{"id":123082,"date":"2020-02-16T15:56:54","date_gmt":"2020-02-16T14:56:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=123082"},"modified":"2020-02-16T15:56:54","modified_gmt":"2020-02-16T14:56:54","slug":"stara-sumava-vandrovnici-a-vandrovni-knihy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=123082","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Vandrovn\u00edci a vandrovn\u00ed knihy"},"content":{"rendered":"

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.Kdy\u017e tovary\u0161 z d\u00edla vystoup\u00ed, m\u00e1 poskytovatel pr\u00e1ce s d\u011bln\u00edkem a s vandrovnickou kn\u00ed\u017ekou k vrchnosti doj\u00edti a tam v\u011btn\u011b udati \u010das, jak dlouho d\u011bln\u00edk v d\u00edle byl, a jestli znale nebo \u0161ikovn\u011b, piln\u011b a v\u011brn\u011b se zachoval, m\u00e1 tyto vlastnosti potvrditi, a vrchnost ob\u00e9 do vandrovnick\u00e9 kn\u00ed\u017eky vepsati. Kdyby v\u0161ak vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed z ohledu t\u011bchto vlastnost\u00ed chvalitebn\u00e9 nebylo, m\u00e1 se jen jak dlouho v d\u00edle aneb z nad\u0159e\u010den\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed jen to vepsati, co by k prosp\u011bchu d\u011bln\u00edkovu slou\u017eilo…<\/h6>\n

Ve v\u00fdvoji \u0159emesel doch\u00e1zelo cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed k velk\u00e9mu zlep\u0161en\u00ed, k n\u011bmu\u017e p\u0159isp\u011bli nemalou m\u011brou i tovary\u0161i na vandru, kte\u0159\u00ed putovali od m\u011bsta k m\u011bstu. Podm\u00ednkou, aby se z tovary\u0161e stal mistr, bylo pr\u00e1v\u011b to, \u017ee se mus\u00ed vydat do sv\u011bta na zku\u0161enou. Na vandru se nau\u010dil zn\u00e1t je\u0161t\u011b l\u00e9pe sv\u00e9 \u0159emeslo, z\u00edsk\u00e1val zku\u0161enosti, poznal jin\u00e9 lidi a zvyky. Pokud nebylo v cechovn\u00edch pravidlech stanoveno, \u017ee mus\u00ed tovary\u0161 j\u00edt na vandr, mohl z\u016fstat u sv\u00e9ho mistra a nepot\u0159eboval ani v\u00fdu\u010dn\u00ed list.<\/p>\n

Vandr byl povinn\u00fd a\u017e od 16. stolet\u00ed. Kdy\u017e tovary\u0161 na\u0161el m\u00edsto, kde by cht\u011bl z\u016fstat, nejd\u0159\u00edve za\u0161el do cechovn\u00ed hospody, kter\u00e1 byla centrem cel\u00e9ho cechu. Vyhledal hospod\u00e1\u0159e a ten na\u0159\u00eddil star\u0161\u00edm tovary\u0161sk\u00fdm organizac\u00edm, aby vandrovn\u00edka vzali do hospody, kde mu dali naj\u00edst a na\u0161li mu pr\u00e1ci. Tovary\u0161 jim uk\u00e1zal v\u00fdu\u010dn\u00ed list, star\u0161\u00ed tovary\u0161i ho prozkoumali a teprve pot\u00e9 mu podali ruku. Tak\u00e9 se ho ptali, jak se chovaj\u00ed jin\u00ed na vandru nebo jak jsou na tom \u0159emesla v jin\u00fdch m\u011bstech. Vandrovn\u00edk m\u011bl tak\u00e9 db\u00e1t na sv\u00e9 oble\u010den\u00ed, proto\u017ee v obno\u0161en\u00fdch v\u011bcech mohl vypadat p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 podez\u0159ele.<\/p>\n

V 17. stolet\u00ed byla v \u0161enku tabule, kde byli mist\u0159i zaps\u00e1ni a podle po\u0159ad\u00ed se p\u0159ij\u00edmali tovary\u0161i. Star\u0161\u00ed tovary\u0161 nebo cechovn\u00ed posel vzal filec tovary\u0161e a dovedl ho do d\u00edlny. Kdy\u017e ale pr\u00e1ce nebyla, dostal tovary\u0161 n\u011bjak\u00e9 pen\u00edze a ode\u0161el jinam. V 16. stolet\u00ed tovary\u0161 nesm\u011bl dva t\u00fddny hledat pr\u00e1ci u jin\u00e9ho mistra, a kdy\u017e nesd\u011blil p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu, pro\u010d ode\u0161el od mistra, nesm\u011bl ji\u017e b\u00fdt ve stejn\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b zam\u011bstn\u00e1n. Kdy\u017e cht\u011bl tovary\u0161 z\u016fstat u stejn\u00e9ho mistra, po \u010dtrn\u00e1cti dnech se domluvili a na dal\u0161\u00edm shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed byl p\u0159ijat do spolku v \u201eslavnostn\u00edm \u0161enku\u201c. Do cechovn\u00ed pokladnice slo\u017eil jeden a\u017e p\u011bt m\u00ed\u0161e\u0148sk\u00fdch gro\u0161\u016f.<\/p>\n

