{"id":124037,"date":"2021-02-25T19:15:13","date_gmt":"2021-02-25T18:15:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=124037"},"modified":"2021-02-25T19:15:13","modified_gmt":"2021-02-25T18:15:13","slug":"stara-sumava-o-kolodejovi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=124037","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: O kolod\u011bjovi"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Pro \u0159emeslo je charakteristick\u00fd dokonal\u00fd rukod\u011bln\u00fd projev. Vlastn\u00ed prac\u00ed, podle sv\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed, dovednost\u00ed, pl\u00e1n\u016f a z\u00e1m\u011br\u016f, p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk okoln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodu a prost\u0159ed\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e \u017eije. Sv\u011bt na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f zna\u010dn\u011b z\u00e1visel na p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b a lid\u00e9 se k n\u00ed chovali mnohem ohledupln\u011bji, ne\u017e dnes, kdy m\u00e1me jin\u00e9 n\u00e1roky a z\u00e1jmy, jin\u00fd \u017eivotn\u00ed styl. Ale st\u00e1le obdivujeme dokonalost a funk\u010dnost p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, vyroben\u00fdch d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi \u0159emesln\u00edky i d\u011bdictv\u00ed v podob\u011b mnoha pam\u00e1tek.<\/h6>\n

Nejen chlebem \u017eiv je \u010dlov\u011bk, \u0159eknete si, kdy\u017e se pod\u00edv\u00e1te na zmizel\u00fd sv\u011bt \u0159emesel a \u010dinnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 b\u011bhem stalet\u00ed slou\u017eily na\u0161im p\u0159edk\u016fm k ob\u017eiv\u011b. Jak \u0161el \u010das, zachovaly se mnoh\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy povol\u00e1n\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di, ale u\u017e \u010dasto v \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00e9m v\u00fdznamu, ne\u017e tomu bylo kdysi. V minulosti nebylo selsk\u00e9ho staven\u00ed, p\u0159ed kter\u00fdm by nest\u00e1l povoz nebo \u017eeb\u0159i\u0148\u00e1k.<\/p>\n

Kol\u00e1\u0159i zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se jejich v\u00fdrobou byli v\u00e1\u017een\u00fdmi \u0159emesln\u00edky. Kolod\u011bj, kol\u00e1\u0159, ale i n\u00e1pravn\u00edk \u2013 tak se v minulosti p\u016fvodn\u011b ozna\u010doval \u0159emesln\u00edk, kter\u00fd vyr\u00e1b\u011bl kola na povozy. D\u0159\u00edve \u0161lo o \u0159emeslo zna\u010dn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9. Kol\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed mezi \u0159emesla s bohatou a velmi starou tradic\u00ed, kter\u00e1 bezprost\u0159edn\u011b ovliv\u0148ovala \u017eivot a hospoda\u0159en\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka. Kol\u00e1\u0159 b\u00fdval na vesnici nepostradateln\u00fdm odborn\u00edkem a v\u017edy t\u011bsn\u011b spolupracoval s kov\u00e1\u0159em. Kol\u00e1\u0159 vyrobil d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 kolo, kter\u00e9 kov\u00e1\u0159 okoval.<\/p>\n

