{"id":117234,"date":"2018-12-18T10:14:25","date_gmt":"2018-12-18T09:14:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=117234"},"modified":"2018-12-18T10:14:25","modified_gmt":"2018-12-18T09:14:25","slug":"stara-sumava-vanocni-jarmarky-a-vune-punce","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=117234","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: V\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed jarmarky a v\u016fn\u011b pun\u010de"},"content":{"rendered":"

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V\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed trhy jsou obl\u00edben\u00e9 pro svou atmosf\u00e9ru, v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed kouzlo i v\u016fn\u011b. Lid\u00e9 se odprad\u00e1vna sch\u00e1zeli na tr\u017ei\u0161t\u00edch, aby si popov\u00eddali o sv\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b a pop\u0159\u00e1li si v\u0161e dobr\u00e9. Zav\u0159ete o\u010di a nechte se inspirovat zvuky v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch zvonk\u016f, zaposlouchejte se do adventn\u00edch p\u00edsn\u00ed a tradi\u010dn\u00edch lidov\u00fdch koled. Existuj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b m\u00edsta, kde toto v\u0161echno je skute\u010dn\u00e9.<\/h6>\n

Tradice v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch trh\u016f s n\u00e1mi p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 ji\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e 700 let a proslulost n\u011bkter\u00fdch z nich sah\u00e1 a\u017e za hranice dan\u00e9 zem\u011b. N\u011bmecko je domovinou v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch trh\u016f, jejich duchovn\u00edm otcem je m\u00edstn\u00ed Christkindlmarkt . Adventn\u00ed trhy l\u00e1kaly n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky z\u00e1stupem v\u0161emo\u017en\u00fdch \u0159emesln\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f a nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch dobrot. D\u011bji\u0161t\u011bm v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch trh\u016f bylo ka\u017ed\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsto, z nich putovala do m\u011bstsk\u00e9 pokladny nemal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stka.<\/p>\n

“…A v\u0161ichni tak\u00e9 vzpom\u00ednaj\u00ed na to, \u017ee v t\u00e9 dob\u011b se prod\u00e1vala hodn\u011b loutkov\u00e1 divadla. Ale loutkov\u00e1 divadla velmi levn\u00e1, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 na jedno pou\u017eit\u00ed. Ta sc\u00e9na byla pap\u00edrov\u00e1 a loutky,kter\u00e9 se prod\u00e1valy, m\u011bly t\u0159eba hlavi\u010dky a ruce modelovan\u00e9 z t\u011bstov\u00e9ho chleba. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee dlouho nemohly vydr\u017eet. Artiklem velmi \u017e\u00e1dan\u00fdm byly i figurky komin\u00ed\u010dk\u016f ze su\u0161en\u00fdch \u0161vestek a \u0161pejl\u00ed…”<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u016fvodn\u00edm smyslem p\u0159edv\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch trh\u016f bylo z\u00e1sobit spi\u017e\u00edrny na zimu. Tr\u017ei\u0161t\u011b s d\u00e1rky pro d\u011bti z nich ud\u011blal a\u017e c\u00edrkevn\u00ed reform\u00e1tor Martin Luther, kter\u00fd prosazoval obdarov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed v p\u0159edve\u010der Bo\u017e\u00edho hodu v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edho – nam\u00edsto svat\u00e9ho Mikul\u00e1\u0161e. Vzoru velk\u00e9ho reform\u00e1tora n\u00e1sledovali i vlivn\u00ed n\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed patricijov\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad z \u00fa\u010detn\u00ed knihy rodiny norimbersk\u00e9ho patricije Enderse Imhoffa k roku 1564 vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee obdarov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159esunul z 6. na 22. prosince. Povolen\u00ed ke kon\u00e1n\u00ed trh\u016f ud\u011bloval panovn\u00edk jako privilegium, kter\u00e9 se ulo\u017eilo na radnici, a ka\u017ed\u00fd jeho n\u00e1stupce sv\u00fdm podpisem stvrzoval, co p\u0159edchoz\u00ed panovn\u00edk povolil, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b tam p\u0159idal dal\u0161\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00e9 v\u00fdsady.\u00a0Mo\u017en\u00e1 m\u00e1lo kdo v\u00ed, \u017ee slovo “jarmark” je po\u010de\u0161t\u011bnou podobou dvou n\u011bmeck\u00fdch slov Jahre + Markt, tedy opravdu v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00ed trh.<\/p>\n

\u00dakazem, kter\u00fd nasv\u011bd\u010doval, \u017ee v\u00e1noce jsou na dosah, bylo u\u017e kon\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch trh\u016f. Ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b platilo, \u017ee kdy\u017e se bl\u00ed\u017eily v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tky, tedy po dobu adventu, se stup\u0148ovalo slavnostn\u00ed vzru\u0161en\u00ed a hem\u017een\u00ed. T\u011b\u0161ily se d\u011bti, ale ani obchodn\u00edci nez\u016fst\u00e1vali nete\u010dn\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm kv\u016fli vzr\u016fstu v\u00fdd\u011blk\u016f.<\/p>\n

