{"id":130244,"date":"2019-05-17T07:01:05","date_gmt":"2019-05-17T06:01:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=130244"},"modified":"2019-05-17T07:01:05","modified_gmt":"2019-05-17T06:01:05","slug":"stara-sumava-mydlari-a-potas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=130244","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Mydl\u00e1\u0159i a pota\u0161"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Kdy\u017e \u0158\u00edmanky po kolena ve vod\u011b Tibery m\u00e1chaly pr\u00e1dlo a na ob\u011btn\u00edm ohni\u0161ti na \u00fapat\u00ed protilehl\u00e9 hory kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed odevzd\u00e1vali boh\u016fm tu\u010dn\u00e9 ovce, snesl se z nebe d\u00e9\u0161\u0165. Spl\u00e1chl tuk a popel z olt\u00e1\u0159e do \u0159eky, voda se nap\u011bnila a \u017eensk\u00e9 nesta\u010dily \u017easnout, jak je jejich pr\u00e1dlo najednou b\u00edl\u00e9. Proto\u017ee se hora s ob\u011bti\u0161t\u011bm jmenovala Sapo, z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9 sm\u011bsi se podle n\u00ed pr\u00fd za\u010dalo \u0159\u00edkat m\u00fddlo.<\/h6>\n

Pov\u011bst je ov\u0161em jen pov\u011bst \u2013 by\u0165 p\u016fvabn\u00e1. M\u00fddlo je o hodn\u011b star\u0161\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed zm\u00ednky o v\u00fdrob\u011b m\u00fddla poch\u00e1z\u00ed z dob Babylonsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e (2 \u2013 3 tis. let p\u0159. n. l.), kde Sumerov\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali m\u00fddlo k l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed. Tajemstv\u00ed v\u00fdroby m\u00fddla znali i sta\u0159\u00ed \u0158\u00edman\u00e9, ale nepou\u017e\u00edvali ho k o\u010dist\u011b t\u011bla. V l\u00e1zn\u00edch k odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u010distot pou\u017e\u00edvali olej, kter\u00fdm se nat\u00edrali a pot\u00e9 ho z t\u011bla se\u0161krabali.<\/p>\n

K osobn\u00ed hygien\u011b se m\u00fddlo za\u010dalo pou\u017e\u00edvat a\u017e ve 2. stol. n. l., kdy na \u010dist\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky m\u00fddla upozornil \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd l\u00e9ka\u0159 Galenos. Vzniklo tak mydl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0159emeslo. Av\u0161ak a\u017e ve 2. pol. 18. stol. objevili lid\u00e9 podstatu procesu zm\u00fddeln\u011bn\u00ed. V 16. stolet\u00ed se za\u010daly Evropou \u0161\u00ed\u0159it rozmanit\u00e9 protestantsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 sm\u011bry. I ty p\u0159ijaly mezi z\u00e1klady v\u00edry zdr\u017eenlivost a skromnost, ale na rozd\u00edl od u\u010den\u00ed katolick\u00e9 c\u00edrkve ji vid\u011bli p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v poko\u0159e duchovn\u00ed. Evangelick\u00e9 c\u00edrkve byly pragmatick\u00e9 a v\u011bt\u0161ina luter\u00e1nsk\u00fdch kazatel\u016f tvrd\u011b kritizovala ok\u00e1zal\u00e9 projevy v\u00edry, jako bylo no\u0161en\u00ed \u0161pinav\u00fdch od\u011bv\u016f. Pr\u00e1v\u011b protestantsk\u00e9 rodiny se za\u010daly vyzna\u010dovat pe\u010dlivou \u010distotou.<\/p>\n

Teprve po t\u0159icetilet\u00e9 v\u00e1lce se v\u0161eobecn\u011b zm\u011bnil postoj k hygien\u011b. D\u016fvod\u016f bylo n\u011bkolik \u2013 oslaben\u00ed pozice c\u00edrkve a t\u00edm tak\u00e9 odklon od dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed postn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f, r\u016fst celkov\u00e9 vzd\u011blanosti, vliv dobov\u00e9 medic\u00edny, kter\u00e1 objevila spojitost mezi nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi chorobami a prost\u0159ed\u00edm \u0161p\u00edny, a tak\u00e9 prom\u011bna \u017eivotn\u00edho stylu. Ov\u0161em i tak trvalo je\u0161t\u011b dlouho, ne\u017e si evropsk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost osvojila myt\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed hygienick\u00e9 n\u00e1vyky jako b\u011b\u017enou sou\u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9ho ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota. Jak to bylo u n\u00e1s?<\/p>\n

