{"id":119952,"date":"2019-01-25T09:05:33","date_gmt":"2019-01-25T08:05:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=119952"},"modified":"2019-01-25T09:05:33","modified_gmt":"2019-01-25T08:05:33","slug":"stara-sumava-jak-skla-v-okna-sazeti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=119952","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Jak skla v okna s\u00e1zeti"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Od st\u0159edov\u011bku se ploch\u00e9 \u010dili tabulov\u00e9 sklo vyr\u00e1b\u011blo zp\u016fsobem, \u017ee skl\u00e1\u0159 vyfoukl skl\u00e1\u0159 ba\u0148ku, po odd\u011blen\u00ed od p\u00ed\u0161\u0165aly ji p\u0159ilepil na \u201e\u017eel\u00edzko\u201c a po op\u011btovn\u00e9m zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed vytvaroval do kotou\u010de p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edho m\u011bs\u00edc v \u00fapl\u0148ku. Odtud n\u00e1zev m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed sklo. A\u017e do 18. stolet\u00ed se tak vyr\u00e1b\u011bla k zaskl\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed oken b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1, do olova vkl\u00e1dan\u00e1 prohl\u00e9dac\u00ed kole\u010dka.<\/span><\/h6>\n

Do dne\u0161n\u00edch dob se v t\u011bchto oblastech dochovaly jako sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o skl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b n\u00e1zvy m\u011bste\u010dek a vesnic \u2013 Skl\u00e1\u0159e, Skeln\u00e1 hu\u0165, Star\u00e9 hut\u011b a podobn\u011b. Pocit pohody vytv\u00e1\u0159ela u\u017e od prad\u00e1vna st\u0159echa nad hlavou. Ch\u00fd\u0161e byla opat\u0159ena dve\u0159mi, ale bez oken. Se stavbou prvn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edbytk\u016f vyvstala nutnost osv\u011btlen\u00ed. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku byly okenn\u00ed otvory opat\u0159en\u00e9 pouze okenicemi bez jak\u00e9koliv v\u00fdpln\u011b, jimi\u017e zven\u010d\u00ed vydatn\u011b foukalo. Kdy\u017e byly zav\u0159en\u00e9, byla tma. Teprve pozd\u011bji se vlastn\u011b vyvinula zasklen\u00e1 okna. <\/span><\/p>\n

Okna se zakr\u00fdvala zpo\u010d\u00e1tku v\u0161elijak. Tkaninami, pergamenem, zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edmi m\u011bch\u00fd\u0159i, mastn\u00fdm pap\u00edrem nebo lup\u00ednky sl\u00eddy. \u201eZaskl\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c oken mastn\u00fdm pap\u00edrem nebo zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edmi blanami se na chud\u00e9m venkov\u011b udr\u017eelo dlouho, proto\u017ee sklo bylo vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 a drah\u00e9. Velmi star\u00e9 je zaskl\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed oken kole\u010dky se \u017eelezit\u00e9ho zelenav\u00e9ho skla, zasazen\u00fdch do kruhovit\u00fdch, navz\u00e1jem spojen\u00fdch r\u00e1me\u010dk\u016f. Takov\u00fdm skl\u016fm \u0159\u00edkaly na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 \u201epucky\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zpr\u00e1vy o oknech zasklen\u00fdch drobn\u00fdmi kousky skl\u00ed\u010dek, mnohdy cen\u011bn\u00fdch jako drahokamy, jsou zn\u00e1my ji\u017e z 10. stolet\u00ed. Pou\u017e\u00edvalo se ponejv\u00edce sklo v barv\u011b zelen\u00e9, \u010derven\u00e9, kou\u0159ov\u011b \u0161edav\u00e9, \u017elut\u00e9 i modr\u00e9. T\u011bmito pucky se zaskl\u00edvala ponejv\u00edce kosteln\u00ed okna, ale i okna hrad\u016f a z\u00e1mk\u016f. Pro jejich drahotu nebyla ostatn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e1. Zasklen\u00e1 okna byla je\u0161t\u011b v dob\u011b husitsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek velk\u00fdm p\u0159epychem a z kupn\u00edch smluv t\u00e9 doby (zejm\u00e9na kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch m\u011bst) je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee cena domu se zasklen\u00fdmi okny byla t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00e1. <\/span><\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed sklen\u00e1\u0159i se objevuj\u00ed v Praze kolem roku 1420. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku jich nebylo mnoho. \u0158emesln\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed tenkr\u00e1t \u201eskla v okna s\u00e1zeli\u201c byli rovni mistr\u016fm um\u011blc\u016fm a proto se sdru\u017eovali zpo\u010d\u00e1tku do cechu s mal\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9ho. Pr\u00e1ce se sklem v t\u00e9 dob\u011b nebyla jednoduch\u00e1. Diamantov\u00fd n\u016f\u017e na \u0159ez\u00e1n\u00ed skla byl vynalezen a\u017e na p\u0159elomu 16. a 17. stolet\u00ed. Do t\u00e9 doby se sklo d\u011blilo primitivn\u011b. Mistr \u0159emesln\u00fd si nejd\u0159\u00edve ozna\u010dil m\u00edsto, kde se m\u011blo sklo rozd\u011blit, \u0161t\u011bte\u010dkem namo\u010den\u00fdm do b\u00edl\u00e9 barvy s p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs\u00ed klovatiny. Zaost\u0159en\u00fdm mokr\u00fdm \u017eelezem, zpo\u010d\u00e1tku zlomenou kalenou ty\u010dkou s ostrou hranou lomu, pak linii \u0159ezu nazna\u010dil a zespodu pod sklo p\u0159ilo\u017eil hork\u00fd \u017eelezn\u00fd pl\u00e1t. Deska potom praskla v m\u00edst\u011b, kter\u00e9 bylo nazna\u010deno. Tedy m\u011bla, \u010dasto se st\u00e1valo, \u017ee praskla jinde, prost\u011b se nepovedlo. Na\u0159ezan\u00e1 tabulka se potom om\u00fdvala a \u010distila vodou s jemn\u00fdm p\u00edskem v d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch van\u00e1ch. <\/span><\/p>\n

