{"id":129966,"date":"2019-06-02T18:19:33","date_gmt":"2019-06-02T17:19:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=129966"},"modified":"2019-06-02T18:19:33","modified_gmt":"2019-06-02T17:19:33","slug":"stara-sumava-skatulka-na-sirky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=129966","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: \u0160katulka na sirky"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Skon\u010dila t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 stosedmdes\u00e1tilet\u00e1 historie su\u0161ick\u00e9ho sirka\u0159stv\u00ed nejen v Su\u0161ici, ale i v cel\u00e9 \u010cR. Smutn\u00fd je dneska pohled na krabi\u010dku od sirek. Stoj\u00ed na n\u00ed Made in India. Su\u0161ick\u00e9 sirky v sob\u011b neskr\u00fdvaj\u00ed jenom kus \u010desk\u00e9 historie, tradici a sl\u00e1vu. <\/span><\/h6>\n

P\u016fvodn\u00ed obaly byly velmi jednoduch\u00e9. Nam\u00e1\u010dec\u00ed sirky se prod\u00e1valy ve svaze\u010dc\u00edch, obvykle po 100 a\u017e 150 kusech bez jak\u00e9hokoliv ozna\u010den\u00ed, t\u0159ec\u00ed sirky bez fosforu byly baleny do d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch nebo lepenkov\u00fdch krabic s v\u00ed\u010dkem. V\u00fdjimkou z pravidla byly sirky Walkerovy, prod\u00e1van\u00e9 ve v\u00e1lcov\u00fdch c\u00ednov\u00fdch pouzdrech, ale tento drah\u00fd zp\u016fsob byl z\u00e1hy opu\u0161t\u011bn. U fosforov\u00fdch z\u00e1palek byl v prvn\u00edch letech v\u00fdroby ur\u010dit\u00e1 nejednotnost, av\u0161ak postupn\u011b se ujaly vlivem po\u017eadavk\u016f trhu r\u016fzn\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby balen\u00ed, charakteristick\u00e9 pro ur\u010dit\u00e9 druhy z\u00e1palek.
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Pro obyvatelstvo \u0160umavy se jednalo zejm\u00e9na v zimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed o v\u00edtanou mo\u017enost dom\u00e1c\u00edho v\u00fdd\u011blku p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b krabi\u010dek. Sirk\u00e1rny pak tyto v\u00fdrobky vykupovaly. Hotov\u00e9 sirky se ru\u010dn\u011b plnily do ov\u00e1ln\u00fdch d\u00fdhov\u00fdch krabi\u010dek, uzav\u00edraly se nasazen\u00fdmi v\u00ed\u010dky a potom balily, v\u017edy po 50 krabi\u010dk\u00e1ch do bedni\u010dek. V\u00fdroba obal\u016f se v\u011bt\u0161inou prov\u00e1d\u011bla po dom\u00e1cku i v nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch sirk\u00e1rn\u00e1ch. <\/span><\/p>\n

Dom\u00e1c\u00ed v\u00fdrobci, kte\u0159\u00ed pracovali samostatn\u011b, vyr\u00e1b\u011bli krabi\u010dky bez objedn\u00e1vky do z\u00e1soby a tak\u00e9 materi\u00e1l si na n\u011b opat\u0159ovali sami na vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1klady, kde nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed polo\u017eku \u010dinil n\u00e1kup ji\u017e zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9ho d\u0159eva. Za zhotoven\u00ed 8 000 – 9 000 krabi\u010dek st\u0159edn\u00ed velikosti, z\u00edskala rodina 8 – 9 zlat\u00fdch, ale po ode\u010dten\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stky za n\u00e1kup d\u0159eva, za dovoz a za lepidlo z tvarohu a v\u00e1pna z\u016fstal pro \u010dty\u0159\u010dlennou rodinu zisk kolem 2 zlat\u00fdch a 70 krejcar\u016f, samoz\u0159ejm\u011b z\u00e1le\u017eelo na dal\u0161\u00edch okolnostech. <\/span><\/p>\n

