{"id":125537,"date":"2020-03-13T10:15:58","date_gmt":"2020-03-13T09:15:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=125537"},"modified":"2020-03-13T10:15:58","modified_gmt":"2020-03-13T09:15:58","slug":"stara-sumava-sevci-sumavsti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=125537","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: \u0160evci \u0161umav\u0161t\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0160ikovn\u00fd \u0161vec pr\u0165avec, \u0161il si botky na tanec.<\/em>
\n \u0160\u00eddlem d\u00edrky d\u011broval, \u0161n\u016frky skrz n\u011b \u0161n\u011broval.<\/em><\/h6>\n

N\u011bkdej\u0161\u00ed oble\u010den\u00ed a obuv selsk\u00fdch obyvatel \u0160umavy nebylo podrobeno n\u011bjak\u00fdm m\u00f3dn\u00edm bl\u00e1znovstv\u00edm, zato mnohem v\u00edc odpov\u00eddalo praktick\u00e9mu \u00fa\u010delu a po\u017eadavku trvanlivosti. \u0160vec, kter\u00fd bydlil v m\u00edst\u011b, nechodil tu po domech, n\u00fdbr\u017e objevoval se v nich jen tehdy, kdy\u017e bylo t\u0159eba zhotovit n\u011bjak\u00fd p\u00e1r vysok\u00fdch bot nebo krpc\u016f. Pak vzal m\u00edru s pap\u00edrem v ruce, vy\u0159\u00edzl knejpem z hov\u011bz\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee, rozprost\u0159en\u00e9 na podlaze a sedl\u00e1kem v\u017edy chovan\u00e9 v z\u00e1sob\u011b, jako\u017e i ze spodkov\u00e9 usn\u011b \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed kvantum pro vysok\u00e9 boty nebo polobotky (Wadelstiefel nebo Halbstiefe) – ty naposledy zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 b\u00fdvaly vep\u0159edu naho\u0159e zdobeny barevnou ov\u010d\u00ed k\u016f\u017e\u00ed a u \u017een na op\u00e1nky \u010di dom\u00e1c\u00ed obuv a odnesl si pak pr\u00e1ci dom\u016f do vlastn\u00ed \u0161evcovsk\u00e9 d\u00edlny. \u010cas nav\u00edc vyu\u017eil pak pro z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zak\u00e1zek po domech ve vs\u00edch okoln\u00edch…<\/p>\n

