{"id":120507,"date":"2018-09-08T08:55:20","date_gmt":"2018-09-08T07:55:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=120507"},"modified":"2018-09-08T08:55:20","modified_gmt":"2018-09-08T07:55:20","slug":"stara-sumava-zapomenuti-cvockari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=120507","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Zapomenut\u00ed cvo\u010dka\u0159i"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Kraj, kter\u00fd je pod vl\u00e1dou les\u016f, zlata i \u017eelezn\u00e9 rudy, se lesn\u00ed opu\u0161t\u011bnost\u00ed podob\u00e1 d\u00e1vn\u00e9mu keltsk\u00e9mu Boiohemu. Je to kraj skl\u00e1\u0159\u016f, d\u0159eva\u0159\u016f, pytl\u00e1k\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch lid\u00ed a tajemn\u00fdch bytost\u00ed lesa. Na ja\u0159e zde rozkv\u00e9taj\u00ed louky pln\u00e9 modr\u00fdch kosatc\u016f, na podzim se sk\u00e1ly pokryt\u00e9 buky a duby barv\u00ed do \u017eluta a su\u0165ov\u00e1 pole pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 rajsk\u00e1 zahrada mech\u016f a li\u0161ejn\u00edk\u016f.<\/h6>\n

A p\u0159ece je v t\u011bchto kr\u00e1sn\u00fdch skalnatin\u00e1ch a \u0161edav\u00fdch horizontech n\u011bco studen\u00e9ho a skoro nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9ho \u2013 snad st\u00edny d\u00e1vn\u00fdch bojovn\u00edk\u016f, d\u00fdmy mil\u00ed\u0159\u016f, stra\u0161ideln\u00e9 pov\u011bsti o lesn\u00edch d\u00e9monech \u010di odlesk hornick\u00e9 a cvo\u010dka\u0159sk\u00e9 b\u00eddy…<\/p>\n

Tradi\u010dn\u00edm a historicky nejstar\u0161\u00edm kovov\u00fdm spojovac\u00edm prvkem je h\u0159eb \u010di h\u0159eb\u00edk. Cvo\u010dka\u0159stv\u00ed, ru\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdroba h\u0159eb\u00edk\u016f, r\u016fzn\u00fdch skob \u010di cvo\u010dk\u016f do bot je dnes u\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zapomenut\u00e9 \u0159emeslo, av\u0161ak s velmi dlouhou a zaj\u00edmavou histori\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pro cvo\u010dka\u0159e se u\u017e\u00edvalo r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1zv\u016f, jako nap\u0159. cvo\u010dk\u00e1\u0159, \u0161erka\u0159, n\u00e1gel\u0161m\u00edd, malokov\u00e1\u0159. Cvo\u010dka\u0159stv\u00ed a v\u00fdroba h\u0159eb\u00edk\u016f bylo jedno z nejtvrd\u0161\u00edch \u0159emesel 17.\u201320. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zaniklo po prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, kdy p\u0159evzaly celou v\u00fdrobu tov\u00e1rny. Cvoka\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0159emeslo obn\u00e1\u0161elo denn\u011b a\u017e 40 tis\u00edc \u00fader\u016f kladivem na jednoho cvoka\u0159e, co\u017e za t\u00fdden d\u011blalo asi 10 tis\u00edc h\u0159eb\u00edk\u016f. H\u0159eb\u00edky se li\u0161ily nejen svou velikost\u00ed, n\u00fdbr\u017e i ukov\u00e1n\u00edm sv\u00e9 hlavy podle toho, jak\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm m\u011bly slou\u017eit. Podle sv\u00e9 funkce byly naz\u00fdv\u00e1ny podla\u017en\u00edky, la\u0165ov\u00e9, prke\u0148\u00e1ky, podkov\u00e1ky, zatloukac\u00ed, vratov\u00e9, \u0161indel\u00e1ky, pantov\u00e1ky, r\u00e1mov\u00e9, r\u00e1kosn\u00edky, z\u00e1mkov\u00e9 a kolejnicov\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Ve star\u00fdch cen\u00edc\u00edch vyskytuj\u00ed se je\u0161t\u011b h\u0159eb\u00edky anglick\u00e9, rusk\u00e9, francouzsk\u00e9, n\u011bmeck\u00e9 a sask\u00e9. Rozd\u00edl mezi nimi spo\u010d\u00edval oby\u010dejn\u011b ve zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed hlavy. Jeden druh se naz\u00fdval er\u00e1rn\u00ed, proto\u017ee slou\u017eil k podkov\u00e1n\u00ed kon\u00ed. Cvoka\u0159i vyr\u00e1b\u011bli t\u00e9\u017e drobn\u00e9 h\u0159eb\u00edky pro pot\u0159eby obuvn\u00edk\u016f \u2013 zvan\u00e9 \u0161temlovan\u00e9 \u010di pifle \u2013 kter\u00e9 se zatloukaly do pode\u0161v\u00ed bot. Cvo\u010dky, jim\u017e se \u0159\u00edkalo slov\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e9, se p\u0159itloukaly do podkovek mu\u017esk\u00fdch a chlapeck\u00fdch bot. Pro cukrovary vyr\u00e1b\u011bli cvoka\u0159i cvoky poc\u00ednovan\u00e9, slou\u017eily ke sp\u00e1jen\u00ed homolov\u00fdch forem.<\/p>\n