V 16. stolet\u00ed se dokonce potvrzuje, \u017ee kov\u00e1\u0159 je povinen kol\u00e1\u0159i v\u016fz okovat, ale \u017ee kov\u00e1\u0159 s vozy nesm\u00ed obchodovat. Kol\u00e1\u0159i se po stalet\u00ed zab\u00fdvali v\u00fdrobou v\u0161ech druh\u016f voz\u016f, ko\u010d\u00e1r\u016f, dopravn\u00edch san\u00ed, kole\u010dek, kol, traka\u0159\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho n\u00e1\u010din\u00ed. Jejich dom\u00e9nou byla louko\u0165ov\u00e1 kola, kter\u00e1 si b\u011b\u017en\u011b ostatn\u00ed \u0159emesln\u00edci nedok\u00e1zali vyrobit. Ji\u017e v 15. stolet\u00ed je nal\u00e9z\u00e1me t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech lidnat\u011bj\u0161\u00edch venkovsk\u00fdch i m\u011bstsk\u00fdch s\u00eddlech. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rozkv\u011bt kol\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho \u0159emesla p\u0159ineslo 17.- 19. stolet\u00ed. Od 18. stolet\u00ed kol\u00e1\u0159i usazen\u00ed na vesnic\u00edch roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ili sortiment v\u00fdrobk\u016f o zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 n\u00e1\u0159ad\u00ed. Jednalo se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o kle\u010de a h\u0159\u00eddele k pluh\u016fm, top\u016frka, kosiska, vidle na hn\u016fj \u010di \u0159epu\u2026<\/p>\n

V 19. stolet\u00ed se kol\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 produkce op\u011bt omezuje, zejm\u00e9na kv\u016fli tov\u00e1rensk\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b krom\u011b jin\u00e9ho kol\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch produkt\u016f a mechanizaci zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed na opravu d\u0159eva\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f. Po roce 1948 jsou kol\u00e1\u0159i nuceni se rekvalifikovat, nej\u010dast\u011bji do jin\u00fdch d\u0159evozpracuj\u00edc\u00edch odv\u011btv\u00ed a \u0159emeslo tak definitivn\u011b upad\u00e1. Dle knihy J. L. Hartyga z roku 1823 Um\u011bn\u00ed lesn\u00ed se kol\u00e1\u0159\u016fm doporu\u010dovalo d\u0159evo dubov\u00e9, jilmov\u00e9, bukov\u00e9, jasanov\u00e9, javorov\u00e9, b\u0159ezov\u00e9 a jehli\u010dn\u00e9 (nej\u010dast\u011bji smrk a jedle). To u\u017e\u00edvali v r\u016fzn\u00fdch form\u00e1ch jako tenk\u00e1 kulat\u00e1 d\u0159eva, hrub\u00e9 d\u0159eva, \u0161palky, fo\u0161ny a podobn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Druhy i formy d\u0159eva se v r\u00e1mci jednoho v\u00fdrobku r\u016fzn\u011b kombinovali tak, aby bylo dosa\u017eeno po\u017eadovan\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed. D\u0159\u00edv\u00ed vyb\u00edral mistr, nejd\u0159\u00edve ale muselo schnout (4-5 let), ne\u017e bylo zpracov\u00e1no. Opracov\u00e1van\u00ed za\u010d\u00ednalo otes\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm sekyrami. Potom se d\u0159evo pilami p\u0159i\u0159ez\u00e1valo do r\u016fzn\u00fdch tvar\u016f, n\u00e1sledn\u011b se strouhalo po\u0159\u00edzem nebo skoblemi. Krom\u011b toho bylo zapot\u0159eb\u00ed vykonat mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch \u00faprav (hoblov\u00e1n\u00ed, vrt\u00e1n\u00ed, m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a podobn\u011b), k \u010demu\u017e slou\u017eilo velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed specializovan\u00e9ho kol\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho n\u00e1\u0159ad\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Kol\u00e1\u0159i n\u011bkdy svoje produkty zdobili, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ornament\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159ezbou dl\u00e1tkem na tvrd\u00e9m d\u0159ev\u011b. Nej\u010dast\u011bji to byly abstraktn\u00ed (vlnovka) motivy zkombinov\u00e1ny s motivy p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi (listy a kv\u011bty). D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 kolo se u\u017e\u00edvalo relativn\u011b dlouho pro svou lehkost, pevnost a relativn\u011b n\u00edzkou cenu.<\/p>\n

Zdroj: Tajemstv\u00ed d\u0159eva<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Z cyklu Star\u00e1 \u0160umava)<\/p>\n

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