{"id":119755,"date":"2020-01-09T22:18:55","date_gmt":"2020-01-09T21:18:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=119755"},"modified":"2020-01-09T22:18:55","modified_gmt":"2020-01-09T21:18:55","slug":"stara-sumava-tajemna-rec-nahrobku-na-zidovskych-hrbitovech","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=119755","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Tajemn\u00e1 \u0159e\u010d n\u00e1hrobk\u016f na \u017eidovsk\u00fdch h\u0159bitovech"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Kdy\u017e \u010dlov\u011bk projde brankou star\u00e9ho h\u0159bitova, d\u00fdchne na n\u011bj magick\u00e9 kouzlo d\u00e1vn\u00fdch \u010das\u016f. Starobyl\u00e9 n\u00e1hrobky hlad\u00ed v\u011btvi\u010dky b\u0159e\u010d\u0165anu, v korun\u00e1ch strom\u016f zp\u00edv\u00e1 smutnou p\u00edse\u0148 v\u00edtr. Zapomenut\u00e9 h\u0159bitovy, li\u0161\u00edc\u00ed se jen m\u00edrou zapomenut\u00ed a devastace. Oded\u00e1vna \u0159\u00edkali \u017did\u00e9 sv\u00e9mu h\u0159bitovu zahrada; a je to vskutku zahrada, i kdy\u017e smutn\u00e1 a teskn\u00e1.<\/h6>\n

\u017didovsk\u00e9 h\u0159bitovy se obvykle nach\u00e1zely na konci obce, co\u017e u\u017e dnes m\u00e1lokdy plat\u00ed, proto\u017ee za stalet\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdvoje se m\u011bsta a vesnice rozrostly i do m\u00edst, kde d\u0159\u00edve b\u00fdvala pole. Ale i dnes se \u0159ada z nich nach\u00e1z\u00ed uprost\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edrody a jejich tajemn\u00e9 zdi skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed des\u00edtky kamenn\u00fdch n\u00e1hrobk\u016f, kter\u00e9 se na prvn\u00ed pohled jako by bez ladu a skladu nakl\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed k sob\u011b a jsou pov\u011bt\u0161inu pops\u00e1ny hebrejsk\u00fdm p\u00edsmem, kter\u00e9 na\u0161inec neovl\u00e1d\u00e1. Tradice judaismu u\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee nemocn\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk nem\u00e1 b\u00fdt v nemoci a ve smrti s\u00e1m. O to se staraj\u00ed bli\u017en\u00ed nemocn\u00e9ho, nebo tradi\u010dn\u011b poh\u0159ebn\u00ed bratrstvo Chevra kadi\u0161a (Svat\u00e9 bratrstvo), kter\u00e9 pom\u00e1h\u00e1 pot\u0159ebn\u00e9mu jak duchovn\u011b, tak prakticky. Po smrti by m\u011blo b\u00fdt t\u011blo zem\u0159el\u00e9ho poh\u0159beno co nejd\u0159\u00edve, nejl\u00e9pe je\u0161t\u011b ten sam\u00fd den.<\/p>\n

\u017didovsk\u00fd h\u0159bitov je \u00fazce spojen s v\u00edrou, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk byl stvo\u0159en k obrazu Bo\u017e\u00edmu a \u017ee bude vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en, a proto t\u011blo zesnul\u00e9ho ukr\u00fdvaj\u00ed v b\u00edl\u00e9m pl\u00e1tnu do zem\u011b. Dvan\u00e1ct m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f po ob\u0159adu se vzty\u010duje na hrobu n\u00e1hrobek. V a\u0161ken\u00e1zsk\u00fdch komunit\u00e1ch je tradice, \u017ee se n\u00e1hrobek vzty\u010duje u nohou zesnul\u00e9ho, v sefardsk\u00fdch naopak u hlavy. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch komunit\u00e1ch je zvykem vzty\u010dovat n\u00e1hrobn\u00ed k\u00e1men d\u0159\u00edve, nap\u0159. po uplynut\u00ed sedmi nebo t\u0159iceti dn\u00ed. Vzty\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1hrobku se odkl\u00e1d\u00e1, pokud by m\u011blo p\u0159ipadnout na sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed dny. A tak se \u017eidovsk\u00e9 h\u0159bitovy st\u00e1vaj\u00ed cenn\u00fdmi kamenn\u00fdmi knihovnami.<\/p>\n

