{"id":125419,"date":"2019-03-17T08:38:10","date_gmt":"2019-03-17T07:38:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=125419"},"modified":"2019-03-17T16:50:25","modified_gmt":"2019-03-17T15:50:25","slug":"stara-sumava-dratenici-a-pribehy-dratu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=125419","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Dr\u00e1ten\u00edci a p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy dr\u00e1tu"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u201eHrnce dr\u00e1tovat” zvu\u010dn\u00fdm hlasem nab\u00edzel sv\u00e9 slu\u017eby dr\u00e1ten\u00edk, kdy\u017e proch\u00e1zel osadou, ka\u017ed\u00fdch sto metr\u016f. Na z\u00e1dech krosnu z n\u00ed\u017e\u00a0tr\u010dely dr\u00e1ty, plechy, klad\u00edvka, kle\u0161ti\u010dky a dal\u0161\u00ed vercajk, kter\u00fd zaru\u010dil, \u017ee v jeho ruk\u00e1ch dok\u00e1\u017ee opravit rozbit\u00fd kameninov\u00fd hrnec nebo d\u011brav\u00fd kastrol. Byli i takov\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed opravili \u0161ic\u00ed stroj, hodiny s kuka\u010dkou, \u0159eza\u010dku na krmnou \u0159epu nebo obru\u010d na traka\u0159i…<\/span><\/h6>\n

Dr\u00e1tenictv\u00ed, to je p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o nevy\u010derpateln\u00e9 schopnosti \u010dlov\u011bka vyr\u00e1b\u011bt nov\u00e9 a kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 v\u011bci. Star\u00e1 \u0159emesla ji\u017e v\u011bt\u0161inou zapadla n\u011bkam do skulin minulosti. Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed je o dob\u011b d\u011btstv\u00ed, tentokr\u00e1t o ztracen\u00e9m \u0159emesle. <\/span><\/p>\n

Na venkov\u011b, z\u0159ejm\u011b v ka\u017ed\u00e9 dom\u00e1cnosti, m\u00edvali na poli\u010dce s n\u00e1dob\u00edm aspo\u0148 jeden zdr\u00e1tovan\u00fd hrnek. To byl hrnek nejd\u0159\u00edve rozbit\u00fd – hospodyn\u011b pe\u010dliv\u011b sesb\u00edrala v\u0161echny st\u0159epy a zav\u00e1zala do \u0161\u00e1tku. Dvakr\u00e1t, t\u0159ikr\u00e1t ro\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ich\u00e1zel potuln\u00fd dr\u00e1ten\u00edk. Dostal kafe, kraj\u00edc chleba, sedl ke st\u0159ep\u016fm a z nich slo\u017eil hrnek a omotal ho dr\u00e1tkem: ud\u011blal si z dr\u00e1t\u016f oka, jako je dr\u00e1t\u011bn\u00fd plot a ta zase vr\u00e1tila hrnku podobu. <\/span><\/p>\n

Bylo mi divn\u00e9, jak dok\u00e1\u017ee rozbit\u00fd hrnek zpevnit natolik, aby v sob\u011b dr\u017eel vodu, a\u017e po mnoha letech mi do\u0161lo, \u017ee tyhle hrnky se pou\u017e\u00edvaly k p\u0159echov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed sypk\u00fdch mat\u00e9ri\u00ed, jako je t\u0159eba \u010do\u010dka nebo hr\u00e1ch, anebo se do nich odl\u00e9valo s\u00e1dlo nebo se tam d\u00e1valo m\u00e1slo. Tihle \u0159emesln\u00edci taky n\u00fdtovali hrnce a brousili no\u017ee a n\u016f\u017eky. Museli existovat je\u0161t\u011b v \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch l\u00e9tech, tedy za hranicemi m\u00e9ho vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed. Tvrd\u00ed se, \u017ee to byli Slov\u00e1ci nebo Cik\u00e1ni – tak to si opravdu nepamatuji. Jen m\u00e1m v pam\u011bti pohled na jejich prsty, vypadaly jako d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 kol\u00edky a kmitaly stra\u0161n\u011b rychle, to zadr\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00ed hrnku bylo za p\u00e1r minut hotov\u00e9. Kdepak, tenkr\u00e1t se nic nevyhodilo, v\u0161echno se schov\u00e1valo a spravovalo…<\/span><\/p>\n

Dr\u00e1ten\u00edci oproti dr\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016fm nevyr\u00e1b\u011bli dr\u00e1t, n\u00fdbr\u017e dr\u00e1t pou\u017e\u00edvali jako v\u00fdchoz\u00ed surovinu k svoj\u00ed v\u00fdrob\u011b a dr\u00e1tn\u00edci, protahov\u00e1n\u00edm nah\u0159\u00e1t\u00e9ho \u017eelezn\u00e9ho prutu men\u0161\u00edm otvorem v ocelov\u00e9 desce dr\u00e1t vyr\u00e1b\u011bli. Pozd\u011bji se dr\u00e1t vyr\u00e1b\u011bl obdobn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, ta\u017een\u00edm roz\u017ehaven\u00e9ho prutu \u017eeleza st\u00e1le men\u0161\u00edm a men\u0161\u00edm otvorem v desce \u2013 mezi t\u00edm musel b\u00fdt \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n. Postupn\u011b se vyvinuly jednoduch\u00e9 stroje, tzv. ta\u017en\u00e9 lavice, poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 vodn\u00ed silou p\u0159es transmisi, kter\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00fd dr\u00e1t nav\u00edjely. <\/span><\/p>\n

