{"id":118488,"date":"2023-12-18T19:15:20","date_gmt":"2023-12-18T18:15:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=118488"},"modified":"2023-12-22T16:23:53","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T15:23:53","slug":"stara-sumava-zapomenuty-svatek-jana-evangelisty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=118488","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Zapomenut\u00fd sv\u00e1tek Jana Evangelisty"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u201eV\u0161echno m\u00e1 ur\u010denou chv\u00edli a ve\u0161ker\u00e9 d\u011bn\u00ed pod nebem sv\u016fj \u010das. Je \u010das rozen\u00ed i \u010das um\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed, \u010das s\u00e1zet i \u010das trhat; je \u010das zab\u00edjet i \u010das l\u00e9\u010dit, \u010das bo\u0159it i \u010das budovat; je \u010das plakat i \u010das sm\u00e1t se, \u010das truchlit i \u010das poskakovat; je \u010das kameny rozhazovat i \u010das kameny sb\u00edrat, \u010das obj\u00edmat i \u010das obj\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed zanechat…\u201c<\/h6>\n

\u010cesk\u00fd herec Jan Werich ve sv\u00e9m v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edm zamy\u0161len\u00ed kdysi napsal: \u201eFilozofie vystav\u011bn\u00e1 na l\u00e1sce bli\u017en\u00edho k bli\u017en\u00edmu trv\u00e1 n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc let. Pro\u0161la i \u0161pinav\u00fdma rukama lid\u00ed zl\u00e9 v\u016fle, kte\u0159\u00ed ji p\u0159ekrucovali a vulgarizovali, ale tato my\u0161lenka v\u0161echny p\u0159e\u017eila.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

O to, aby my\u0161lenka l\u00e1sky k bli\u017en\u00edmu p\u0159e\u017eila, se staraj\u00ed ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b v liturgick\u00e9m kalend\u00e1\u0159i pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tky. Sv\u00e1tek p\u0159ipadaj\u00edc\u00ed na 27. prosince je sv\u00e1tkem l\u00e1sky a porozum\u011bn\u00ed. V sou\u010dasnosti se tento sv\u00e1tek p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 u\u017e jen v kostel\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Svat\u00fd Jan byl apo\u0161tolem, kter\u00fd m\u011bl ke Kristu nejbl\u00ed\u017ee. Pro svou moudrost b\u00fdv\u00e1 zobrazov\u00e1n s orlem a je patronem teolog\u016f, vina\u0159\u016f, p\u00edsa\u0159\u016f, \u0159ezn\u00edk\u016f apod. Podle k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 tradice sed\u011bl p\u0159i posledn\u00ed ve\u010de\u0159i vedle n\u011bj a ten mu tak\u00e9, kdy\u017e um\u00edral, sv\u011b\u0159il do p\u00e9\u010de svou matku. Jan nav\u00edc jako prvn\u00ed vid\u011bl Krist\u016fv pr\u00e1zdn\u00fd hrob a uv\u011b\u0159il v jeho zmrtv\u00fdchvst\u00e1n\u00ed. Je jedin\u00fdm z apo\u0161tol\u016f, kter\u00fd zem\u0159el p\u0159irozenou smrt\u00ed, a\u010dkoliv mu bylo o \u017eivot usilov\u00e1no n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t. C\u00edsa\u0159 Domici\u00e1n ho pr\u00fd v roce 95 nechal zatknout a mu\u010dit, dokonce vhodit do kotle s vrouc\u00edm olejem. Jan ale v\u0161e p\u0159est\u00e1l bez zn\u00e1mek zran\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Podle legendy m\u011bl b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 otr\u00e1ven v\u00ednem. On v\u0161ak v\u00edno po\u017eehnal a jed ztratil na \u00fa\u010dinnosti. Jde o starobyl\u00fd zvyk, u\u017e v 15.stolet\u00ed horlili kazatel\u00e9 proto pov\u011br\u010div\u00fdm k\u0159es\u0165an\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed na den sv. Jana Evangelisty sv\u011bt\u00ed \u00bbpitie opilc\u00f3m\u00ab. Solnick\u00fd (1630) se sna\u017e\u00ed vylo\u017eil sv\u011bcen\u00ed a pit\u00ed v\u00edna po\u017eehnan\u00e9ho rukou kn\u011b\u017eskou naz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00edm zvyku \u00bbmilost a l\u00e1ska sv. Jana\u00ab. Proto se na jeho sv\u00e1tek nech\u00e1valo v kostele sv\u011btit v\u00edno, kter\u00e9 pr\u00fd chr\u00e1nilo i p\u0159ed had\u00edm u\u0161tknut\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Nejpopul\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm z Janov\u00fdch z\u00e1zrak\u016f bylo p\u0159evr\u00e1cen\u00ed otr\u00e1ven\u00e9ho v\u00edna v \u010dist\u00e9, kdy\u017e po\u017eehnal poh\u00e1ru, kter\u00fd mu podali nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9. Z toho se vyvinula ve st\u0159edov\u011bku tradice \u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00ednu ke cti Jana svat\u00e9ho p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edpitkem v den jeho sv\u00e1tku i o jin\u00fdch v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostech. Tuto tradici dodr\u017eovali i ryt\u00ed\u0159i p\u0159ed odchodem do Svat\u00e9 zem\u011b \u010di do v\u00e1lky. Na venkov\u011b se doned\u00e1vna v\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee v\u00edno vypit\u00e9 tento den ochr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed had\u00edm u\u0161tknut\u00edm a uhranut\u00edm a tak\u00e9 dobytku se d\u00e1val chl\u00e9b namo\u010den\u00fd ve v\u00edn\u011b. T\u0159emi klasy namo\u010den\u00fdmi do tohoto v\u00edna se vykr\u00e1p\u011blo hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, v\u00ednem se pot\u00edrala ln\u011bn\u00e1 semena.<\/p>\n

