{"id":121980,"date":"2019-02-19T10:05:27","date_gmt":"2019-02-19T09:05:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=121980"},"modified":"2019-02-19T10:05:27","modified_gmt":"2019-02-19T09:05:27","slug":"stara-sumava-povidani-o-masopustu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=121980","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Pov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed o masopustu"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Masopust za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 ukon\u010den\u00edm doby v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed prvn\u00ed ned\u011bli po sv\u00e1tku T\u0159\u00ed kr\u00e1l\u016f (v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech se j\u00ed \u0159\u00edkalo Telec\u00ed) a kon\u010d\u00ed p\u0159ed Popele\u010dn\u00ed st\u0159edou, kterou nast\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010dty\u0159icetidenn\u00ed p\u016fst p\u0159ed Bo\u017e\u00edm hodem velikono\u010dn\u00edm. Ten spad\u00e1 na prvn\u00ed ned\u011bli po prvn\u00edm jarn\u00edm \u00fapl\u0148ku a z toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 i ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b se m\u011bn\u00edc\u00ed masopustn\u00ed obdob\u00ed. Jeho d\u00e9lka se m\u011bn\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na Velikonoc\u00edch.<\/h6>\n

Masopustn\u00ed ned\u011ble m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v dob\u011b od 8. \u00fanora a\u017e do 16. b\u0159ezna, co\u017e je nejzaz\u0161\u00ed term\u00edn. V\u0161e se odvozuje od prvn\u00edho \u00fapl\u0148ku a od v\u00fdpo\u010dtu velikono\u010dn\u00ed ned\u011ble. Proto\u017ee jsou Velikonoce sv\u00e1tkem pohybliv\u00fdm, zva\u017eovala stanoven\u00ed pevn\u00e9ho data Ekumenick\u00e1 rada na p\u00e1t\u00e9m valn\u00e9m shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed c\u00edrkv\u00ed konan\u00e9m v roce 1975 v Nairobi. Jako jednu z variant zva\u017eovala datum 9. dubna, jako mo\u017en\u00e9 datum Kristova z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9ho zmrtv\u00fdchvst\u00e1n\u00ed. Od tohoto data by se odpo\u010d\u00edtalo 40 dn\u00ed doby velikono\u010dn\u00ed, postn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm aspektem d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm pro v\u00fdpo\u010det Velikonoc, pota\u017emo masopustu, je devaten\u00e1ctilet\u00fd cyklus tzv. zlat\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla, kdy se nesm\u00ed slavit Velikono\u010dn\u00ed ned\u011ble dvakr\u00e1t v nejzaz\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9m term\u00ednu, tedy 25. dubna; mus\u00ed b\u00fdt, pokud takov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad nastane jedna z Velikono\u010dn\u00edch ned\u011bl\u00ed o t\u00fdden p\u0159esunuta.<\/p>\n

V \u010cech\u00e1ch poch\u00e1z\u00ed z\u0159ejm\u011b nejstar\u0161\u00ed zm\u00ednka o masopustu z druh\u00e9 poloviny 13. stolet\u00ed od Vlacha Henrica de Isernia, kter\u00fd p\u016fsobil ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch P\u0159emysla Otakara II. Zmi\u0148uje se, \u017ee posledn\u00ed t\u0159i dny masopustu propuk\u00e1 v\u0161ude bujn\u00e9 vesel\u00ed. Masopust slavili v\u0161ichni, od nejchud\u0161\u00edch po panovn\u00edky. \u010ce\u0161t\u00ed kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 vystrojovali bujar\u00e9 hostiny, kam zvali nejen \u0161lechtu, ale pozd\u011bji i z\u00e1stupce m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho stavu.<\/p>\n