V\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed trhy v minulosti existovaly ji\u017e ve st\u0159edov\u011bku, kdy za\u010d\u00e1tek t\u011bchto trh\u016f p\u0159ipadal na druhou ned\u011bli p\u0159ed v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edmi sv\u00e1tky. Trvaly pak maxim\u00e1ln\u011b \u010dtrn\u00e1ct dn\u00ed. A\u017e do t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch let 20. stolet\u00ed se na v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch trz\u00edch dalo koupit doslova cokoliv. Trh\u016f se \u00fa\u010dastnili i obchodn\u00edci p\u0159ij\u00ed\u017ed\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed na n\u011bj z v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed \u010di nab\u00edzej\u00edc\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u011b nedostupn\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed, t\u0159eba l\u00e1tky, stuhy, pentle pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro d\u00edv\u010d\u00ed kroje, d\u00e1le ko\u017ei\u0161n\u00edci, obuvn\u00edci, \u0159e\u0161et\u00e1\u0159i a dal\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u010cast\u00fdm sortimentem bylo t\u00e9\u017e vybaven\u00ed dom\u00e1cnosti, mezi nimi\u017e nesm\u011blo chyb\u011bt hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1dob\u00ed od dom\u00e1c\u00edch i vzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdrobc\u016f. Na t\u011bchto trz\u00edch se po\u0159izovalo v\u0161e pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 na V\u00e1noce. Jedn\u00edm slovem jednalo se o nemalou spole\u010denskou ud\u00e1lost, na kter\u00fdch se setk\u00e1vali p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 i zn\u00e1m\u00ed. Samotn\u00e1 technika prodeje se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 neli\u0161ila od dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u00ed a tak si p\u0159i prodeji z\u00e1kazn\u00edci n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t odn\u00e1\u0161eli i r\u016fzn\u00e9 d\u00e1re\u010dky v podob\u011b v\u00e1no\u010dek, kalend\u00e1\u0159\u016f a podobn\u011b, aby se takto pot\u011b\u0161en\u00fd z\u00e1kazn\u00edk znovu vr\u00e1til. P\u0159\u00edliv kupuj\u00edc\u00edch o\u010dek\u00e1vali usazen\u00ed prodejci, ale i ti, kte\u0159\u00ed se do n\u00ed sj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bli z cel\u00e9ho okol\u00ed, aby na n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00edch nab\u00edzeli sv\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed, jako dnes.<\/p>\n

Kolorit v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edho trhu tehdy dopl\u0148ovaly i pou\u0165ov\u00e9 atrakce, byli tu zp\u011bv\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed ukazovali na hr\u016fzostra\u0161n\u00e9 v\u00fdjevy, ilustruj\u00edc\u00ed d\u011bj p\u00edsni\u010dek. Nechyb\u011bly st\u0159elnice, boudy loutk\u00e1\u0159\u016f a ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 hry. Atmosf\u00e9ru n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed pak umoc\u0148ovalo osv\u011btlen\u00ed olejov\u00fdmi nebo petrolejov\u00fdmi lampami. P\u0159edv\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed trh vrcholil s bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00edm se \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fdm dnem.<\/p>\n

B\u011bhem adventn\u00ed doby p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v letech sedmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch a osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch 19.stolet\u00ed bylo \u010dasto k vid\u011bn\u00ed ozn\u00e1men\u00ed \u201eZde jsou Jesle k vid\u011bn\u00ed\u201c. B\u00fdvala umis\u0165ov\u00e1na nade dve\u0159mi dom\u016f v pr\u016fsvitn\u00fdch sk\u0159\u00ed\u0148k\u00e1ch, osv\u011btlen\u00fdch zejm\u00e9na v postrann\u00edch uli\u010dk\u00e1ch \u201elojovkou\u201c. Ne\u0161lo ov\u0161em o oby\u010dejn\u00e9 jesli\u010dky s Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161kem a zv\u00ed\u0159\u00e1tky, ale o sv\u00e9r\u00e1zn\u00e1 loutkov\u00e1 divadeln\u00ed p\u0159edstaven\u00ed, na kter\u00e9 netrp\u011bliv\u011b \u010dekaly nejen d\u011bti, ale i dosp\u011bl\u00ed se r\u00e1di uvelebovali v \u0159emeslnick\u00fdch d\u00edln\u00e1ch \u010di v obytn\u00fdch m\u00edstnostech hokyn\u00e1\u0159\u016f na prknech polo\u017een\u00fdch p\u0159es \u017eidle nebo na bedn\u00e1ch a \u010dekali a\u017e se zdvihne opona. Obl\u00edben\u00e9 byly tehdy hra\u010dky, kter\u00e9 byly z\u00e1rove\u0148 sladkou dobrotou. Na odbyt \u0161ly zejm\u00e9na pestrobarevn\u00e9 k\u00e1\u010di, d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00ed kon\u00ed\u010dci, hadrov\u00e9 panenky i ty porcel\u00e1nov\u00e9 v p\u0159ekr\u00e1sn\u00fdm \u0161ati\u010dk\u00e1ch a s prav\u00fdmi vl\u00e1sky, c\u00ednov\u00ed voj\u00e1\u010dci nebo ply\u0161ov\u00ed medv\u011bdi.<\/p>\n