Skromn\u00fd v\u00fdd\u011blek z\u00e1visej\u00edc\u00ed na velikosti krabi\u010dek a jakosti d\u0159eva, byl \u010dasto i redukov\u00e1n p\u0159ekupn\u00edky sr\u00e1\u017ekou ze mzdy za \u0161patn\u00e9 proveden\u00ed a tak\u00e9 vypl\u00e1cen\u00edm mezd ve form\u011b potravin \u010di jin\u00e9ho zbo\u017e\u00ed. \u0160patn\u00e9 pom\u011bry samostatn\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch rodin byly je\u0161t\u011b zhor\u0161ov\u00e1ny zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm situace ze strany p\u0159ekupn\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed \u010dekali s uzav\u0159en\u00edm objedn\u00e1vky a\u017e na dobu nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed nouze, kdy dom\u00e1c\u00ed v\u00fdrobci byli nuceni prodat sv\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky za jakoukoliv cenu. Pracovalo se hlavn\u011b p\u0159es zimu, ale nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed odbyt byl a\u017e na konci l\u00e9ta, co\u017e vy\u017eadovalo zna\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00e1sob a investov\u00e1n\u00ed pen\u011bz v hotovosti. <\/span><\/p>\n

Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed pracovali pro fabrikanta, dostali ji\u017e p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 \u0161t\u011bpiny, dna, v\u00ed\u010dka a \u010dasto i etikety a v\u0161e doma jen slepili v kone\u010dn\u00fd tvar. Zaplaceno dostali podle velikosti krabi\u010dek, za tis\u00edc men\u0161\u00edch krabi\u010dek 33 krejcar\u016f. Vyr\u00e1b\u011bly se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 krabi\u010dky ov\u00e1ln\u00e9ho tvaru, lepen\u00e9 z tenk\u00fdch hoblovan\u00fdch \u0161pon\u016f, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly spodn\u00ed v\u00ed\u010dko ur\u010den\u00e9 jako \u0161krtac\u00ed plochu a proto opat\u0159en\u00e9 nalepenou vrstvou jemn\u00e9ho p\u00edsku nebo na pr\u00e1\u0161ek utlu\u010den\u00e9ho skla. <\/span><\/p>\n

Pozd\u011bji se pou\u017e\u00edvaly i krabi\u010dky pap\u00edrov\u00e9, ov\u00e1ln\u00e9 i \u010dty\u0159hrann\u00e9. V jednom \u201epakl\u00ed\u010dku\u201c po krejcaru b\u00fdvalo 80 – 100 kus\u016f sirek a ve\u0161lo se jich do bedni\u010dky pades\u00e1t. Celkem m\u016f\u017eeme rozd\u011blit z\u00e1palkov\u00e9 obaly ze star\u0161\u00edch dob do osmi skupin: pap\u00edrov\u00e9 patrony (Wickel, Patrone, Kapsel, angl. Capsule), do nich\u017e se balily nejlacin\u011bj\u0161\u00ed druhy, tzv. oby\u010dejn\u00e9 sirky (zednick\u00e9). V jedn\u00e9 patron\u011b bylo 50 a\u017e 150 z\u00e1palek podle velikosti; jednoduch\u00e1 pouzdra z d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 d\u00fdhy (Spanschachtel), v\u011bt\u0161inou ov\u00e1ln\u00e9ho pr\u016f\u0159ezu pro oby\u010dejn\u00e9 nebo d\u00e1msk\u00e9 z\u00e1palky, rovn\u011b\u017e pro 50 a\u017e 100 kus\u016f; v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e1 pouzdra kulat\u00e1 nebo ov\u00e1ln\u00e1 z lepenky (Wiener Salonb\u00fcchse, angl. Pill-box) s dvojitou st\u011bnou a jednoduch\u00fdm v\u00ed\u010dkem, pro 100 a\u017e 180 sal\u00f3nn\u00edch z\u00e1palek; d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 vysoustruhovan\u00e1 pouzdra (gedrehte Holzb\u00fcchse) pro kongr\u00e9vsk\u00e9 z\u00e1palky (n\u00e1zev kongr\u00e9vsk\u00e9 z\u00e1palky – congreve matches, congreves – se objevil poprv\u00e9 ve \u010dty\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch letech 19. stolet\u00ed na obalech fosforov\u00fdch z\u00e1palek dov\u00e1\u017een\u00fdch do Anglie; \u0161lo o propaga\u010dn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed jm\u00e9na vyn\u00e1lezce sira Williama Congrevea (1772 – 1828) , aby byla sn\u00e1ze p\u0159ekon\u00e1na ned\u016fv\u011bra k nov\u00e9mu v\u00fdrobku). <\/span><\/p>\n