V \u010cech\u00e1ch jsou nejstar\u0161\u00ed zm\u00ednky o rozpustil\u00fdch veselic\u00edch ze 13. stolet\u00ed, v\u011bt\u0161inou v kritick\u00e9m t\u00f3nu, s v\u00fdhradami k nadm\u011brn\u00e9mu pit\u00ed, nest\u0159\u00eddmosti v j\u00eddle, bl\u00e1zniv\u00fdm kousk\u016fm a rozpustil\u00fdm p\u00edsn\u00edm. Tom\u00e1\u0161 \u0160t\u00edtn\u00fd ze \u0160t\u00edtn\u00e9ho nazval hod masopustn\u00ed hodem \u010f\u00e1belsk\u00fdm. V roce 1393 napsal v \u0158e\u010di ned\u011bln\u00ed a sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed: \u201eBl\u00e1znov\u00e9 vesel\u00ed v tento \u010das zl\u00fdm oby\u010dejem\u2026 Slav\u00ed masopust v ob\u017eestvie, v smilnej \u017e\u00e1dosti\u2026 Libuj\u00ed si v \u0161eredn\u00fdch \u0159e\u010dech a libuj\u00ed si zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v \u0161eredn\u00fdch piesniech\u2026\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Lid\u00e9 se v\u0161ak cht\u011bli bavit a veselice a tancova\u010dky se st\u0159\u00eddaly se svatbami, zabija\u010dkami a hodov\u00e1n\u00edm. Z cel\u00e9ho masopustn\u00edho obdob\u00ed se nejv\u00edce slavily ostatky, kon\u010diny (t\u00e9\u017e \u201ebl\u00e1zniv\u00e9 dny\u201c, \u201edny bl\u00e1znov\u00e9\u201c), tj. masopustn\u00ed ned\u011ble, pond\u011bl\u00ed a \u00fater\u00fd, je\u017e b\u00fdvaly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za dny sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed, kdy chodily n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy. \u010cele\u010f tehdy dost\u00e1vala volno a ve 40. letech se ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch ani nevyu\u010dovalo.<\/p>\n

Historick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy o p\u0159estrojov\u00e1n\u00ed do bl\u00e1znov\u00fdch kukel, zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed podoby, do masek opa\u010dn\u00e9ho pohlav\u00ed jsou bezesporu tak\u00e9 zaj\u00edmav\u00e9. Prvn\u00ed zm\u00ednky o \u0161krabo\u0161ce u n\u00e1s poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z roku 1493 ze Star\u00fdch letopis\u016f. \u201eV 15. v\u011bku ma\u0161ka\u0159i\u2026 nebr\u00e1vali na sebe lid\u00ed, jako dnes se d\u011bje, kroj star\u00fdch za\u0161l\u00fdch dob anebo kroj ciz\u00edch n\u00e1rod\u016fv, alebr\u017e p\u0159er\u00e1di strojili se za zv\u00ed\u0159ata, za opice, medv\u011bdy, pt\u00e1ky a v\u0161elijak\u00e9 potvory. A kdy\u017e neolepili se po v\u0161em t\u011ble chlupy, pe\u0159\u00edm slamou, hoblova\u010dkami, alespo\u0148 larvou sna\u017eili se b\u00fdti ma\u0161karem zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edm. S\u00e1hl-li ma\u0161kar ke kostymu lidsk\u00e9mu, to nejsp\u00ed\u0161 prom\u011bnil p\u0159i n\u011bm jenom st\u0159ih: tedy m\u00edsto \u00fazk\u00fdch nohavic 15. v\u011bku vzal na sebe nohavice velmi \u0161irok\u00e9, nebo co\u017e bylo je\u0161t\u011b prost\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, obr\u00e1til oby\u010dejn\u00fd \u0161at naruby a \u0161el na ulici na karneval.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

V 15. stolet\u00ed vystoupilo proti tomuto sv\u00e1tku mnoho mravok\u00e1rc\u016f, mj. Petr Chel\u010dick\u00fd a Jan Hus. P\u0159esto se masopustn\u00ed karnevaly zachovaly a do dov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed se aktivn\u011b zapojovaly i \u017eeny, dokonce si na sebe braly mu\u017esk\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti od\u011bvu. Tak roku 1522 se v Jihlav\u011b m\u011b\u0161\u0165anky obl\u00e9kly do mu\u017esk\u00fdch kalhot a ov\u011bsily se zrcadly. Pro obveselen\u00ed chodily \u017eeny s ko\u017eichem obr\u00e1cen\u00fdm naruby.<\/p>\n