Snad na ka\u017ed\u00e9m v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edm trhu pak nechyb\u011bla obl\u00edben\u00e1 jedl\u00e1 hra\u010dka, \u0161vestkov\u00fd \u010dert. T\u011blo a hlavu postavi\u010dky tvo\u0159ilo su\u0161en\u00e9 jablko a hru\u0161ka, ruce a nohy pak byly \u0161pejle navle\u010den\u00e9 su\u0161en\u00fdmi \u0161vestkami. Z jablka a su\u0161en\u00e9ho ovoce se vyr\u00e1b\u011bl i je\u017eek. Ty se d\u011blaly ze \u0161pejl\u00ed, pap\u00edr\u016f a su\u0161en\u00e9ho ovoce, a n\u011bkdy se na nich na\u0161lo i kousek marcip\u00e1nu. Takov\u00e9 hra\u010dky, sladkosti i jin\u00e9 podobn\u00e9 mls\u00e1n\u00ed se dalo sehnat na kter\u00e9mkoliv v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edm trhu.<\/p>\n

Od 19. stolet\u00ed byly na t\u011bchto trz\u00edch dostupn\u00e9 tzv. Kristovy stromy a mal\u00e9 v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed strome\u010dky. Takov\u00e9 strome\u010dky se vy\u0159ez\u00e1valy z lepenky a barvily, jak jinak ne\u017e zelenou barvou. Ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, se objevilo na trz\u00edch tropick\u00e9 ovoce, tehdy naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 limony, pomoran\u010de nebo oran\u017ee, plody pomeran\u010dov\u00fdch krsk\u016f (mandarinky), punsk\u00e1 (gran\u00e1tov\u00e1) jabl\u00ed\u010dka, f\u00edky, bursk\u00e9 o\u0159\u00ed\u0161ky, datle a kokosov\u00e9 o\u0159echy. Tak\u00e9 svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00fd chl\u00e9b, kakao, ananasy nebo pekanov\u00e9 o\u0159echy.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e do\u0161lo o roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed habsbursk\u00e9 monarchie o \u010d\u00e1st dne\u0161n\u00ed It\u00e1lie, za\u010dali se na trz\u00edch objevovat prodava\u010di s jedl\u00fdmi ka\u0161tany, kter\u00e9 nab\u00edzeli kolemjdouc\u00edm p\u0159\u00edmo z mal\u00fdch poj\u00edzdn\u00fdch kam\u00ednek. Jeliko\u017e ka\u0161tany se staly obl\u00edbenou pochoutkou, za\u010daly se i u n\u00e1s zakl\u00e1dat v polovin\u011b devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed sady ka\u0161tanovn\u00edku. Na ulic\u00edch a n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00edch b\u011bhem v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch trh\u016f zp\u00edvaly p\u00edsn\u011b. Nejen n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9, ale tak\u00e9 sv\u011btsk\u00e9, lidov\u00e9, dokonce i sladkoboln\u00e9 skladby, kter\u00e9 nebylo v\u016fbec snadn\u00e9 si zapamatovat. B\u011bhem zp\u011bvu zp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed ukazoval h\u016flkou na obr\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 byly zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00edm textu p\u00edsni\u010dky. Rovn\u011b\u017e byly k dispozici ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 texty zp\u00edvan\u00fdch balad, kter\u00e9 si lid\u00e9 mohli koupit a zp\u00edvat.<\/p>\n

Takov\u00e9 zp\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b neobe\u0161lo bez hudebn\u00edk\u016f. Ti ze za\u010d\u00e1tku hr\u00e1vali na harfu. Pozd\u011bji ji nahradily sp\u00ed\u0161 fla\u0161inety. V dob\u011b v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed nav\u00edc zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 hudebn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje dopl\u0148ovaly mal\u00e9 betl\u00e9my, v nich\u017e se figurky pohybovaly. Tato tradice pak trvala i v obdob\u00ed renesance, baroka i v 19. stolet\u00ed. To v\u0161e trvalo a\u017e do \u0160t\u011bdr\u00e9ho dne, kdy trhovci za\u010dali balit sv\u00e9 st\u00e1nky, lid\u00e9 se odebrali dom\u016f a za okny pokreslen\u00fdmi mrazem byly vid\u011bt jen plameny sv\u00ed\u010dek, petrolejov\u00e9 lampy, rozsv\u00edcen\u00e9 strome\u010dky. A nad t\u00edm v\u0161\u00edm se nesl zp\u011bv koled.<\/p>\n

Zdroj: Tradice v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch zvyk\u016f<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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