Do sucha vyt\u0159en\u00e9 tabulky potom upev\u0148ovali do d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch r\u00e1m\u016f \u010dty\u0159mi \u017eelezn\u00fdmi kovan\u00fdmi h\u0159eby, pozd\u011bji h\u0159eb\u00ed\u010dky z mosazi. Koncem 17 stolet\u00ed se za\u010dalo pou\u017e\u00edvat tmelen\u00ed do r\u00e1m\u016f pomoc\u00ed va\u0159en\u00e9 klihovatiny z nadrobno rozm\u011bln\u011bn\u00e9ho pap\u00edru, p\u0161eni\u010dn\u00e9 mouky a kamence. Ka\u0161ovit\u00e1 sm\u011bs se potom lila na hlazenou kamennou desku a po vyschnut\u00ed se \u0159ezala na tenk\u00e9 prou\u017eky. Ty se potom oboustrann\u011b nat\u00edraly klihov\u00fdm lepidlem a pou\u017e\u00edvaly pro p\u0159itmelen\u00ed skla. Mosazn\u00e9 h\u0159eb\u00ed\u010dky ale st\u00e1le tabulku v r\u00e1mu p\u0159idr\u017eovaly. <\/span><\/p>\n

U n\u00e1s se okna ze sklen\u011bn\u00fdch pucl\u00edk\u016f (Hle kde se vzal n\u00e1zev pro dne\u0161n\u00ed skl\u00e1da\u010dku.) udr\u017eela dost dlouho nejen v kostel\u00edch, ale i v dom\u00e1cnostech bohat\u00fdch m\u011b\u0161\u0165an\u016f. Mistrovsk\u00fdm kouskem pro slo\u017een\u00ed zkou\u0161ky nast\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho sklen\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho tovary\u0161e bylo okno z 56 sklen\u011bn\u00fdch kole\u010dek v r\u00e1mu o d\u00e9lce p\u011bti \u010dtvrt\u00ed lokte a \u0161\u00ed\u0159i jednoho lokte. Tak to na\u0159izoval sklen\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d z roku 1598, kter\u00fd m\u011bl u n\u00e1s platnost a\u017e do roku 1740. <\/span><\/p>\n

O tom, jak bylo sklo vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed i z\u00e1pis o rabov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0160v\u00e9d\u016f v Brtnici z 1. srpna 1646, kdy vpadli do m\u011bste\u010dka znovu a mimo jin\u00fdch velk\u00fdch \u0161kod odvezli ze z\u00e1mku v\u0161echny okenn\u00ed tabulky a p\u00e9\u0159ov\u00e9 c\u00edchy. Zaskl\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed oken i vlastn\u00ed sklo bylo velmi drah\u00e9. <\/span><\/p>\n

Okna u star\u00fdch venkovsk\u00fdch chalup byla v\u011bt\u0161inou okna mal\u00e1 a vzhledem k \u00faspo\u0159e skla jednoduch\u00e1. Proto tak\u00e9 b\u00fdvaly okna d\u011blen\u00e1 na \u010dty\u0159i nebo i \u0161est d\u00edl\u016f \u2013 men\u0161\u00edch tabulek. V zim\u011b, aby neprofukovalo, se ut\u011bs\u0148ovala mechem, pozd\u011bji jakousi \u201ematrac\u00ed\u201c. Zaskl\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed oken prov\u00e1d\u011bli je\u0161t\u011b v prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed ko\u010dovn\u00ed sklen\u00e1\u0159i. Zb\u016fhdarma vyra\u017een\u00e9 okno p\u0159i\u0161lo zpravidla uli\u010dn\u00edkovi velice draho a tak\u00e9 posti\u017een\u00fd hospod\u00e1\u0159 musel s\u00e1hnou pro zasklen\u00ed hluboko do kapsy. <\/span><\/p>\n

To byl tak\u00e9 z\u0159ejm\u011b d\u016fvod, pro\u010d na selsk\u00fdch chalup\u00e1ch se d\u0159\u00edve zaskl\u00edvaly okna jen do \u201eseknice\u201c a ostatn\u00ed m\u011bla jen kovanou m\u0159\u00ed\u017e a otvor se na zimu ucp\u00e1val obvykle pytlem pln\u011bn\u00fdm sl\u00e1mou (chl\u00e9vy, komory, …) a okna byla opat\u0159ena okenic\u00ed. D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 okenice, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 ji\u017e od doby rom\u00e1nsk\u00e9, tak neztr\u00e1cely svoji praktickou funkci ani v ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 minulosti. Star\u00fd typ okenic b\u00fdval jednok\u0159\u00eddl\u00fd, teprve pozd\u011bji se za\u010dalo pou\u017e\u00edvat dvouk\u0159\u00eddl\u00fdch okenic uzav\u00edran\u00fdch zevnit\u0159 z\u00e1vorou.<\/span><\/p>\n


\nZdroj: Sv\u011bt v\u011bc\u00ed a n\u00e1stroj\u016f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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