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Poodhalme rou\u0161ku zakr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed to, co v dob\u00e1ch minul\u00fdch na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaly.Tyto v\u011bci n\u00e1s je\u0161t\u011b obklopuj\u00ed, ani\u017e bychom si mnohdy uv\u011bdomovali, \u017ee na nich ulp\u00edvaj\u00ed stopy minul\u00fdch dob kdy se \u010dasto se p\u0159ed\u00e1valy z generace na generaci. Star\u00e9 v\u011bci a n\u00e1stroje k n\u00e1m dnes promlouvaj\u00ed a odhaluj\u00ed svou kr\u00e1su a vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed doklad o sv\u00e9 funkci. Ka\u017edodenn\u00ed i sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed \u017eivot obyvatel horsk\u00e9ho kraje v \u010dasech d\u00e1vno zapomenut\u00fdch nelze shrnout do n\u011bkolika v\u011bt. Je to sm\u011bs ho\u0159k\u00fdch i sladk\u00fdch vzpom\u00ednek pam\u011btn\u00edk\u016f na \u010dasy, kdy b\u00edda bydlela pod st\u0159echami d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch chalup, av\u0161ak prost\u00fd \u017eivot m\u011bl sv\u016fj pevn\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d.<\/p>\n
Horsk\u00fd kraj ve star\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch, to jsou i do\u0161kov\u00e9 chaloupky ve str\u00e1n\u00edch se zahr\u00e1dkami jako dla\u0148, von\u00edc\u00edmi ko\u0159en\u00edm a sv\u00edt\u00edc\u00edmi kv\u011bty divizen a slune\u010dnic, dlouh\u00e9 snosy z kamen\u016f, sesb\u00edran\u00fdch z chud\u00fdch pol\u00ed\u010dek, klapot ml\u00fdnsk\u00fdch kol na divok\u00fdch byst\u0159in\u00e1ch nebo d\u00fdmaj\u00edc\u00ed mil\u00ed\u0159e v les\u00edch. Jsou to \u010dasy d\u011btsk\u00fdch her, ml\u00fdnky a p\u0159ehrady na potoce, jarn\u00ed otlouk\u00e1n\u00ed p\u00ed\u0161\u0165ali\u010dek a vyn\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed smrtky, filipojakubsk\u00e9 a svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9 ohn\u011b, podzimn\u00ed oh\u00fdnky a pou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed drak\u016f. Pat\u0159\u00ed sem i mal\u00e9 husopasky a pas\u00e1\u010dci koz, ponocn\u00fd, kr\u00e1t\u00edc\u00ed sv\u00fdm trouben\u00edm dlouh\u00e9 noci pln\u00e9 hv\u011bzd, potuln\u00ed brusi\u010di a dr\u00e1ten\u00edci i shrben\u00e1 a vr\u00e1s\u010dit\u00e1 babka ko\u0159en\u00e1\u0159ka, odch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed do les\u016f a hor, kde roste ko\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n
D\u00e1vno za\u0161l\u00e9 \u010dasy, to jsou i pa\u0161er\u00e1ci, p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed tajn\u011b zemskou hranici s krajkami a cuker\u00ednem, d\u0159eva\u0159i dob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed na pasek\u00e1ch smrkov\u00e9 koh\u00e1ty, skl\u00e1\u0159i a cihl\u00e1\u0159i, potuln\u00ed muzikanti a komedianti, lidov\u00ed p\u00edsm\u00e1ci a hor\u0161t\u00ed kanto\u0159i a divadeln\u00ed ochotn\u00edci. V\u016fn\u011b d\u0159eva star\u00fdch stodol a v\u016fn\u011b vzpom\u00ednek…<\/p>\n
V\u00fdvoj lidov\u00e9ho obydl\u00ed prob\u00edhal v t\u011bsn\u00e9 souvislosti s v\u00fdvojem topeni\u0161t\u011b \u2013 otev\u0159en\u00fd ohe\u0148 planouc\u00ed na ohni\u0161ti sk\u00fdtal z\u00e1kladn\u00ed osv\u011btlen\u00ed. Speci\u00e1ln\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm k osv\u011btlov\u00e1n\u00ed byl zd\u011bn\u00fd v\u00fdklenek ve st\u011bn\u011b sv\u011btnice, komory \u010di chl\u00e9va, na n\u011bm\u017e se rozn\u011bcoval mal\u00fd ohe\u0148 nebo se do n\u011bj kladly ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed lou\u010dky. V\u0161eobecn\u011b bylo roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eno sv\u00edcen\u00ed borov\u00fdmi, b\u0159ezov\u00fdmi nebo bukov\u00fdmi lou\u010demi, kter\u00e9 mnoho ned\u00fdmaj\u00ed. Upev\u0148ovaly se obvykle v kovov\u00fdch kle\u0161t\u00edch (sk\u0159ipci), \u010dasto nasazen\u00fdch na d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9m, n\u011bkdy posuvn\u00e9m stojanu (oharky padaly do p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 n\u00e1doby s vodou).<\/p>\n