Den svat\u00e9ho Jana je zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako den koledn\u00edch obch\u016fzek. Chod m\u0161\u00ed a v\u016fbec cel\u00fd liturgick\u00fd rok byl vlastn\u011b kostrou \u010dasu. Proto\u017ee se liturgick\u00fd rok pravideln\u011b opakuje, d\u00e1val vlastn\u011b lidem p\u0159esn\u00fd syst\u00e9m a \u0159\u00e1d ro\u010dn\u00edho \u017eivota. A krom\u011b tohoto \u0159\u00e1du byl obrovsk\u00fd v\u00fdznam kostela tak\u00e9 v tom, \u017ee se z kazatelny sd\u011blovaly tak\u00e9 r\u016fzn\u00e9 aktuality z hlediska politick\u00e9ho. Z kazatelny se tak\u00e9 sd\u011blovaly r\u016fzn\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1vody. My t\u0159eba v\u00edme, \u017ee v 18. stolet\u00ed se z kazatelny vyhla\u0161ovalo to, \u017ee by lid\u00e9 m\u011bli za\u010d\u00edt p\u011bstovat brambory v obdob\u00ed hladomoru a podobn\u011b. Denn\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasu bylo stra\u0161n\u011b jednoduch\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Proto\u017ee neexistovalo um\u011bl\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed a osv\u011btlen\u00ed sv\u00ed\u010dkami bylo drah\u00e9, plynul v podstat\u011b denn\u00ed \u010das \u010dlov\u011bka v n\u00e1vaznosti na slunce. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v l\u00e9t\u011b trval den d\u00e9le ne\u017eli v zim\u011b. Od toho se odv\u00edjela nap\u0159\u00edklad pracovn\u00ed doba. V d\u00edln\u00e1ch \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f tovary\u0161 pracoval od slunka do slunka, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v zim\u011b pracoval osm hodin a v l\u00e9t\u011b dvan\u00e1ct. Lid\u00e9 obvykle m\u011bli dv\u011b hlavn\u00ed j\u00eddla denn\u011b, to prvn\u00ed bylo po rann\u00ed m\u0161i, zhruba kolem des\u00e1t\u00e9 hodiny, a ve\u010dern\u00ed j\u00eddlo bylo p\u0159ed soumrakem. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se jinak jedlo v l\u00e9t\u011b a jinak v zim\u011b, \u0159\u00eddili se chodem slunce.<\/p>\n

Od svat\u00e9ho Jana Evangelisty obrac\u00ed se slunce k l\u00e9tu a zima k mraz\u016fm.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> Psych&Som,IV.ro\u010d.,2006, \u010d.6, str.179, Vlastimil Vondru\u0161ka<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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