{"id":126764,"date":"2023-04-07T21:26:58","date_gmt":"2023-04-07T20:26:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=126764"},"modified":"2023-04-07T21:26:58","modified_gmt":"2023-04-07T20:26:58","slug":"stara-sumava-o-bozim-hrobu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=126764","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: O Bo\u017e\u00edm hrobu"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u201eOd st\u0159edov\u011bku za\u010daly b\u00fdt kostely na Velk\u00fd p\u00e1tek upravov\u00e1ny na znamen\u00ed, \u017ee \u201eKristus, sv\u011btlo sv\u011bta, zhasl\u201c, jako hrob: \u201eOlt\u00e1\u0159 s\u00e1m jest v\u0161\u00ed okrasy zbaven, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 sv\u00edce neho\u0159\u00ed na n\u011bm, ano i v\u011b\u010dn\u00e1 lampa zha\u0161ena jest, nebo\u0165 Nejsv\u011bt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u00e1tost jest odnesena, svatost\u00e1nek pust\u00fd, pr\u00e1zdn\u00fd stoj\u00ed. (\u2026) Olt\u00e1\u0159 \u010dern\u00fdm suknem pokryt (\u2026) nikde \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 sv\u011btlo neho\u0159\u00ed, temno a ticho v\u0161ude.\u201c<\/h6>\n

Jedn\u00edm z ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch ob\u0159ad\u016f byla a dodnes je instalace sc\u00e9ny Bo\u017e\u00edho hrobu. Objevuje se v cel\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b variant na obrazech i v socha\u0159sk\u00fdch d\u00edlech. P\u0159i velikono\u010dn\u00edch ob\u0159adech, jimi\u017e si c\u00edrkev p\u0159ipom\u00ednala smrt a zmrtv\u00fdchvst\u00e1n\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista. Inscenace bo\u017e\u00edho hrobu m\u011bla nahrazovat cestu do Svat\u00e9 zem\u011b k p\u016fvodn\u00edmu m\u00edstu, kde byl mrtv\u00fd Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 poh\u0159ben.<\/p>\n

Nebezpe\u010d\u00ed na cest\u011b i \u010dast\u00e1 nedostupnost tohoto posv\u00e1tn\u00e9ho m\u00edsta vyvolala pot\u0159ebu symbolick\u00e9ho p\u0159enesen\u00ed \u201eposv\u00e1tn\u00fdch m\u00edst\u201c do Evropy. Byly z\u0159izov\u00e1ny stavby napodobuj\u00edc\u00ed jeruzal\u00e9mskou kapli bo\u017e\u00edho hrobu nebo byly v chr\u00e1mech stav\u011bny ze d\u0159eva \u010di kamene sc\u00e9ny, napodobuj\u00edc\u00ed legendu v\u00fdjevu. V\u00fdjev pat\u0159il k b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdzdob\u011b v\u0161ech kostel\u016f stejn\u011b jako betl\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

K osv\u011btlen\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00edch hrob\u016f se pou\u017e\u00edvaly sv\u00ed\u010dky nebo olejov\u00e9 lampi\u010dky, jejich\u017e um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed a po\u010dtu byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na velk\u00e1 p\u00e9\u010de. Stavitel\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomovali \u00fa\u010dinnost iluminace a u\u017e\u00edvali ji jako jeden ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch v\u00fdrazov\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f. Nej\u010dast\u011bji se hrob stav\u011bl p\u0159ed jeden z postrann\u00edch olt\u00e1\u0159\u016f kostela.<\/p>\n

Stavba Bo\u017e\u00edch hrob\u016f je spole\u010dn\u00e1 cel\u00e9 katolick\u00e9 c\u00edrkvi. Jsou zn\u00e1my dv\u011b koncepce. Prvn\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 hrob jako svatost\u00e1nek, ve znamen\u00ed Kristovy smrti \u2013 triduum mortis. Hrob musel b\u00fdt postaven ve st\u0159edu ve\u010der a bour\u00e1n v sobotu po ob\u011bd\u011b. Druh\u00e1 koncepce uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee na Zelen\u00fd \u010dtvrtek se hostie odn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed do sakristie nebo do kaple mimo kostel. Tam je um\u00edst\u011bna i v noci z p\u00e1tku na sobotu.<\/p>\n