Podle druhu h\u0159eb\u00edk\u016f byl jmenov\u00e1n zpo\u010d\u00e1tku i jejich v\u00fdrobce. Kdo vyr\u00e1b\u011bl mal\u00e9 h\u0159eb\u00edky, slul p\u016fvodn\u011b cvo\u010dka\u0159, v\u00fdrobce st\u0159edn\u00edch h\u0159eb\u00edk\u016f cvoka\u0159 a kov\u00e1\u0159 velk\u00fdch h\u0159eb\u016f naz\u00fdval se h\u0159eb\u00edk\u00e1\u0159. H\u0159eb\u00edky m\u016f\u017eeme v z\u00e1sad\u011b rozd\u011blit na ty s hlavou a bez hlavy, kter\u00fdm tak\u00e9 \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me kl\u00ednce. Ty s hlavou rozd\u011blujeme na h\u0159eb\u00edky s hlavou plochou a vypouklou. B\u00fdvaj\u00ed nepravideln\u011b kruhov\u00e9ho, ov\u00e1ln\u00e9ho nebo obd\u00e9ln\u00e9ho, \u010di \u010dtvercov\u00e9ho tvaru.<\/p>\n

D\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed h\u0159ebu je i jeho d\u0159\u00edk. M\u016f\u017eeme se setkat s d\u0159\u00edky hran\u011bn\u00fdmi, obd\u00e9ln\u00e9ho a \u010dtvercov\u00e9ho pr\u016f\u0159ezu i v\u00e1lcov\u00fdmi s pr\u016f\u0159ezem kruhov\u00fdm. H\u0159eb\u00edky s hlavami ploch\u00fdmi, horizont\u00e1ln\u00edmi, kdy hlava pravideln\u011b p\u0159esahuje patu d\u0159\u00edku, slou\u017eily hlavn\u011b k p\u0159ipev\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f. A\u0165 u\u017e se jednalo o plechy, r\u016fzn\u00e1 stavebn\u00ed kov\u00e1n\u00ed, k\u016f\u017ee a podobn\u011b. Typick\u00fdm stavebn\u00edm h\u0159eb\u00edkem byl ale h\u0159eb\u00edk s nepravideln\u011b kruhovou, horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed, vypouklou hlavou. Ty slou\u017eily ke spojov\u00e1n\u00ed a upev\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed. D\u0159\u00edky u nich vyb\u00edhaj\u00ed centricky ze spodn\u00ed plochy hlavy h\u0159eb\u00edku.<\/p>\n

M\u016f\u017eeme se ov\u0161em setkat s h\u0159eby s excentricky nasazen\u00fdm d\u0159\u00edkem, n\u011bkdy na sam\u00e9m okraji kruhov\u00e9 nebo obd\u00e9ln\u00e9 hlavy. Ty mohly slou\u017eit, nap\u0159\u00edklad, k zav\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f. K dal\u0161\u00edmu typu st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch stavebn\u00edch h\u0159eb\u00edk\u016f pat\u0159\u00ed h\u0159eb\u00edk k\u0159\u00eddlovit\u00fd, kter\u00e9mu tak\u00e9 \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me, d\u00edky jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed, h\u0159eb\u00edk la\u0165ov\u00fd. M\u00e1 horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed, protilehle roztepanou \u00fazkou hlavu a hran\u011bn\u00fd d\u0159\u00edk.<\/p>\n