K osv\u011btlen\u00ed obydl\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edvalo rovn\u011b\u017e ohn\u011b z nadrobno na\u0161t\u00edpan\u00fdch lou\u010d\u00ed, kter\u00fd se rozn\u011bcoval na \u017eelezn\u00e9m miskovit\u00e9m ro\u0161tu ve spodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti pleten\u00fdch k\u00f3nick\u00fdch dymn\u00edk\u016f, omazan\u00fdch hl\u00ednou a zav\u011b\u0161en\u00fdch u stropu, nebo dymn\u00edk\u016f \u010dty\u0159hrann\u00e9ho tvaru, sbit\u00fdch z prken a dole se \u0161irokou obrubou. Sv\u011btlo z v\u00fdklenku ve zdi bylo klidn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e sv\u011btlo z lou\u010de ve stojanu. Star\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby osv\u011btlen\u00ed byly, z d\u016fvodu protipo\u017e\u00e1rn\u00ed ochrany, po roce 1848 zak\u00e1z\u00e1ny (ve chl\u00e9vech bylo pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdklenk\u016f a otev\u0159en\u00e9ho ohn\u011b zak\u00e1z\u00e1no ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve) a za\u010dalo se sv\u00edtit kah\u00e1nky, v nich\u017e se spalovaly r\u016fzn\u00e9 dom\u00e1c\u00ed tuky a oleje.<\/p>\n
Mal\u00e9 plam\u00e9nky olejov\u00fdch lamp \u017eiven\u00fdch rostlinn\u00fdmi oleji prov\u00e1zely \u010dlov\u011bka jako neodmysliteln\u00e1 sou\u010d\u00e1st jeho \u017eivotn\u00edho stylu a\u017e do 19. stolet\u00ed, kdy olejov\u00e9 lampy a sv\u00ed\u010dky postupn\u011b vytla\u010dovaly plynov\u00e1 a pozd\u011bji tak\u00e9 petrolejov\u00e1 sv\u00edtidla. Je\u0161t\u011b po v\u011bt\u0161inu 19. stolet\u00ed pat\u0159ily ale olejov\u00e9 lampy k b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdm sv\u00edtidl\u016fm a jejich konstrukce se rozv\u00edjely do \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch let 19. stolet\u00ed. Lampy a kahany vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ho\u0159lavosti tuk\u016f, a\u0165 ji\u017e rostlinn\u00fdch (oleje), nebo \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch (l\u016fj).<\/p>\n
U\u017eit\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eelo na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 oblasti, pokud se zem\u011bd\u011blec zam\u011b\u0159oval na chov dobytka, m\u011bl v\u00edce tuku, zat\u00edmco p\u011bstitel sp\u00ed\u0161e sv\u00edtil olejem. Na ka\u017ed\u00e9 usedlosti p\u0159edli ze lnu p\u0159\u00edzi na hrub\u00e9 pl\u00e1tno, z\u00edsk\u00e1vali ze ln\u011bn\u00fdch sem\u00ednek olej na sv\u00edcen\u00ed. P\u0159i u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed loje do kahan\u016f lid\u00e9 nebyli nijak vyb\u00edrav\u00ed, vyu\u017eili ten, kter\u00fd byl
\nmoment\u00e1ln\u011b k dispozici. Nejlep\u0161\u00ed je l\u016fj hov\u011bz\u00ed, pou\u017e\u00edt se d\u00e1 v\u0161ak jak\u00fdkoliv tuk, tak\u017ee nebylo v\u00fdjimkou u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed skopov\u00e9ho, koz\u00edho \u010di jelen\u00edho loje nebo vep\u0159ov\u00e9ho s\u00e1dla. Kvalita loje ovliv\u0148ovala to, nakolik p\u0159i sv\u00edcen\u00ed \u010dadil a zap\u00e1chal. V chud\u00fdch oblastech, kde lid\u00e9 nem\u011bli dostatek dobytka, jeho\u017e tuk by mohli vyu\u017e\u00edt, p\u0159eva\u017eovalo u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed lou\u010d\u00ed. Tuk byl hodnotnou surovinou a lid\u00e9 j\u00edm nemohli pl\u00fdtvat na osv\u011btlen\u00ed, pokud pro n\u011b bylo dosa\u017eiteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed lou\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Bohat\u0161\u00ed sedl\u00e1ci ov\u0161em pou\u017e\u00edvali vep\u0159ov\u00e9 s\u00e1dlo, kter\u00e9 bylo chud\u00fdm lidem nedostupn\u00e9 \u2013 p\u0159i jeho spalov\u00e1n\u00ed nevznikal t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd kou\u0159. Lojov\u00e9 kahany bylo mo\u017eno d\u00edky jejich mal\u00fdm rozm\u011br\u016fm a ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed hmotnosti libovoln\u011b p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et, tak\u017ee byly mnohem