V \u010cech\u00e1ch se po\u0159\u00e1daly mumraje (pr\u016fvody), kter\u00e9 vych\u00e1zely z karnevalov\u00e9 kultury. Ta se k n\u00e1m \u0161\u00ed\u0159ila hlavn\u011b z n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho a italsk\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u0161lechty a m\u011b\u0161\u0165anstva. Ve m\u011bstech byly i specifick\u00e9 z\u00e1bavy a pr\u016fvody \u0159emeslnick\u00fdch cech\u016f. Nap\u0159. \u010cen\u011bk Z\u00edbrt se zmi\u0148uje o \u0159ezn\u00edc\u00edch, kte\u0159\u00ed pr\u00fd chod\u00edvali \u201es ko\u017e\u00ed\u201c, provozovali masopustn\u00ed hry a tancovali p\u0159itom zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed tance. Petr Vok oby\u010dejn\u011b o masopustu, kdy se \u0159\u00eddil patrn\u011b ust\u00e1len\u00fdm zvykem po\u0159\u00e1dat tane\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1bavu, pozval se k n\u011bkter\u00e9mu sousedovi do T\u0159ebon\u011b a poru\u010dil, \u201ekte\u0159\u00ed m\u011b\u0161\u0165an\u00e9 s man\u017eelkami a dcerami maj\u00ed k tomu p\u0159ij\u00edti. Tu dal ze z\u00e1mku j\u00eddla, v\u00edno nositi a byl s nimi vesel. \u010casem muzika musela p\u0159i tom b\u00fdti a tancovalo se, \u010demu\u017e se p\u00e1n svou rozko\u0161\u00ed d\u00edval a kdo co na p\u00e1nu po\u017e\u00e1dal, v\u0161ecko obdr\u017eel.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Panovnick\u00e9 masopustn\u00ed reje se po t\u0159icetilet\u00e9 v\u00e1lce p\u0159enesly z Pra\u017esk\u00e9ho hradu na c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fd dv\u016fr do V\u00eddn\u011b. V 18. a 19. stolet\u00ed se ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnosti stalo m\u00f3dou po\u0159\u00e1dat selskou svatbu. Tak roku 1724 \u0161el ve V\u00eddni rakousk\u00fd c\u00edsa\u0159 s c\u00edsa\u0159ovnou za hospod\u00e1\u0159e a hospodyni, d\u00e1le zde byly masky \u017eenicha, nev\u011bsty, \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f, sedl\u00e1k\u016f z r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00ed, dud\u00e1\u0159, dud\u00e1\u0159ka. V roce 1725 byl p\u0159i selsk\u00e9 svatb\u011b p\u0159estrojen kn\u00ed\u017ee Auerperg za \u010desk\u00e9ho sedl\u00e1ka a hrab\u011b Harrach za han\u00e1ck\u00e9ho sedl\u00e1ka.<\/p>\n

Z masopustn\u00edch veselost\u00ed, tanc\u016f a p\u0159estrojov\u00e1n\u00ed se v polovin\u011b 18. stolet\u00ed vyvinuly podle ciz\u00edho vzoru zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed masopustn\u00ed z\u00e1bavy – reduty\/redouty a merendy. Prvn\u00ed v \u010cech\u00e1ch se konala roku 1752 v pra\u017esk\u00e9m pivovaru \u201eU Klepotu\u201c. Reduty byly p\u016fvodn\u011b ur\u010deny jen \u0161lechtic\u016fm, \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016fm, d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016fm a dal\u0161\u00edm vzne\u0161en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u00e1n\u016fm. Z Plzn\u011b m\u00e1me z\u00e1znamy, \u017ee takov\u00e9to tane\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1bavy byly naz\u00fdv\u00e1ny besedy, nebo tak\u00e9 assembl\u00e9e konan\u00e9 v divadle, kter\u00e9 bylo t\u00e9to p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti v\u017edy p\u0159izp\u016fsobeno.<\/p>\n

V masopustn\u00edm obdob\u00ed \u201eod roku 1862 po\u0159\u00e1daly se ma\u0161karn\u00ed redouty tak\u00e9 U c\u00edsa\u0159e rakousk\u00e9ho, tak\u017ee m\u011bla odtud Plze\u0148 redouty dvoj\u00ed. Dne 27. \u00fanora toho roku, po\u0159\u00e1dal se, jako\u017e i p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed l\u00e9ta, v\u011bne\u010dek U zlat\u00e9ho and\u011bla, m\u011bs\u00edc p\u0159ed t\u00edm bly bal par\u00e9 U zlat\u00e9ho orla. \u010cist\u00fd v\u00fdt\u011b\u017eek t\u0159\u00ed reuni\u00ed \u010dinil 571 zl. 95kr. Polovina v\u011bnovala se poho\u0159el\u00fdm v N\u00fdrsku, polovina m\u00edstn\u00edmu chudinsk\u00e9mu fondu.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Zdroj: Z\u00edbrt, \u010c. – Staro\u010desk\u00e9 v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00ed oby\u010deje, pov\u011bry, slavnosti a z\u00e1bavy proston\u00e1rodn\u00ed. Praha 1899 Mach\u00e1\u010dek, F.: Masopust na Plze\u0148sku. Plze\u0148 1913<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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  Masopust <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":153163,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/19\/r\u00e1mr\u010dek-pov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed-o-masopustu.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/121980"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=121980"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/121980\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":153164,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/121980\/revisions\/153164"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/153163"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=121980"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=121980"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=121980"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}