 2014, 803 str., ISBN 978-80-7432-442-0
\nZ\u00cdBRT, \u010cen\u011bk\u00a0Vesel\u00e9 chv\u00edle v \u017eivot\u011b lidu \u010desk\u00e9ho – Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 a kr\u00e1lovni\u010dky
\nKROLMUS, V\u00e1clav\u00a0Staro\u010desk\u00e9 pov\u011bsti, zp\u011bvy, hry, oby\u010deje, slavnosti a n\u00e1p\u011bvy, \u010d\u00e1st t\u0159et\u00ed<\/i>
\n1. vyd. Praha: PLOT, 2014, 366str. ISBN 978-80-7428-243-0<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Text a obrazov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edlohy:\u00a0Eva DOLEJ\u0160OV\u00c1 VALACHOV\u00c1<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kv\u011bten, staro\u010desky\u00a0trnopuk\u00a0\u010di\u00a0tr\u00e1ve\u0148, <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":130657,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/17\/letnice-2.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130655"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=130655"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130655\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":224909,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130655\/revisions\/224909"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/130657"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=130655"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=130655"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=130655"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}