prakti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a tak\u00e9 bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e lou\u010dn\u00edky. Keramick\u00e9 kahany mohou b\u00fdt archaick\u00fdch tvar\u016f, kovov\u00e9 se \u010dasto podobaj\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm sv\u00edcn\u016fm. B\u011bhem st\u0159edov\u011bku a novov\u011bku se olejov\u00e9 kahany staly velmi popul\u00e1rn\u00edmi, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v 18. stolet\u00ed byly v m\u011bstsk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny i jako no\u010dn\u00ed sv\u011btlo, \u010dasto byly u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny i v hostinc\u00edch jako sv\u00edtidlo poskytovan\u00e9 host\u016fm na noc.<\/p>\n
Pokud \u010dlov\u011bk onemocn\u011bl, bylo zvykem nech\u00e1vat mu p\u0159es noc za oknem sv\u00edtit olejovou lampi\u010dku. Ta m\u011bla podobu sklenice, ve kter\u00e9 byl plov\u00e1k nebo tenk\u00fd knot. V selsk\u00fdch staven\u00edch bychom tak\u00e9 mohli nal\u00e9zt tzv. v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 sv\u011btlo. Po dlouh\u00e1 tis\u00edcilet\u00ed se princip b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch olejov\u00fdch kahan\u016f \u010di z\u00e1v\u011bsn\u00fdch lamp s knoty nebo plov\u00e1ky nezm\u011bnil. Teprve v 16. stolet\u00ed popsal italsk\u00fd fyzik a matematik Geronimo Cardano (1501\u20131576) olejovou lampu s n\u00e1dobkou s olejem posazenou v\u00fd\u0161e, ne\u017e byl um\u00edst\u011bn knot. Tento syst\u00e9m umo\u017e\u0148oval lep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsun oleje ke knotu s vyu\u017eit\u00edm principu spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1dob. V t\u00e9to dob\u011b ji\u017e bylo tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee kovov\u00fd kom\u00ednek (cylindr) okolo plamene zvy\u0161uje tah a sv\u00edtivost plamene, ale tento poznatek byl v praxi vyu\u017eit a\u017e pozd\u011bji, v 18. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Teprve roku 1756 zavedl pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00fd l\u00e9k\u00e1rn\u00edk Antoine Quinquet (1745\u20131803) m\u00edsto kovov\u00e9ho kom\u00ednku sklen\u011bn\u00fd cylindr, kter\u00fd nest\u00ednil plamen a sou\u010dasn\u011b mu poskytoval dostate\u010dn\u00fd tah. Quinquet byl tak\u00e9 obratn\u00fd obchodn\u00edk a jeho lampy se velmi dob\u0159e prod\u00e1valy. N\u011bkdy v t\u00e9to dob\u011b bylo u olejov\u00fdch lamp ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e uplatn\u011bno kole\u010dko, kter\u00e9 umo\u017enilo knot posouvat. Olejov\u00e9 lampy byly d\u00edky n\u011bkolika vyn\u00e1lez\u016fm podstatn\u011b zdokonaleny v prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let 18. stolet\u00ed. V t\u00e9to dob\u011b p\u0159i\u0161li dva mu\u017ei na stejn\u00fd n\u00e1pad \u2013 zveden\u00ed ploch\u00e9ho knotu, jeho\u017e \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka zaji\u0161\u0165ovala v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sv\u00edtivost, a kter\u00fd bylo tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 l\u00e9pe posouvat kole\u010dkem. Lampy na v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 sv\u011btlo. Tyto lampy se objevovaly ji\u017e ve st\u0159edov\u011bku a v podstat\u011b v nezm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 podob\u011b je lze nal\u00e9zt v mnoha kostelech i v sou\u010dasnosti.<\/p>\n
Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee Evropa dlouho up\u0159ednost\u0148ovala zejm\u00e9na lampy vyroben\u00e9 z r\u016fzn\u00fdch kov\u016f. Zm\u00ednky o sklen\u011bn\u00fdch lamp\u00e1ch na v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 sv\u011btlo, pop\u0159. jejich vyobrazen\u00ed, nebo lampy dochovan\u00e9 se nepoda\u0159ilo zat\u00edm a\u017e do konce 18. stolet\u00ed dolo\u017eit. V 19. stolet\u00ed jako z\u00e1kladn\u00ed materi\u00e1l v\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch sv\u011btel ji\u017e p\u0159eva\u017eovalo sklo, \u010dasto v \u010derven\u00e9 barv\u011b.Tyto nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sklen\u011bn\u00e9 lampy na v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 sv\u011btlo byly dod\u00e1v\u00e1ny v jednoduch\u00fdch variant\u00e1ch s jednou miskou i v komplikovan\u00fdch sestav\u00e1ch n\u011bkolika z\u00e1v\u011bsn\u00fdch misek. Vedle kostel\u016f, kde byly pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny lampy v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch rozm\u011br\u016f, byly pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny i men\u0161\u00ed lampi\u010dky na v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 sv\u011btlo v dom\u00e1cnostech. V 19. stolet\u00ed zpravidla \u0161lo o sklen\u011bn\u00e9 n\u00e1dobky namontovan\u00e9 v dr\u017e\u00e1c\u00edch, kter\u00e9 byly ur\u010deny k postaven\u00ed na vodorovnou plochu nebo k zav\u011b\u0161en\u00ed na st\u011bnu. N\u011bkter\u00e1 z t\u011bchto sv\u00edtidel byla spojena i s obrazy svat\u00fdch.<\/p>\n
Vyn\u00e1lez petrolejov\u00e9 lampy a jej\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed v podstat\u011b zlikvidovaly masov\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed olejov\u00fdch lamp, kter\u00e9 petrolejky v mnoha sm\u011brech p\u0159ed\u010dily. Petrolejov\u00e9 lampy se za\u010daly u n\u00e1s pou\u017e\u00edvat kolem \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch let 19. stolet\u00ed. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku k nim byla mal\u00e1 d\u016fv\u011bra. \u0160la o nich zv\u011bst, jak jsou nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9, \u017ee z ni\u010deho nic bouchaj\u00ed a \u017ee od nich snadno chyt\u00ed cel\u00e9 staven\u00ed. V jedn\u00e9 rodov\u00e9 kronice si hospod\u00e1\u0159 o nich zapsal: \u201eNov\u00fdm sv\u011btlem \u2013 petrol\u00ednem, jsme za\u010dali sv\u00edtit v zim\u011b roku 1865. Libra petrol\u00ednu se prod\u00e1vala u materialisty za 29 krejcar\u016f. Ale nen\u00ed nad lou\u010de! S\u00edla pen\u011bz vych\u00e1z\u00ed za ten nov\u00fd olej…\u201c.<\/p>\n
Ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m osv\u011btlen\u00ed je rychle nahrazovaly plynov\u00e9 lampy. Olejov\u00e1 sv\u00edtidla zastarala zhruba v pr\u016fb\u011bhu jednoho desetilet\u00ed a pomalu jen dosluhovala tam, kde nebylo dostupn\u00e9 lep\u0161\u00ed osv\u011btlen\u00ed. P\u0159e\u017eila pouze v podob\u011b v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho sv\u011btla a drobn\u00fdch sv\u00edtidel funguj\u00edc\u00edch jako dekorace u dom\u00e1c\u00edch olt\u00e1\u0159\u00edk\u016f \u010di na stolech. Nyn\u00ed jsou u\u017e i v\u011b\u010dn\u00e1 sv\u011btla na elekt\u0159inu, a olejov\u00e9 lampi\u010dky tak z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed jen dekorativn\u00edm p\u0159edm\u011btem. Jen m\u00e1lokdo si ale dnes uv\u011bdomuje, jak nenahraditeln\u00e1 byla olejov\u00e1 sv\u00edtidla je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed asi 150 lety.<\/p>\n
Zdroj: PETR\u00c1\u0147, Josef, PETR\u00c1\u0147OV\u00c1, Lydia. D\u011bjiny hmotn\u00e9 kultury II. (1) : Kultura ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota od 16. do 18. stolet\u00ed, PhDr. Jitka Ln\u011bni\u010dkov\u00e1 – \u010casopis pro sv\u011btlo a osv\u011btlov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/p>\n
P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Lid, <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":185737,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/25\/Desktop1.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/123490"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=123490"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/123490\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":185736,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/123490\/revisions\/185736"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/185737"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=123490"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=123490"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=123490"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}