Na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed byla v\u00fdroba m\u00fddla b\u011b\u017enou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pr\u00e1ce hospodyn\u011bk, ale ji\u017e v dob\u011b lucembursk\u00e9 vzniklo nov\u00e9 \u0159emeslo, mydl\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Poprv\u00e9 za\u010dalo m\u00fddlo pronikat na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b v dob\u011b, kdy na tr\u016fnu usedali P\u0159emyslovci, a to ze sask\u00e9 Pirny, kter\u00e1 z\u00edskala privilegium vyv\u00e1\u017eet m\u00fddlo do \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Za panov\u00e1n\u00ed kr\u00e1le Ji\u0159\u00edho z Pod\u011bbrad, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v roce 1464, pak vznikl v Praze prvn\u00ed mydl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd cech a mydl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0159emeslo se za\u010dalo roz\u0161i\u0159ovat. \u0158emesln\u00edci zakl\u00e1dali mal\u00e9 manufaktury, z\u00e1sobuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm sv\u00e9 okol\u00ed. P\u0159esto si \u010desk\u00e9 \u017eeny vyr\u00e1b\u011bly m\u00fddlo samy doma a\u017e do obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed vypuknut\u00edm prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.<\/p>\n

C\u00edsa\u0159 Josef II., kter\u00fd panoval v letech 1780-1790 pokra\u010doval v reform\u00e1ch, zapo\u010dat\u00fdch jeho matkou Mari\u00ed Terezi\u00ed. Reformy, zvan\u00e9 tak\u00e9 josef\u00ednsk\u00e9 nebo osv\u00edcensk\u00e9, znamenaly mnoho zm\u011bn ve spr\u00e1v\u011b st\u00e1tu, hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed i kultu\u0159e. Vd\u011b\u010d\u00edme mu mj. za zaveden\u00ed povinn\u00e9 \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zky, nebo zru\u0161en\u00ed nevolnictv\u00ed. Za jeho panov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159esn\u011bji v roce 1783, bylo mydl\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a sv\u00ed\u010dk\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed jako\u017e i v\u00fdroba loje zbaveno ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho omezen\u00ed a jejich v\u00fdroba a prodej povolena ka\u017ed\u00e9mu. Dokladuje to na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vydan\u00e9 27. \u010dervna 1788,<\/p>\n

Mydl\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed nebylo jen v\u00fdsadou mu\u017e\u016f. Samotn\u00e9 \u0159emeslo v\u00fdroby m\u00fddla bylo v Evrop\u011b zn\u00e1mo od sedm\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd cech si pe\u010dliv\u011b chr\u00e1nil recept na jeho v\u00fdrobu. Prvn\u00edmi centry v\u00fdroby byly It\u00e1lie, \u0160pan\u011blsko a Francie, a to zejm\u00e9na d\u00edky snadno dostupn\u00e9mu materi\u00e1lu, jak\u00fdm byl olej z olivovn\u00edk\u016f. Seversk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty za\u010daly s v\u00fdrobou pozd\u011bji, nap\u0159\u00edklad Angli\u010dan\u00e9 za\u010dali vyr\u00e1b\u011bt m\u00fddlo kolem 12. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Za dob P\u0159emyslovc\u016f se o v\u00fdrobu m\u00fddla staraly pouze hospody\u0148ky. Ty jej musely podom\u00e1cku vyrobit, proto\u017ee na \u010desk\u00e9m trhu nebylo k dost\u00e1n\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 m\u00fddlo. Doposud nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 \u0159emeslo \u201emydl\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed\u201c vzniklo a\u017e za vl\u00e1dy Lucemburk\u016f. A\u017e je s podivem, \u017ee se tolik \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f o tuto pr\u00e1ci tak usilovn\u011b dralo.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdroba m\u00fddla a v\u00fdroba pota\u0161e spolu \u00fazce souvisela. V\u00fdchoz\u00ed surovinou pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed pota\u0161e byl d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fd popel. V tehdej\u0161\u00edch \u0161umavsk\u00fdch les\u00edch byl d\u0159eva dostatek a jin\u00e9ho u\u017eitku se z t\u011bchto odlehl\u00fdch les\u016f nedalo z\u00edskat. V po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch se popel z\u00edsk\u00e1val ze strom\u016f s tvrd\u00fdm d\u0159evem jako nap\u0159. javor \u010di buk, po vyd\u00e1n\u00ed Lesn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du v polovin\u011b 18. stolet\u00ed bylo nutn\u00e9 p\u0159ej\u00edt na odpadov\u00e9 d\u0159evo. D\u0159evo se p\u00e1lilo voln\u011b na ohni\u0161t\u00edch, n\u011bkdy se p\u00e1lily stromy tzv. na stojato: do mohutn\u00fdch strom\u016f, s jejich\u017e k\u00e1cen\u00edm by bylo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pr\u00e1ce, se vyhloubil u paty otvor, v n\u011bm\u017e popel\u00e1\u0159i rozd\u011blali a udr\u017eovali ohe\u0148. Strom zevnit\u0159 pozvolna vyho\u0159el a neohrozil okoln\u00ed les.<\/p>\n