Jazykem n\u00e1hrobn\u00edch n\u00e1pis\u016f na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed je do 18. stol. hebrej\u0161tina. Od poloviny 19. stolet\u00ed se i \u017eidovsk\u00e9 n\u00e1hrobky chlub\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee nebo\u017et\u00edk byl majitel nemovitost\u00ed, bohat\u00fd \u0159ezn\u00edk, pr\u00e1vn\u00edk a tov\u00e1rn\u00edk. Ty kter\u00e9 jsou v epitafu cudnej\u0161\u00ed, d\u00e1vaj\u00ed najevo pat\u0159i\u010dnou movitost rodiny zesnul\u00e9ho zase skute\u010dn\u011b tunami kvalitn\u00edho kamene a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b jakmile \u017did\u00e9 n\u011bkdy po roce 1852 definitivn\u011b opou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed ghetto, za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 pokukovat po tom, co se \u201enos\u00ed\u201c u soused\u016f, a i na \u017eidovsk\u00e9 nekropole se n\u00e1m dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed s v\u00fdjimkou k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee snad v\u0161echny funer\u00e1ln\u00ed man\u00fdry t\u00e9 doby (ver\u0161\u00edky, holubi\u010dky, srdce proboden\u00e1 atd. atp.). Do t\u00e9 doby v\u0161ak bylo pro judaismus rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed jen dvoj\u00ed: Z\u00e1kon a skutky milosrdenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u017did\u00e9 ctili staroz\u00e1konn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkaz: \u201eNeu\u010din\u00ed\u0161 sob\u011b obrazu\u201c, tak\u017ee na n\u00e1hrobc\u00edch nezpodob\u0148ovali lidsk\u00e9 tv\u00e1\u0159e a u\u017e v\u016fbec nep\u0159ich\u00e1zelo v \u00favahu, \u017ee by se na hrobech objevovaly portr\u00e9ty zem\u0159el\u00fdch. M\u00edsto toho pou\u017e\u00edvali symboly, kter\u00e9 zastupovaly jm\u00e9na, profese i vlastnosti. Zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed je to, \u017ee v ka\u017ed\u00e9m hrob\u011b je pochov\u00e1n jedin\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk. Podle \u017eidovsk\u00e9 tradice je toti\u017e nep\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 ru\u0161it mrtv\u00e9ho po jeho smrti, zapome\u0148te tedy na otev\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed hrob\u016f, p\u0159em\u00eds\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ostatk\u016f, ale t\u0159eba i na kremaci. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu mohou b\u00fdt n\u00e1hrobn\u00ed kameny v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zdrojem informac\u00ed o dan\u00fdch osob\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina n\u00e1pis\u016f na n\u00e1hrobc\u00edch je zcela v hebrej\u0161tin\u011b, a\u017e ve dvac\u00e1t\u00e9m stolet\u00ed se za\u010daly objevovat (u m\u00e9n\u011b ortodoxn\u00edch rodin) epitafy v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b, z\u0159\u00eddkakdy i v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b. Prvn\u00edm slovem na n\u00e1hrobku bude bu\u010f \u05d1\u05e0(ben, tedy mu\u017e), nebo \u05d1\u05d8 (bat, tedy \u017eena). Krom\u011b jm\u00e9na zesnul\u00e9ho najdeme na n\u00e1hrobku i jm\u00e9no jeho otce a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee se jednalo o \u017eenu, i jm\u00e9no jej\u00edho mu\u017ee. Na dal\u0161\u00edm \u0159\u00e1dku obvykle b\u00fdv\u00e1 datum \u00famrt\u00ed a v\u011bk (je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee data narozen\u00ed na \u017eidovsk\u00fdch n\u00e1hrobc\u00edch chyb\u00ed). V tradi\u010dn\u00ed hebrej\u0161tin\u011b se v\u0161ak \u010d\u00edsla zapisuj\u00ed pomoc\u00ed p\u00edsmen, kter\u00e1 maj\u00ed sv\u00e9 dan\u00e9 hodnoty a s\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed se mezi sebou.<\/p>\n