V dob\u00e1ch, kdy je\u0161t\u011b tov\u00e1rny neexistovaly, ve\u0161ker\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty denn\u00ed i sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed pot\u0159eby vznikaly podom\u00e1cku nebo v d\u00edln\u00e1ch \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku se \u0161evci sdru\u017eovali do dvou odli\u0161n\u00fdch cech\u016f. V prvn\u00edch cechu p\u016fsobili \u0161evci novotn\u00edci. Ti \u0161ili obuv novou, kter\u00e1 byla ur\u010den\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmo na m\u00edru pro dan\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka, nebo \u0161ili obuv na voln\u00fd prodej. Ve druh\u00e9m cechu byli \u0161evci obuvi vetch\u00e9 opravuj\u00edc\u00ed obuv starou, ji\u017e ono\u0161enou a \u0159\u00edkalo se jim tak\u00e9 pr\u0165avci. Oba cechy si nev\u011bdom\u011b zasahovaly do sv\u00fdch kompetenc\u00ed, a proto pozd\u011bji do\u0161lo k jejich spojen\u00ed v jeden. Ti v\u011bt\u0161inou nevyr\u00e1b\u011bli zbo\u017e\u00ed do z\u00e1soby, ale v\u011bnovali se zak\u00e1zkov\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b. Proto\u017ee v \u0159emeslnick\u00e9 d\u00edln\u011b pracoval jen s\u00e1m mistr, nanejv\u00fd\u0161 s n\u011bkolika tovary\u0161i a u\u010dedn\u00edky, byl schopen uspokojit z\u00e1kazn\u00edky jen ve sv\u00e9m nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edm okol\u00ed. D\u00edky tomu v ka\u017ed\u00e9 vesnici pracovala \u0159ada r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u0158emesln\u00edci v historick\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch sv\u00e9 dovednosti nez\u00edsk\u00e1vali ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch, ale p\u0159\u00edmo u star\u0161\u00edch \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f \u2013 mistr\u016f. Do u\u010den\u00ed odch\u00e1zeli kolem dvan\u00e1ct\u00e9ho roku \u017eivota, u mistra, kde se u\u010dili, v\u011bt\u0161inou i bydleli. \u0160evci se objevovali na ka\u017ed\u00e9 vesnici. S n\u011bkolika jednoduch\u00fdmi n\u00e1stroji a sadou kopyt byli na verp\u00e1nku schopni vyrobit boty do pr\u00e1ce i na z\u00e1bavu. \u0160evci pracovali p\u0159i vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00ed obuvi hlavn\u011b s k\u016f\u017e\u00ed z hov\u011bzin a teletin, pro vesnick\u00e9 pot\u0159eby pou\u017e\u00edvali k\u016f\u017ei sp\u00ed\u0161e ze skopu. Bylo nutn\u00e9 rozli\u0161it, na co je dan\u00e1 k\u016f\u017ee t\u0159eba a c\u00edlen\u011b je pou\u017e\u00edt. Zat\u00edmco z tlust\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ee se d\u011blaly pode\u0161ve, ten\u010d\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edvala na n\u00e1rty a na hole\u0148ov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti. Boty se \u0161ily r\u016fzn\u00e9 velikosti, v\u00fd\u0161ky i barevnosti. Mnohem v\u00edc pr\u00e1ce m\u011bli ov\u0161em s vyspravov\u00e1n\u00edm star\u00fdch bot, kter\u00e9 k nim roln\u00edci nosili znovu a znovu.<\/p>\n

Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee lid\u00e9 na venkov\u011b se obouvali jenom p\u0159i cest\u011b do m\u011bst\u011b \u010di p\u0159i slavnostn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostech a to a\u017e do konce 19. stolet\u00ed (mnohde je\u0161t\u011b i ve stolet\u00ed dvac\u00e1t\u00e9m) mohou je\u0161t\u011b potvrdit na\u0161i pam\u011btn\u00edci. Boty se jinak obouvaly pouze v zim\u011b, \u010dasto se nosily d\u0159ev\u00e1ky. \u0158emeslo obuvnick\u00e9 bylo u n\u00e1s oded\u00e1vna v\u00e1\u017een\u00e9, um\u011bt zhotovit dobr\u00e9 boty nebylo ka\u017ed\u00e9mu dop\u0159\u00e1no. \u0160evci m\u011bli tak\u00e9 sv\u00e9 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1stroje: ocelov\u00e9 no\u017ee (tzv. knejpy), \u0161\u00eddla, ra\u0161ple, hlad\u00edky, kle\u0161t\u011b, kopyta, verp\u00e1nky a mnohem pozd\u011bji tak sv\u00e9 \u0161ic\u00ed stroje. \u0160it\u00ed obuvi bez \u0161ic\u00edho stroje byla ov\u0161em \u00famorn\u00e1 a t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce, ka\u017ed\u00e9 prota\u017een\u00ed dratve vy\u017eadovalo d\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161\u00eddlem, co\u017e byla t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 operace. Cech \u0161evc\u016f byl zn\u00e1m svou p\u0159\u00edsnost\u00ed ke sv\u00fdm \u010dlen\u016fm a mravn\u00ed z\u00e1sadovost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mistrovsk\u00e1 zkou\u0161ka nebylo u tohoto \u0159emesla zrovna lehk\u00e1, zkou\u0161en\u00fd m\u011bl p\u0159i zkou\u0161ce u\u0161\u00edt ze zadn\u00ed teletiny tzv. pun\u010dochu (st\u0159ev\u00edc). Nejprve byl doveden do skladu, kde si vybral k\u016f\u017ee za asistence stra\u0161\u00edch mistr\u016f. Pak ji v d\u00edln\u011b vykrojil, \u201eod\u0148al vokry\u201c a nakonec u\u0161il na m\u00edru. T\u00edm, ale je\u0161t\u011b neskon\u010dil, musel je\u0161t\u011b u\u0161\u00edt \u017eensk\u00e9 ozdobn\u00e9 st\u0159ev\u00ed\u010dky nebo vysok\u00e9 boty a to speci\u00e1ln\u00ed, bu\u010f zhotovit vojensk\u00e9, loveck\u00e9 nebo formansk\u00e9 boty. V devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed nast\u00e1v\u00e1 rozmach zak\u00e1zkov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby. Boty se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed na asymetrick\u00fdch kopytech, zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 pro levou i pravou nohu. Ji\u017e v t\u00e9to dob\u011b v\u0161ak nast\u00e1v\u00e1 soumrak \u0161evcovsk\u00e9ho \u0159emesla \u2013 ru\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci mistr\u016f \u0161evc\u016f postupn\u011b vytla\u010duje modern\u00ed s\u00e9riov\u00e1 v\u00fdroba v tov\u00e1rn\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9 stolet\u00ed je synonymem elegance a stylu, z\u00e1rove\u0148 se tak\u00e9 buja\u0159e rozv\u00edj\u00ed nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed druhy obuvi podle jejich \u00fa\u010delu.<\/p>\n