Obrovsk\u00e1 spot\u0159eba pota\u0161e a t\u00edm i d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9ho popelu vedla k odlesn\u011bn\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed a tak\u00e9 a\u017e k nedostatku d\u0159eva v n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech dne\u0161n\u00edho Plze\u0148sk\u00e9ho kraje. Nouze nau\u010dila dodavatele hospod\u00e1rnosti a d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fd popel se sb\u00edral z kamen po vesnic\u00edch nebo se vym\u011b\u0148oval za drobnosti pro \u017eeny. Na v\u00fdrobu 1 kg pota\u0161e bylo pot\u0159eba jedn\u00e9 a\u017e dvou tun smrkov\u00e9ho d\u0159eva! Surov\u00e1 pota\u0161, v u\u017e\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdznamu ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 jako flus, obsahovala mechanick\u00e9 ne\u010distoty a chemick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u011bsi. Dala se proto pou\u017e\u00edt jen pro v\u00fdrobu nejm\u00e9n\u011b kvalitn\u00edch skel, m\u00fddla nebo p\u0159i b\u011blen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na v\u00fdrobu m\u00fddla pou\u017e\u00edvali v\u00fdluh z d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9ho popela \u2013 pota\u0161 (uhli\u010ditan draseln\u00fd) a odpadn\u00ed tuk ze zv\u00ed\u0159at. Popel a tuk se pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b schra\u0148ovaly do sud\u016f. Va\u0159ilo se jednou, maxim\u00e1ln\u011b dvakr\u00e1t do roka, nej\u010dast\u011bji na podzim, kdy se por\u00e1\u017eela zv\u00ed\u0159ata. P\u0159i del\u0161\u00edm skladov\u00e1n\u00ed toti\u017e tuk \u017elukl a zbytky masa v n\u011bm se kazily. Uhli\u010ditan draseln\u00fd z\u00edskali tak, \u017ee sudem s popelem pomalu nechali prot\u00e9kat vodu a v\u00fdluh zachycovali do hlin\u011bn\u00fdch n\u00e1dob. Surov\u00e9 s\u00e1dlo a l\u016fj nejd\u0159\u00edv \u010distili a tepeln\u011b zpracovali. V kotli pak k tomu p\u0159idali stejn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vody a pod \u0161ir\u00fdm nebem (hrozn\u011b to smrd\u011blo) obsah va\u0159ili, dokud se voda neodpa\u0159ila a tuk nevy\u0161kva\u0159il. Vrstva, kter\u00e1 z\u016fstala po op\u011btovn\u00e9m prova\u0159en\u00ed a zchladnut\u00ed na povrchu byl tuk, kter\u00fd pou\u017eili na m\u00fddlo. Z hlin\u011bn\u00fdch hrnc\u016f do n\u011bj nalili p\u0159edem vyroben\u00fd louh v pom\u011bru 1 : 2 ve prosp\u011bch tuku.<\/p>\n

A jak m\u011b\u0159ili s\u00edlu louhu? Hodili do n\u011bj vaj\u00ed\u010dko \u2013 pokud se potopilo, byl louh slab\u00fd, kdy\u017e plavalo a z louhu mu koukala plo\u0161ka asi jako mince, byl akor\u00e1t. Pak va\u0159ili tak dlouho, a\u017e bylo m\u00fddlo hotov\u00e9 \u2013 \u0161est i v\u00edce hodin. Obsah kotle vylili do d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch r\u00e1m\u016f rozd\u011blen\u00fdch tak, \u017ee po ztuhnut\u00ed vznikly asi p\u016flkilov\u00e9 kostky. Z t\u00e9 v\u017edy od\u0159\u00edzli tolik, kolik pr\u00e1v\u011b pot\u0159ebovali. B\u011bhem stalet\u00ed se postup v\u00fdroby m\u00fddla prakticky nezm\u011bnil. Kvalita se odr\u00e1\u017eela podle surovin, z kter\u00fdch bylo vyrobeno. Zprvu byl z\u00e1kladn\u00edm materi\u00e1l pro v\u00fdrobu popel ze sp\u00e1len\u00e9ho d\u0159eva a zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed tuk. Postupem \u010dasu se za\u010dala parf\u00e9movat, nap\u0159\u00edklad pomoc\u00ed levandule, a d\u0159evo se nahrazovalo popelem bylin. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku nebyl z\u00e1pach z nemyt\u00e9ho t\u011bla pova\u017eov\u00e1n za nic \u0161patn\u00e9ho, ba dokonce tomu n\u011bkdy bylo naopak a je\u0161t\u011b v 16. stolet\u00ed napsal francouzsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l Jind\u0159ich IV. sv\u00e9 milence: \u201cPros\u00edm, nemyj se, m\u00e1 nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00ed, za t\u00fdden jsem u tebe.\u201c<\/p>\n

Zdroj: Historie \u0159emesel<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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