{"id":123365,"date":"2019-05-01T15:43:49","date_gmt":"2019-05-01T14:43:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=123365"},"modified":"2019-05-01T16:09:47","modified_gmt":"2019-05-01T15:09:47","slug":"stara-sumava-male-rucni-olejny-byvaly-u-mlynu-a-statku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=123365","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Mal\u00e9 ru\u010dn\u00ed olejny b\u00fdvaly u ml\u00fdn\u016f a statk\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 d\u00e1vno p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e za\u010dali chovat dobytek, sb\u00edrali olejnat\u00e1 semena a va\u0159ili z nich pol\u00e9vky a ka\u0161e. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm to byla zn\u00e1m\u00e1 a obl\u00edben\u00e1 ka\u0161e semencov\u00e1 z konopn\u00e9ho semene. A nebylo to j\u00eddlo skromn\u00e9, va\u0159ila se s pivem, zlep\u0161ovala se o\u0159echy, ko\u0159enila bezov\u00fdm kv\u011btem i mu\u0161k\u00e1tem a sladila se medem.<\/h6>\n

Semencov\u00e1 ka\u0161e \u010di pol\u00e9vka byla j\u00eddla postn\u00ed a sta\u0159\u00ed \u010cechov\u00e9 je j\u00eddali po cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed. K p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b postn\u00edch j\u00eddel se pou\u017e\u00edval i m\u00e1k, kter\u00fd se u n\u00e1s p\u011bstoval tak\u00e9 oded\u00e1vna. Z m\u00e1ku se p\u0159ipravoval lidov\u00fd pokrm “moumelich”. V hrnku ml\u00e9ka se rozm\u00edchal m\u00e1k a podle chuti se osladil. Jedl se studen\u00fd s buchtou, nebo se j\u00edm pol\u00e9valy buchti\u010dky. Tato a mnoh\u00e1 jin\u00e1 prastar\u00e1 j\u00eddla z olejnat\u00fdch semen ji\u017e zcela vymizela, snad a\u017e na starod\u00e1vn\u00fd l\u00e9k proti ka\u0161li. Na ten sta\u0159enky va\u0159ily z ln\u011bn\u00e9ho sem\u00ednka \u0159\u00eddk\u00fd “\u0161lem”, p\u0159ecedily jej, p\u0159idaly lipov\u00fd \u010daj a med.<\/p>\n

Mastn\u00e1 sem\u00ednka se vyu\u017e\u00edvala tak\u00e9 na v\u00fdrobu olej\u016f. Jejich spot\u0159eba byla u n\u00e1s zna\u010dn\u00e1 a tak kdysi vzkv\u00e9tala zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u017eivnost olejn\u00edk\u016f. Krom\u011b dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed oleje tlu\u010den\u00edm a lisov\u00e1n\u00edm mastn\u00fdch semen prod\u00e1vali i hr\u00e1ch, j\u00e1hly, kroupy \u010di m\u00e1k.<\/p>\n

Primitivn\u011b vyroben\u00fd rostlinn\u00fd olej b\u00fdval, a\u017e do n\u00e1stupu petroleje, \u010dadiv\u00fdm sv\u00edtidlem, hlavn\u011b v\u0161ak b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm postn\u00edm omastkem. Tla\u010d\u00edvaly se oleje “v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed”, “ostatkov\u00e9”, “pa\u0161ijov\u00e9” \u010di “pomazan\u00e9”. Hlavn\u00ed surovinou k jejich v\u00fdrob\u011b bylo konop\u00ed a pak len. Ob\u011b rostliny se pro dvoj\u00ed u\u017eitek p\u011bstovaly hojn\u011b a\u017e do 19. stolet\u00ed. Teprve lacin\u00e1 z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00e1 bavlna a um\u011bl\u00e9 tuky z levn\u00fdch tropick\u00fdch surovin je skoro nadobro vytla\u010dily.<\/p>\n

Konop\u00ed je rostlina zna\u010dn\u011b teplomiln\u00e1, pot\u0159ebuje hlubokou, humusovitou p\u016fdu. Zato \u00fatl\u00fd len je dosti otu\u017eil\u00fd a da\u0159\u00ed se mu skoro v ka\u017ed\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b. Zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed lnu na vl\u00e1kna bylo pracn\u00e9 a slo\u017eit\u00e9. Vytrhan\u00fd len se nechal uschnout, na drhlenu (vysok\u00e9m h\u0159ebenu) se zbavil tobolek, pak se rosil, m\u00e1\u010del, su\u0161il a l\u00e1mal trdlic\u00ed. Teprve potom se pot\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm odd\u011blovalo pazde\u0159\u00ed. Z\u00edskan\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna se spl\u00e9tala v panenky a d\u00e1le sp\u0159\u00e1dala v nit\u011b.<\/p>\n