A je\u0161t\u011b jednu pov\u011bst o pokorn\u00e9m \u0161evci. V Prachatic\u00edch \u017eil jeden chud\u00fd \u0161vec a m\u011bl d\u011bt\u00ed jako smet\u00ed. Tak tak svou rodinu u\u017eivil, av\u0161ak neztr\u00e1cel nad\u011bji v Bo\u017e\u00ed pomoc. Jednou tak sed\u00ed utr\u00e1pen\u00fd uprost\u0159ed \u0161krp\u00e1l\u016f, kdy\u017e tu vstoupil do dve\u0159\u00ed mal\u00fd zarostl\u00fd mu\u017e\u00ed\u010dek a pov\u00edd\u00e1: \u201eV\u00edm, jakou m\u00e1\u0161 b\u00eddu a tak\u00e9 to, \u017ee jsi poctiv\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk. R\u00e1d ti pomohu. P\u0159ij\u010f z\u00edtra k velk\u00e9mu kameni na Lib\u00edn\u011b. To, o\u010d \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1\u0161 se ti vypln\u00ed!\u201c<\/em> Druh\u00fd den se \u0161vec vypravil na udan\u00e9 m\u00edsto. Sotva stanul p\u0159ed balvanem, objevila se p\u0159ed n\u00edm \u010darokr\u00e1sn\u00e1 zahrada. A tu ji\u017e p\u0159ich\u00e1zel trpasl\u00edk se svazkem kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f u pasu. Ml\u010dky otev\u0159el dv\u00ed\u0159ka a kr\u00e1\u010deli spolu dovnit\u0159. Tam pod jedn\u00edm bezov\u00fdm ke\u0159em le\u017eela hrom\u00e1dka duk\u00e1t\u016f. Chud\u00e1k se rozt\u0159\u00e1sl a nebyl schopen se pohnout. Trpasl\u00edk mu tedy zla\u0165\u00e1ky nasypal do kapes. Mu\u017e nesta\u010dil ani pod\u011bkovat, nebo\u0165 zahrada r\u00e1zem zmizela. V \u0161evcovsk\u00e9 dom\u00e1cnosti zn\u011bl od t\u00e9 doby jen zp\u011bv a sm\u00edch. Mistr nezpychl a sv\u00e9 \u0159emeslo neopustil, tak\u017ee se stal nakonec v\u00e1\u017een\u00fdm m\u011b\u0161\u0165anem a d\u016fstojn\u00fdm \u010dlenem cechu obuvnick\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

Zdroj: WINTER, Z. – \u0158emeslo a \u017eivnosti 16. v\u011bku v \u010cech\u00e1ch, WINTER, Z.-\u00a0 D\u011bjiny \u0159emesel a obchodu v \u010cech\u00e1ch, V\u00e1clav Star\u00fd – Rukopis, Prachatice<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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