Opravov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00e9 keramiky \u017eelezn\u00fdm nebo mosazn\u00fdm dr\u00e1tem bylo podle archeologick\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f zn\u00e1m\u00e9 ji\u017e p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika tis\u00edci lety. Tehdy ov\u0161em lid\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b neum\u011bli vyrobit v dostate\u010dn\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed tak dlouh\u00fd dr\u00e1t, aby j\u00edm mohli opl\u00e9tat celou n\u00e1dobu. Proto na po\u0161kozen\u00fdch m\u00edstech n\u00e1doby provrt\u00e1vali a stahovali k sob\u011b men\u0161\u00edmi kousky dr\u00e1t\u016f. <\/span><\/p>\n

Dr\u00e1ten\u00edci d\u0159\u00edve putovali v\u0161emi kraji nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d, opravovali hlin\u011bn\u00e9 hrnce a vyr\u00e1b\u011bli u\u017eitkov\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty pro dom\u00e1cnost. Soudob\u00e1 forma dr\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00ed vznikla na Slovensku z\u0159ejm\u011b n\u011bkdy v 17. stolet\u00ed a odtud se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila do cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. Dlouhou dobu bylo toto \u0159emeslo zavrhnuto a byl mu p\u0159id\u011blen p\u0159\u00edvlastek – \u017eebr\u00e1ck\u00e9 \u0159emeslo. Poch\u00e1zeli p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ze Slovenska z oblasti Kysuc (okol\u00ed \u017diliny). 19. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ineslo techniku dr\u00e1t\u011bn\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, dodnes zn\u00e1mou a obl\u00edbenou, obep\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed celou n\u00e1dobu. Krom\u011b po\u0161kozen\u00fdch n\u00e1dob b\u00fdvaly dr\u00e1tov\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 n\u00e1doby nepo\u0161kozen\u00e9, u kter\u00fdch tak byla zvy\u0161ov\u00e1na jejich pevnost a odolnost. <\/span><\/p>\n

S opravami nab\u00edzeli dr\u00e1ten\u00edci k prodeji drobn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky. Nej\u017e\u00e1dan\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi byly kart\u00e1\u010de, cedn\u00edky, s\u00edta, podlo\u017eky pod \u017eehli\u010dky a n\u00e1doby, pasti na my\u0161i, kl\u00edcky pro pt\u00e1ky, lustry a jin\u00e9 dekorativn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty. Jedn\u011bmi z \u017e\u00e1dan\u00fdch dr\u00e1tenick\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f byly tak\u00e9 nosi\u010de na p\u016fllitry a l\u00e1hve. B\u00fdvaly vyr\u00e1b\u011bny na dv\u011b, t\u0159i i v\u00edce lahv\u00ed \u010di p\u016fllitr\u016f, uprost\u0159ed pak v\u017edy vy\u010dn\u00edval pevn\u00fd dr\u017e\u00e1k. <\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159i dr\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvali tito \u0159emesln\u00edci nejd\u0159\u00edve m\u011bkk\u00fd \u017eelezn\u00fd dr\u00e1t a jednoduch\u00e9 n\u00e1\u0159ad\u00ed (kladivo, kle\u0161t\u011b, \u0161\u00eddlo), kter\u00e9 spolu s dr\u00e1tem a v\u00fdrobky p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161eli v d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 krosn\u011b na z\u00e1dech, posl\u00e9ze tak\u00e9 dr\u00e1ty z jin\u00fdch kov\u016f (mosaz, m\u011b\u010f, drah\u00e9 kovy ad.). Od poloviny 19. stolet\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ili dr\u00e1ten\u00edci nab\u00eddku tak\u00e9 o opravy plechov\u00e9ho a smaltovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1dob\u00ed. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nov\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky z dr\u00e1tu i plechu nab\u00edzely p\u0159\u00edmo dr\u00e1tenick\u00e9 d\u00edlny. Zam\u011b\u0159ili se tak\u00e9 na p\u0159edm\u011bty dekorativn\u00edho charakteru, v nich\u017e mnoz\u00ed dos\u00e1hli naprost\u00e9ho mistrovstv\u00ed a osobit\u00e9ho v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9ho projevu.\u0158emeslo za\u010dalo skom\u00edrat s n\u00e1stupem tov\u00e1ren a po 2. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce prakticky zaniklo.<\/span><\/p>\n


\nZdroj: Hana Mach\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, Ott\u016fv slovn\u00edk nau\u010dn\u00fd VII\/1893, s. 939 \u2013 940, heslo Dr\u00e1t. Jaroslav Ka\u0161\u00edk, Ond\u0159ej Neff<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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  \u201eHrnce <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":155097,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/14\/r\u00e1me\u010dek-dr\u00e1ten\u00edci.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/125419"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=125419"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/125419\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":155098,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/125419\/revisions\/155098"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/155097"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=125419"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=125419"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=125419"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}