Slavnostn\u00ed \u0161enk prob\u00edhal v ned\u011bli a nov\u00fd p\u0159ijat\u00fd nesm\u011bl odej\u00edt d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e pod\u011bkoval ostatn\u00edm star\u0161\u00edm tovary\u0161\u016fm za pomoc. To sam\u00e9 prob\u00edhalo, kdy\u017e se tovary\u0161 rozhodl putovat d\u00e1l. Sv\u00e9mu mistrovi musel d\u00e1t v\u011bd\u011bt p\u0159edem, pokud cht\u011bl \u201eodpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed\u201c dostat. Rozlou\u010dil se s mistrem, mistrovou a se star\u0161\u00edmi tovary\u0161i v cechovn\u00ed hospod\u011b, kde dal gro\u0161. Gro\u0161 star\u0161\u00ed cechovn\u00ed organizace p\u0159ijala, kdy\u017e zjistila, \u017ee se tovary\u0161 roze\u0161el v dobr\u00e9m s mistrem. Z pokladnice pak cechovn\u00ed mistr p\u0159inesl vandrovn\u00ed kn\u00ed\u017eku. Ve\u010der m\u011bli dorazit ke stravovn\u00e1m, kde p\u0159edlo\u017eili vandrovn\u00ed kn\u00ed\u017eku a dostali ve\u010de\u0159i a nocleh.<\/p>\n

Vandrovnick\u00e9 kn\u00ed\u017eky neboli Wanderbuchy dost\u00e1vali tovary\u0161i, kte\u0159\u00ed vykonali tovary\u0161skou zkou\u0161ku a vyd\u00e1vali se do sv\u011bta na zku\u0161enou. Funkce vandrovnick\u00fdch kn\u00ed\u017eek byla n\u011bkoliker\u00e1. Slou\u017eily jako p\u0159edch\u016fdce cestovn\u00edch pas\u016f i jako doklad, do kter\u00e9ho se vkl\u00e1dalo pracovn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed tovary\u0161e. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se jednalo o pr\u016fkaz, na jeho\u017e z\u00e1klad\u011b bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 osobu identifikovat, nebo\u0165 v n\u011bm byl obsa\u017een popis osoby a vlastnoru\u010dn\u00ed podpis.<\/p>\n

S vandrovnick\u00fdmi kn\u00ed\u017ekami, kter\u00e9 byly c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdm dekretem roku 1827 zavedeny v cel\u00e9 monarchii, se mohli tovary\u0161i pohybovat voln\u011b po cel\u00e9 tehdej\u0161\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Kn\u00ed\u017eka jim d\u00e1vala na d\u016fv\u011bryhodnosti, aby nebyli pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za ni\u010demn\u00e9 \u201elidi sv\u011btem jdouc\u00ed\u201c. Tovary\u0161i na cest\u00e1ch se jimi prokazovali u mistr\u016f, u kter\u00fdch hledali pr\u00e1ci nebo hmotnou \u010di finan\u010dn\u00ed podporu. Po skon\u010den\u00ed pracovn\u00edho pom\u011bru mistr u\u010dinil do kn\u00ed\u017eky z\u00e1pis, kter\u00fd musela zpravidla potvrdit vrchnostensk\u00e1 kancel\u00e1\u0159.<\/p>\n

Pokud se n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed tovary\u0161i odd\u00e1vali potulce a vyh\u00fdbali se pr\u00e1ci, b\u00fdvali posl\u00e1ni postrkem na hnaneck\u00fd pas do sv\u00e9 domovsk\u00e9 obce, kter\u00e1 byla o tovary\u0161ov\u011b nevhodn\u00e9m chov\u00e1n\u00ed na vandru zpravena. St\u00e1tn\u00ed apar\u00e1t se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b ob\u00e1val i toho, aby vandrovn\u00edci nenas\u00e1kli na cest\u00e1ch st\u00e1tu nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi my\u0161lenkami. Bylo proto vandrovn\u00edk\u016fm zak\u00e1z\u00e1no se \u00fa\u010dastnit \u010dinnosti nepovolen\u00fdch spolk\u016f a jin\u00fdch zlo\u0159\u00e1d\u016f proti st\u00e1tn\u00edmu z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed formou persekuce potom byl z\u00e1kaz pracovn\u00edho p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve v\u0161ech st\u00e1tech n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho spolku.<\/p>\n

Vandrovn\u00edci z \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed ponejv\u00edce cestovali po zem\u00edch monarchie, jejich touhou bylo spat\u0159it mo\u0159e a proto nez\u0159\u00eddka jejich kroky m\u00ed\u0159ily do dnes severoitalsk\u00e9ho Terstu. \u010casto se ale pou\u0161t\u011bli t\u00e9\u017e do n\u011bmeck\u00fdch zem\u00ed a v\u00fdjimkou nejsou vandrovnick\u00e9 cesty spojen\u00e9 s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi pout\u011bmi do \u0158\u00edma, francouzsk\u00fdch Lurd \u010di dokonce do Jeruzal\u00e9ma k Bo\u017e\u00edmu hrobu.<\/p>\n

Zdroj: JAN\u00c1\u010cEK, Josef. \u0158emesln\u00e1 v\u00fdroba v \u010desk\u00fdch m\u011bstech v 16. stolet\u00ed. Praha: \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 akademie v\u011bd, 1961, s. 232.<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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