P\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed svat\u00e9 hostie do \u201eBo\u017e\u00edho hrobu\u201c p\u0159edstavuje poh\u0159eb Krist\u016fv. Rou\u0161ka, kterou je monstrance zahalena, p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 poh\u0159ebn\u00ed roucha, jimi\u017e bylo Kristovo t\u011blo ovinuto. V \u201ebo\u017e\u00edm hrob\u011b\u201c pak Nejsv\u011bt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Sv\u00e1tost z\u016fstane vystavena a\u017e do \u201evzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed\u201c, je\u017e se slav\u00ed ve\u010der n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho dne. Tento p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh odpov\u00edd\u00e1 biblick\u00e9mu popisu sn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed z k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee a kladen\u00ed do hrobu. Obvykle ji tvo\u0159il reli\u00e9f le\u017e\u00edc\u00edho mrtv\u00e9ho t\u011bla, \u010dasto s n\u00e1znakem iluzivn\u00edho prostoru ve sk\u00e1le, doprov\u00e1zen\u00fd and\u011bly a n\u011bkdy n\u00e1stroji umu\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Podobn\u011b jako u v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch i dal\u0161\u00edch ob\u0159ad\u016f vyu\u017e\u00edvala c\u00edrkev p\u0159i velikono\u010dn\u00edch ob\u0159adech pro p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed biblick\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti smrti a zmrtv\u00fdchvst\u00e1n\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista chud\u00fdm a negramotn\u00fdm vrstv\u00e1m obyvatelstva \u201edivadeln\u00ed\u201c prvky. Od st\u0159edov\u011bku jsou dolo\u017eeny inscenace Bo\u017e\u00edho hrobu v podob\u011b ulo\u017een\u00ed sochy mrtv\u00e9ho Spasitele p\u0159ed olt\u00e1\u0159em. Odstra\u0148ovala se a\u017e na Velikono\u010dn\u00ed pond\u011bl\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Za protireformace o\u017eivili tradici Bo\u017e\u00edch hrob\u016f p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jezuit\u00e9 (v Praze prvn\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00ed hrob roku 1559). Stali se mistry ve vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed divadeln\u00edch a um\u011bleck\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f pro \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed katolick\u00e9 v\u00edry, kdy kladli d\u016fraz na smyslovou n\u00e1zornost. Na \u0159ad\u011b m\u00edst byly vybudov\u00e1ny samostatn\u00e9 stavby napodobuj\u00edc\u00ed jeruzalemskou Kapli Bo\u017e\u00edho hrobu (Drahoraz, Slan\u00fd, Mimo\u0148 ad.), nebo byly v chr\u00e1mech stav\u011bny ze d\u0159eva \u010di kamene sc\u00e9ny napodobuj\u00edc\u00ed biblick\u00fd vyjev.<\/p>\n

Bo\u017e\u00ed hrob se stal b\u011b\u017enou v\u00fdzdobou v\u0161ech kostel\u016f stejn\u011b jako betl\u00e9m. P\u0159esto, \u017ee osv\u00edcensk\u00fd absolutismus Josefa II. zas\u00e1hl reformami z roku 1784 do n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho \u017eivota z\u00e1kazem obl\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed soch a tak\u00e9 ztv\u00e1rn\u011bn\u00edm nap\u0159. k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 cesty, Bo\u017e\u00edho hrobu, Vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b jesli\u010dek, udr\u017eoval se tento zvyk po cel\u00e9 19. stolet\u00ed a v katolick\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 nad\u00e1le. Dodnes tak\u00e9 v \u0159ad\u011b region\u016f p\u0159etrvala tradice lidov\u00e9 v\u00edry a zvyk\u016f spojen\u00fdch s velikono\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00edm.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> Hana Mach\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, PODLAHA, Anton\u00edn. Katolick\u00e1 liturgika : u\u010debn\u00e1 kniha pro st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0161koly, jeden\u00e1ct\u00e9, nezm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed. Praha : St\u00e1tn\u00ed nakladatelstv\u00ed, 1930.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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