\u017didovsk\u00fd letopo\u010det je mnohem star\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fd, nap\u0159\u00edklad letos se podle n\u011bj p\u00ed\u0161e ji\u017e rok 5774. I z\u00e1pis dn\u00ed je odli\u0161n\u00fd \u2013 po\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed se jako dny po sobot\u011b, tedy nap\u0159\u00edklad ned\u011ble je v hebrej\u0161tin\u011b prvn\u00ed den po sobot\u011b. \u017didovsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159 je nav\u00edc lun\u00e1rn\u00ed, tak\u017ee se podle ne zrovna jednoduch\u00fdch pravidel m\u011bs\u00edce posouvaj\u00ed (ale to u\u017e by bylo na samostatn\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek o \u017eidovsk\u00e9m kalend\u00e1\u0159i a z\u00e1pisu \u010d\u00edsel). Proto i pokud z n\u00e1hrobku nakonec n\u011bjak\u00e1 data vy\u010dteme, budeme se muset pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b sm\u00ed\u0159it s t\u00edm, \u017ee jsou jen p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00e1. Pro rychlej\u0161\u00ed orientaci v textu se ov\u0161em hod\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee nad p\u00edsmeny, kter\u00e1 symbolizuj\u00ed \u010d\u00edsla, jsou mal\u00e9 te\u010dky. Zbytek textu tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou r\u016fzn\u00e9 ver\u0161e z Bible \u010di modlitby.<\/p>\n

Pokud ale m\u00e1me \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eeme se do\u010d\u00edst i n\u011bco o tom, jak\u00e9 bylo povol\u00e1n\u00ed zesnul\u00e9 osoby, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b jak\u00e9 postaven\u00ed m\u011bla v obci. Podle d\u00e9lky epitafu m\u016f\u017eeme odhadnout i to, jak byla dan\u00e1 osoba v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 a bohat\u00e1. \u00dapln\u011b na konci v\u017edy najdeme p\u011btici p\u00edsmen \u05ea\u05e0\u05e6\u05d1’\u05d4, zkratku tihje naf\u0161o(a) crura bicror ha-chajim, co\u017e se p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 jako: \u201eBu\u010f jeho\/jej\u00ed du\u0161e sv\u00e1z\u00e1na ve svazku \u017eivota\u201c. Krom\u011b psan\u00e9ho textu najdeme na hrobech i r\u016fzn\u00e9 obr\u00e1zky, ze kter\u00fdch lze tak\u00e9 leccos vy\u010d\u00edst. Tak t\u0159eba ruce pat\u0159\u00ed rodu Kohen\u016f, tedy t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed se jmenuj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad Kohn, Cohen, Kahan nebo t\u0159eba Katz. Symbolem rodu Levit\u016f je konvi\u010dka, pod n\u00ed\u017e se skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed v\u0161ichni Lewitzov\u00e9, L\u00f6wov\u00e9 apod.<\/p>\n

Na rab\u00ednsk\u00fdch hrobech najdeme \u010dasto korunku, symbol T\u00f3ry. V\u0161ichni Jel\u00ednkov\u00e9 \u010di Hirschov\u00e9 maj\u00ed jednodu\u0161e symbol jelena, pod rybou bychom zase hledali v\u0161echny Ryby, Fischery apod. Tolik tedy stru\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1vod, jak se orientovat na \u017eidovsk\u00e9m n\u00e1hrobku. A\u017e budete opou\u0161t\u011bt jak\u00fdkoliv \u017eidovsk\u00fd h\u0159bitov, m\u016f\u017eete na n\u011bkter\u00fd z hrob\u016f polo\u017eit kam\u00ednek. Ten d\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u017did\u00e9 sv\u00fdm zem\u0159el\u00fdm m\u00edsto kv\u011btin. Snad je to p\u0159ipom\u00ednka dob, kdy osudem st\u00edhan\u00fd n\u00e1rod prchal z Egypta pou\u0161t\u00ed do zem\u011b vyvolen\u00e9 a na sv\u00e9 zem\u0159el\u00e9 musel vr\u0161it kamenn\u00e9 mohyly, aby si na jejich ostatc\u00edch nepochutnala div\u00e1 zv\u011b\u0159. Kam\u00ednek bychom nem\u011bli sb\u00edrat p\u0159\u00edmo na h\u0159bitov\u011b a u\u017e v\u016fbec ne na n\u011bjak\u00e9m jin\u00e9m hrob\u011b. Nejl\u00e9pe je pr\u00fd si takov\u00fd kam\u00ednek p\u0159in\u00e9st z m\u00edsta, kde \u017eijete. To v\u00e1m pak m\u016f\u017ee podle legend duch zem\u0159el\u00e9ho dokonce splnit i n\u011bjak\u00e9 tajn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Zdroj: STEINOV\u00c1, Iva. Maceva: \u017eidovsk\u00fd n\u00e1hrobek a symbolika jeho v\u00fdzdoby ve sv\u011btle tradice, 2011, Magdal\u00e9na Tydrichov\u00e1<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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  Kdy\u017e <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":181754,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/09\/r\u00e1me\u010dek-star\u00e1-\u0161umava.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119755"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=119755"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119755\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":181755,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119755\/revisions\/181755"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/181754"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=119755"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=119755"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=119755"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}