Do prvn\u00ed pol. 19. stolet\u00ed spad\u00e1 kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da dal\u0161\u00edho olejnat\u00e9ho semene \u0159epky olejky. P\u0159i p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed i sklizni vy\u017eadovala obzvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di, a tak byla u lidu pom\u011brn\u011b neobl\u00edben\u00e1. \u0158epkov\u00fd olej se vyr\u00e1b\u011bl hlavn\u011b v tov\u00e1rn\u00e1ch, kde\u017eto v rukod\u00edln\u00fdch olejn\u00e1ch se tla\u010dil olej konopn\u00fd nebo ln\u011bn\u00fd. Jen p\u0159i nedostatku t\u011bchto surovin se lisoval olej \u0159epkov\u00fd, bukvicov\u00fd, makov\u00fd, ze \u0161vestkov\u00fdch jader…<\/p>\n

Star\u00e9 prameny uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee pokud byl bukvicov\u00fd olej lisov\u00e1n za studena, z \u010derstv\u00fdch a loupan\u00fdch bukvic, byl lahodn\u00fd a vo\u0148av\u00fd, pr\u016fzra\u010dn\u00fd a p\u0159irovn\u00e1vali jej k olivov\u00e9mu oleji. Star\u00e1 technika lisov\u00e1n\u00ed byla naplno vyu\u017eita i b\u011bhem 1. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, kdy bylo zak\u00e1z\u00e1no bukvicemi krmit dobytek. Dom\u00e1c\u00ed v\u00fdroba oleje se zachovala a\u017e do 20. stolet\u00ed<\/p>\n

“Jakmile za\u010dala sezona va\u0159en\u00ed \u0161vestkov\u00fdch povidel, schov\u00e1vala babi\u010dka pe\u010dliv\u011b v\u0161echny pecky ze \u0161vestek. M\u00edvala jich na p\u016fd\u011b, kde je su\u0161ila, rozprost\u0159enou velkou hromadu. V zim\u011b se j\u00e1dra vytloukala klad\u00edvkem a znovu su\u0161ila. Z t\u011bch potom si dala babi\u010dka ve stup\u00e1rn\u011b vytla\u010dit olej. M\u011bla ho v\u017edy velkou bandasku – byl to lahodn\u00fd, vonn\u00fd a vydatn\u00fd olej, kter\u00fd v\u011bru st\u00e1l za tu pr\u00e1ci. Buchti\u010dky na n\u011bm pe\u010den\u00e9 a sma\u017een\u00e9 m\u011bly rajsky k\u0159upav\u00e9 k\u016fr\u010di\u010dky.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Mal\u00e9 ru\u010dn\u00ed olejny b\u00fdvaly p\u016fvodn\u011b rozesety po cel\u00e9m kraji u ml\u00fdn\u016f a statk\u016f. Uchov\u00e1vala se v nich st\u00e1le p\u016fvodn\u00ed primitivn\u00ed v\u00fdroba ve d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch stoup\u00e1ch. Stoupy b\u00fdvaly mohutn\u00e9 a dlouh\u00e9 d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 kl\u00e1dy, kter\u00e9 sahaly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 p\u0159es celou d\u00edlnu a st\u00e1ly v \u0159ad\u011b vedle sebe. Byly to dvouramenn\u00e9 p\u00e1ky pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se na vodorovn\u00e9m \u010depu. Na del\u0161\u00edm konci – hlav\u011b – m\u011bly mohutn\u00fd kovem obit\u00fd \u0161palek, kter\u00fd dopadal do trochu v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed prohlubn\u011b, vydlaban\u00e9 v dubov\u00e9m tr\u00e1mu (podkladu \u010di \u0161toku). B\u00fdvaly vylo\u017eeny plechem a asi 40 cm hlubok\u00e9. Do t\u011bchto prohlubn\u00ed se sypalo semeno vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 a dob\u0159e usu\u0161en\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Stoupy poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 \u0161lap\u00e1n\u00edm drtily sem\u00ednka na mou\u010dku. Takto rozm\u011bln\u011bn\u00e1 padala do peka\u0159sk\u00fdch necek zvan\u00fdch “lo\u010f” a tam se “ratila”, toti\u017e kropila a rukou hn\u011btla, a\u017e se voda do mou\u010dky vs\u00e1kla. Prohn\u011bten\u00e1 mou\u010dka se pak za st\u00e1l\u00e9ho m\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed pra\u017eila 6-8 minut na ro\u0161t\u011b. Je\u0161t\u011b tepl\u00e1 se smetla do pokrutnice. Byl to siln\u00fd a velk\u00fd \u017eelezn\u00fd hrnec, ale beze dna. Zasadil se na vypoukl\u00e9 dno \u017eelezn\u00e9 lopaty, p\u0159ipjal se petlic\u00ed a zakryl \u017eelezn\u00fdm d\u00fdnkem. Pak se tato forma vlo\u017eila vodorovn\u011b do lisu – s dnem i d\u00fdnkem po stran\u00e1ch. V\u0161echno se d\u011blo rychle a za tepla.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se lis sev\u0159el, tla\u010dil na d\u00fdnko, a to zase na mou\u010dku, a\u017e z n\u00ed za\u010dal vyst\u0159ikovat olej, kter\u00fd se shroma\u017e\u010foval dole v d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9m kor\u00fdtku. Tento lis se skl\u00e1dal op\u011bt ze dvou mohutn\u00fdch dubov\u00fdch kl\u00e1d a pohyboval se velk\u00fdm kolem, je\u017e rozt\u00e1\u010deli dva siln\u00ed chlapi. “V kl\u00e1d\u00e1ch to jen st\u00e9nalo a praskalo, kdo to vid\u011bl poprv\u00e9, \u010dekal, \u017ee ka\u017edou chv\u00edli n\u011bco ulet\u00ed.”<\/em><\/p>\n