Pouzdro kruhov\u00e9ho pr\u016f\u0159ezu obsahovalo 100 z\u00e1palek; lepenkov\u00e9 krabice s v\u00edkem pro luxusn\u00ed druhy (Pappdose, pasteboard box). B\u011b\u017en\u00e1 velikost byla ur\u010dena pro 1000 vrubov\u00fdch z\u00e1palek (tzv. Rips). Po roce 1890 se z t\u011bchto pap\u00edrov\u00fdch krabic vyvinuly r\u016fzn\u00e9 obaly ve tvaru po\u0161tovn\u00ed schr\u00e1nky, \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edho vozu, \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9ho domku nebo lodn\u00edho kufru, obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed 500 salonn\u00edch z\u00e1palek; ta\u0161ti\u010dky (tobolky, kabelky, portmont\u00e1\u017ee) jsou velmi star\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu. <\/span><\/p>\n

Tento obal byl typick\u00fd pro sirk\u00e1rny francouzsk\u00e9, v nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b tj. je\u0161t\u011b po prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, se v pap\u00edrov\u00fdch ta\u0161ti\u010dk\u00e1ch vyv\u00e1\u017eely oby\u010dejn\u00e9 s\u00edrov\u00e9 z\u00e1palky; krabi\u010dky se z\u00e1suvkou (Schuber-Etuis), p\u016fvodn\u011b lepenkov\u00e9, pozd\u011bji d\u00fdhov\u00e9, byly ur\u010deny pro z\u00e1palnou hubku a postupem doby se jejich pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo na v\u0161echny druhy z\u00e1palek; d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 krabi\u010dky (Spankistchen) se zasouvac\u00edm v\u00ed\u010dkem pro 500 a\u017e 1000 z\u00e1palek. T\u011bchto bedni\u010dek se pou\u017e\u00edvalo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro v\u00fdvoz. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0160krtac\u00ed plo\u0161ka (obvykle p\u00edskov\u00e1) byla na spodu, n\u011bkdy i na v\u00ed\u010dku pouzdra nebo patrony, krabice a bedni\u010dky m\u011bly \u0161krt\u00e1tko na bo\u010dn\u00edch st\u011bn\u00e1ch, n\u011bkdy t\u00e9\u017e na spodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti obalu. V modern\u00ed dob\u011b je v\u00fdb\u011br zna\u010dn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed a prakticky je omezen na t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed druhy: \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 krabi\u010dky ze d\u0159eva nebo z lepenky; lepenkov\u00e9 krabi\u010dky voskovek, jejich\u017e z\u00e1suvka se otev\u00edr\u00e1 jenom na jednu stranu, druh\u00e1 strana je uzav\u0159ena a je na n\u00ed \u0161krtac\u00ed plo\u0161ka (u n\u00e1s nejsou zn\u00e1my); lepenkov\u00e9 obaly ploch\u00fdch z\u00e1palek, b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 v Severn\u00ed Americe.<\/span><\/p>\n


\nZdroj: Historie kumyxafie, Solo Su\u0161ice.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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