V obdob\u00ed vrcholn\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bku byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za typick\u00e9 stavebn\u00ed h\u0159eb\u00edky, je\u017e slou\u017eily ke spojov\u00e1n\u00ed a upev\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Drobn\u00e9 k uchycen\u00ed krytiny stejn\u011b jako h\u0159eb\u00edky \u0161indelov\u00e9. Pr\u00e1v\u011b pro toto jejich podobn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed jsou mezi sebou zam\u011b\u0148ov\u00e1ny. H\u0159eb\u00edk \u0161indelov\u00fd m\u00e1 velmi drobnou vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed hlavu, ohnutou a\u017e h\u00e1\u010dkovitou, n\u011bkdy i zavinutou v o\u010dko. Dal\u0161\u00ed skupinou h\u0159eb\u00edk\u016f st\u0159edov\u011bku jsou h\u0159eb\u00edky bez hlavy (kl\u00ednce). Vlastn\u011b se jedn\u00e1 jen jakoby o d\u0159\u00edky h\u0159eb\u016f. U vrcholu v\u011bt\u0161inou masivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed s obd\u00e9ln\u00fdm, kruhov\u00fdm nebo troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00fdm pr\u016f\u0159ezem, kter\u00e9 se ke spodn\u00edmu konci rovnom\u011brn\u011b zu\u017euj\u00ed v obd\u00e9ln\u00e9m pr\u016f\u0159ezu. Je to h\u0159eb pro stavebn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed spoj\u016f, ov\u0161em drobn\u00e9 h\u0159eb\u00edky bezhlavicov\u00e9, n\u00e1levkovit\u00e9, se pou\u017e\u00edvaly jako podkov\u00e1ky.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e u\u017e tu p\u00ed\u0161u o podkov\u00e1ch, tak tam se pou\u017e\u00edvala ve st\u0159edov\u011bku cel\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la tvarov\u011b r\u016fzn\u00fdch h\u0159eb\u016f – podkov\u00e1k\u016f. Od 11. do 13. stolet\u00ed to byly hlavn\u011b h\u0159eby s hlavou plochou p\u016flkruhovou, ale tak\u00e9 plochou lichob\u011b\u017en\u00edkovou \u010di ve form\u011b jehlanu. Postupn\u011b se p\u0159id\u00e1valy drobn\u00e9 h\u0159eb\u00edky s hlavou k\u0159\u00eddlovitou, kladivovitou, vertik\u00e1ln\u011b hranolovitou a zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 h\u0159eby bezhlavicovit\u00e9 n\u00e1levkovit\u00e9. Ne v\u0161echny h\u0159eb\u00edky m\u016f\u017eeme v dobov\u00fdch iluminac\u00edch a obr\u00e1zc\u00edch p\u0159esn\u011b identifikovat. Jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed n\u00e1m sp\u00ed\u0161e objas\u0148uj\u00ed archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy v r\u016fzn\u00fdch situac\u00edch. M\u016f\u017eete si prohl\u00e9dnout jen to, co d\u00e1vn\u00ed um\u011blci pova\u017eovali v dan\u00e9 dob\u011b za d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Zdroj typologie: R. Kraj\u00edce, Rossy, JIR\u00c1SEK, Jind\u0159ich. Cvoka\u0159i: o zanikl\u00e9m \u0159emesle z ro\u017emit\u00e1lsk\u00e9ho \u00fadol\u00ed, Ko\u0159an Jan, Star\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 \u017eelez\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, Pr\u00e1ce, Praha 1946, Winter 1909<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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  Kraj, <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":139756,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/08\/r\u00e1me\u010dek-cvo\u010dka\u0159i.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120507"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=120507"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120507\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":139757,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120507\/revisions\/139757"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/139756"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=120507"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=120507"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=120507"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}