\u010cerstv\u00e9mu oleji byla p\u0159isuzov\u00e1na zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed moc a hospodyn\u011b na n\u011bm pekly buchty a l\u00edvance, kde\u017eto star\u0161\u00ed olej se d\u00e1val jen do kolomaze a tak\u00e9 se j\u00edm sv\u00edtilo. A to je pr\u00e1v\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd rozd\u00edl proti modern\u00edm olej\u016fm, kter\u00e9 se lisuj\u00ed ve velk\u00e9m a m\u00e1lokdy se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed opravdu \u010derstv\u00e9. Dal\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edl spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdrob\u011b. V tov\u00e1rn\u00e1ch se oleje vyr\u00e1b\u00ed lisov\u00e1n\u00edm a tak\u00e9 extrakc\u00ed, toti\u017e vyluhov\u00e1n\u00edm v chemick\u00fdch rozpou\u0161t\u011bdlech. Olej se z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 t\u00edm lep\u0161\u00ed a hodnotn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm men\u0161\u00edho tlaku se p\u0159i lisov\u00e1n\u00ed u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 a \u010d\u00edm p\u0159i ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed teplot\u011b se pracuje.<\/p>\n

D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 kl\u00ednov\u00e9 lisy nemohly vyvinout takov\u00fd tlak jako modern\u00ed hydraulick\u00e9 lisy. A tak\u00e9 teplota, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 se ve star\u00fdch d\u00edln\u00e1ch mou\u010dka pra\u017eila, byla m\u00edrn\u00e1 a stejnom\u011brn\u00e1. Nav\u00edc nebylo pot\u0159eba olej \u010distit ani b\u00edlit, nebo\u0165 na jeho vzhled nebylo takov\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f… Proto si lid dom\u00e1c\u00edho oleje velice v\u00e1\u017eil, p\u0159isuzoval mu dokonce l\u00e9\u010divou moc a d\u00edky oleji se pr\u00fd udr\u017eelo mnoho lid\u00ed na\u017eivu v dob\u011b hladu. Tuk pat\u0159\u00ed ke t\u0159em z\u00e1kladn\u00edm \u017eivin\u00e1m a je proto d\u016fle\u017eitou slo\u017ekou lidov\u00e9 stravy – po chlebu a ml\u00e9ku uhrazuje nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u010det pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch kalori\u00ed. Ji\u017e d\u00e1vno n\u00e1m jej nedod\u00e1vaj\u00ed rostliny, n\u00fdbr\u017e dom\u00e1c\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata, a to vep\u0159 i husa sv\u00fdm s\u00e1dlem a hlavn\u011b kr\u00e1va sv\u00fdm plnotu\u010dn\u00fdm ml\u00e9kem.<\/p>\n

Zdroj: Hana Okurkov\u00e1<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Na\u0161i <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":158908,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/01\/r\u00e1me\u010dek-olejny.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/123365"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=123365"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/123365\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":158909,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/123365\/revisions\/158909"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/158908"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=123365"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=123365"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=123365"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}